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Using of waste glass as fine aggregate in

concrete

Article · June 2009

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

USING OF WASTE GLASS AS FINE AGGREGATE IN

CONCRETE
Dr. Haider K. Ammash Muhammed S. Muhammed Ali H. Nahhab
in Civil Engineering, in Civil Engineering, in Civil Engineering,
University of Al-Qadisyia University of AL-Qadisyia University of Babylon

Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to study the possibility of using waste glass of size up to
5mm as a fine aggregate in concrete and mortar. The waste glass was used as a partial weight
replacement of sand with percentages of 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. The results have indicated that
increasing the fractions of sand replacement by waste glass leads to reduce the compressive and
tensile strength for both mortar and concrete. Up to 20 % replacement, the 28 days compressive
strength of concrete and mortar is about 92 and 95 percent from the reference strengths,
respectively. Also, it was found that the expansion of mortar specimens increase with increasing the
waste glass content in the mix. At 20 % of sand replacement by waste glass, the expansion is
slightly higher than that for the control specimens.

Keywords: concrete, waste glass, compressive strength, tensile strength, expansion.

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

Introduction

In recent years, there is a growing interest for using waste glass in concrete. This interest has been
aggravated by the large amount of waste glass available from empty bottles, waste windows glass
and containers. If such glass could be consumed in concrete, it would significantly decrease the
disposal of waste glass and solve some of environmental problems.
The use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete has been attempted recently. Using such
glass as a construction material is among the most strictly choise because of the potentially reducing
the cost of glass disposal and concrete production.
It is expected that obvious differences occur in the structure between glass concrete and
conventionally concrete. This including reduced bond strength between the aggregate and the
cement paste. The interlocking shear strength between the aggregate and the cement paste is less
with glass than with natural aggregate. Additionally, the friability of glass particles may weaken the
concrete.
The effect of using waste glass on the mechanical properties of concrete has been
investigated by many other researches including (Multon et al 2008, Newes and Zsuzsanna 2006,
Xie and Xiang 2003, Zdenek et al 2000, Crais Polley et al 1998, Johnston 1974, Schmidt and Sain
1963). Their results indicated that the waste glass aggregate generally reduced strength. They
attributed this behavior to that the silica in glass can be highly reactive with the alkalis in cement
paste. This reaction can lead to expansion and cracking of concrete (Alkali-Silica reaction or ASR).
Recently, an experimental work has been studied by (AL-Rubaie 2007) to evaluate the
properties of concrete mixes containing waste glass as partial replacement up to 20% by volume of
sand. The results indicate that the concrete mixes containing waste glass show slightly reduction in
compressive and tensile strength as compared with reference mixes.
In this experimental study, the effect of using locally available waste windows glass as fine
aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete was investigated. The specimens of concrete and
mortar were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture and
expansion for various ages and glass proportions ranging from 0 to 40 % by weight of sand.

Experimental Program

The experimental program was conducted on concrete and mortar specimens. Concrete specimens
were tested under compression and splitting tension, while mortar specimens were prepared for test
of compressive strength, modulus of rupture and expansion.

Materials
Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IOS4:1984 and manufactured at Al-Najaf cement plant is
used. The coarse aggregate used was round gravel with a nominal maximum size of 38mm and the
fine aggregate used in the present study was natural sand. They were within the limits of IOS
45:1984
The source of glass aggregate used in the present research is the waste of windows glass as
shown in Plate (1). It was ground in the laboratory in order to obtain a grading rather similar to that
for sand.

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

Mixes
Five concrete mixes having the proportions of (1:1.5: 3:0.5) (cement : sand : gravel: water) were
made. Also, five mortar mixes were prepared with the proportions of (1 : 3 : 0.4) (cement : sand
: water). Different fractions of waste glass, namely (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) were added to the
mixes as a partial replacement by weight of sand.

Testing Procedures

The compressive strength of (152 mm) concrete cubes and the splitting tensile strength of (152×305
mm) concrete cylinders were tested at ages of 7 and 28 days according to BS 1881: part 4 and
ASTM C496, respectively.
For mortar specimens, the modulus of rupture was conducted on (25×25×250 mm) prisms
using test setup meeting the requirement of ASTM C293. The compressive strength was carried out
on (70.7 mm) cubes according to B.S 12 : 1989 . Both tests were performed at 7 and 28 days ages.
The expansion of the mortar specimens was measured using a length comparator device as shown in
Plate (2) according to ASTM C157. Three prisms having the dimension of (40×40×285 mm) were
cast for each mix and kept in water. The expansion was measured at ages of 7, 14, 28, 60, 90 days
and determined as follows:
R − Ro
S= × 100
L
where:
S= expansion of the specimen %.
L= initial length of the specimen, mm.
R= gage reading, mm.
Ro= initial gage reading, mm.

Results and Discussion

Tables (1), (2) and (3) show the test results obtained in the current study for concrete and mortar
specimens.

Compressive and tensile strength test results

In Figures (1) and (2), the influence of partial replacement of sand by waste glass on compressive
strength of concrete and mortar specimen is illustrated respectively. It is clear from these figures
that the presence of waste glass in the mixes leads to decrease compressive strength as the
percentage of glass is increased. However, up to 20% of substitution, the reduction is not
significant. It is about (8 %) and (5 %) at 28 days age for concrete and mortar mixes, respectively.
The reduction in compressive strength can be attributed to the following two reasons: (1) the
poor paste-aggregate bond because of the smooth texture of glass aggregate piece, and (2) the
friability of waste glass and its relatively low resistance to aggregate fracture (Polley et al 1998,
Johnson 1974).
The results of concrete splitting tensile strength and mortar modulus of rupture are plotted in
Figure (3) and (4), respectively. As with the compressive strength, the two figures indicate that the

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

tensile strength is affected, especially at high levels of replacement. Again, the extremely poor
shape, poor surface characteristics and high friability of glass particles could be the reason of this
deterioration.

Expansion Test Results

Figure (5) shows the expansion of mortar prisms versus additions of different fractions of waste
glass as fine aggregate. In general, it can be seen that the mixes containing waste glass show
greater expansion that reference mix. However a glass content of less than 20% provided
acceptable performance in the expansion test. There are many reasons stand behind this behavior.
Waste glass is highly alkali silica reactions (ASR) and when used with moderate-alkalicement,
certain combinations of glass exceeded acceptable expansion as early as 28 days (Johnson 1974).
On the other hand, it is well known that such glass have low modulus of elasticity which offer less
restraint to volume change (Neville 2000).

Conclusions
1. The addition of waste glass as a partial replacement of fine aggregate leads to decrease the
compressive strength. Up to 20% of waste glass, the reduction at 28 days age is about (5) and
(8) percent for mortar and concrete specimen respectively.

2. The tensile strength measured by splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture is found to
decrease with the increase in the percentages of waste glass. However, the mixes of up to 20%
of waste glass exhibit slight decrease in tensile strength compared to control mix. At this level,
the magnitude of splitting tensile strength of concrete and modulus of rupture of mortar decrease
by only (6) and (4) percent respectively at age of 28 days.

3. When the waste glass is used, the expansion of mortar bars is higher than those without glass.
This volume change is more pronounced as the percentage of substitution is increased. The
acceptable expansion has been achieved up to 20% replacement.

4. Results of the present study indicate that waste windows glass aggregate can be satisfactorily
substituted for natural fine aggregate at replacement levels up to 20% with the properties
comparable to the control specimens.

References
AL-Rubaie, M., Fouad, "Properties of Concrete Building Units Containing Crushed Waste
Glass", M.Sc. Thesis, The University of Technology, 2007.

Bazant, Z. P., and Steffens, A., "Mathematical Model for Kinetics of Alkali-Silica Reaction in
Concrete.", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, 2000, PP.419-428.

Bazant, Z. P., Fellow, Z. G., and Meyer, C., "Fracture Mechanics of ASR in Concrete with
Waste Glass Particles of Different Sizes.", Eng. Mech. J., Vol.126, No.3, March, 2000, PP.226-
232.

Jin, W., Meyer, C., and Baxter, S. "Glascrete-Concrete with Glass Aggregate", ACI, Mat.J.,
Vol.97, No.2, March,2000, PP.208-213.

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

Johnson,C.D., "Waste Glass as Coarse Aggregate for Concrete ", J. of testing and Evaluation,
Vol.2,Vo.5,1974, PP.344-350.

Multon, S., Barin, X., Godart, B. and Toutlemende, F. "Estimation of The Residual Expansion
of Concrete Affected by Alkali Silica Reaction", J. of Mat. in Civil Eng., Vol.20, No.1, 2008,
PP.54-62.

Neville, A.M. "Properties of Concrete", Fourth Edition,2000.

Newes, R. and Zsuzsanna, "Strength of light weight Glass Aggregate Concrete", J. of Mat. in
Civil Eng.,Vol.18,No.5,2006, PP.710-714.

Polley, C., Gramer, S.M.,Gruz, R.V., "Potential for Using Waste Glass in Portland Cement
Concrete", J. of Mat. in Civil Eng.,Vol.10, No.4,1998,PP.210-219.

Schmidt, A., and Saia, W.H.F.,"Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Tests on Glass Used for Exposed
Aggregate Wall Panel Work", ACI, Mat.J.,Vol.60, 1963, PP.1235-1236.

Xie,Z., Xiang,W., and Xi, Y."ASR Potentials of Glass Aggregate in Water Glass Activeted Fly
Ash and Portland Cement Mortar", J. of Mat. in Civil Eng., 2003.

Table (1): Results of compressive and splitting tensile strength (MPa) for concrete mixes

Waste Glass Compressive Strength (MPa) Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)

as
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
Fine Agg. %
٠ ٢٥.٢ ٣٧.٠ ٢.٨٧ ٣.٧٥
١٠ ٢٤.٥ ٣٥.٩ ٢.٨٠ ٣.٦٧
٢٠ ٢٣.٣ ٣٤.٢ ٢.٧٢ ٣.٥٥
٣٠ ٢٠.١ ٢٨.٨ ٢.٤٤ ٣.٢٩
٤٠ ١٨.٠ ٢٢.٧ ١.٧٣ 1.87

Table (2): Results of compressive strength and modulus of rupture (MPa) for mortar mixes

Waste Expansion ×10-6

Glass % ٧days 14 days 28 days 60 days 90 days
٠ ١٤٩ ١٧٥ ٢٠٢ ٢٥٥ ٢٩٤
١٠ ١١٩ ١٤٠ ٢١٩ ٢٦١ ٢٩١
٢٠ ١١٢ ١٩٥ ٢٤١ ٢٩٥ ٣١٠
٣٠ ١٤٤ ١٦٧ ٢٤٦ ٣١٥ ٣٥١

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

Table (3): Results of length change for different mixes of moist curing (expansion) %
Waste Glass Compressive Strength (MPa) Modulus of Rupture (MPa)
as
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
Fine Agg. %
٠ ٣٠.٣ ٤٧.٩ ٣.٢١ ٤.٦٢
١٠ ٢٩.٤ ٤٧.٢ ٣.١٨ ٤.٥٠
٢٠ ٢٨.٢ ٤٥.٨ ٣.١٢ ٤.٤٦
٣٠ ٢٥.١ ٣٨.٤ ٢.٩١ ٤.٠٣
٤٠ ٢٠.٩ ٣١.١ ١.٨٧ ٢.٥٢

40
Age, days
7 days
36 28 days
Concrete Compresive Strength (MPa)

32

28

24

20

16
0 10 20 30 40
Glass replacement %

Figure (1): Relationship between compressive strength of concrete and glass content

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009
50

Mortar Compresive Strength (MPa) 45

40

35

30

Age, days
25
7 days
28 days
20

0 10 20 30 40
Glass replacement %

Figure (2): Relationship between compressive strength of mortar and glass content
4.0
Age, days
7 days
3.5 28 days
Spliting Tensile Strength (MPa)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

0 10 20 30 40
Glass replacement %

Figure (3): Relationship between splitting tensile strength of concrete and glass content

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Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

5.0

4.5
Mortar Modulas of rupture (MPa)

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

Age, days
2.0 7 days
28 days
1.5

0 10 20 30 40
Glass replacement %

Figure (4): Relationship between modulus of rupture of mortar and glass content
400
Glass replacement percentages

350 0%
10 %
20 %
300
-6

30 %
Expansion * 10

250

200

150

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Age, days

Figure (5): Percentages of length change (expansion) for different glass aggregate of mortar mixes

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 Al-Qadisiya Journal For Engineering Sciences Vol. 2 No. ٢ Year 2009

Plate (1): Waste of windows glass

Plate (2): Expansion testing device

٢١٤

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