Scribd
Upload
154 views7 pages

Notes December 2020 CH 12: Rates of Reaction Grade: 8 Subject: Chemistry

The document discusses rates of reaction in chemistry. It defines the rate of reaction as the speed at which products are formed from reactants. It then describes several methods for measuring reaction rates, such as determining the change in mass of reactants or volume of gas produced over time. The document also examines several factors that affect reaction rates, including concentration, particle size, temperature, and the use of catalysts. Catalysts increase reaction rates by increasing the chances of particle collisions without being used up in the reactions.

Uploaded by

anish kanthethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
154 views7 pages

Notes December 2020 CH 12: Rates of Reaction Grade: 8 Subject: Chemistry

The document discusses rates of reaction in chemistry. It defines the rate of reaction as the speed at which products are formed from reactants. It then describes several methods for measuring reaction rates, such as determining the change in mass of reactants or volume of gas produced over time. The document also examines several factors that affect reaction rates, including concentration, particle size, temperature, and the use of catalysts. Catalysts increase reaction rates by increasing the chances of particle collisions without being used up in the reactions.

Uploaded by

anish kanthethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

NOTES

DECEMBER 2020
Ch 12: RATES OF REACTION

GRADE: 8 SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

The rate of reaction refers to the speed at which the products are formed from the reactants
in a chemical reaction.

Example: wood combustion has a high reaction rate since the process is fast and rusting of
iron has a low reaction rate as the process is slow.

Measuring rate of reaction:

 The rate of reaction is studied by considering the rate at which the chemicals in the
reaction change.
 Rate is a measure of the change in a certain amount of time.
 The rate shows how much mass of the reactants changes in a certain amount of
time, or how much product is produced in a certain amount of time.

Change in mass of reactants:

If a chemical reaction produces a gas than a reaction is carried out in an open container on a
balance and measure how the total mass decreases as the reaction proceeds. As the gas
escapes the mass of the contents decreases.

The faster the mass of the reaction mixture decreases, the faster the rate of reaction.

Ex:

Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

In this reaction carbon dioxide gas escapes, which decreases the reactants mass.

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 1
The table shows the results of an experiment to measure the speed at which CO2 is given off
when marble chips (Calcium carbonate) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Change in the volume of the product:

The rate of reaction can also be measured by determining the change in volume of gas
produced every minute.

Ex: Reaction between Magnesium and hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and
hydrogen gas.

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + hydrogen

The gas produced pushes the plunger in the syringe to the right and the volume produced
every minute can be measured.

Factors affecting rates of reaction:

Effect of concentration on rate of reaction:

 The Concentration of a substance is the number of its particles in a given volume.


 According to the collision theory, the rate of reaction increases with the increase in
the concentration of the reactants.
 If we increase concentration of one reactant, we are increasing the number of
particles of that reactant in the same volume. If there are more particles of that
reactant present then there is an increased chance that these particles will collide

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 2
with other reactant particles. The more often the particles collide the faster is the
reaction.
 This implies that the chemical reaction rate increases with the increase in
concentration and decreases with the decrease in the concentration of reactants.

Low concentration of A High concentration of A

Red is the reactant particle of substance A, blue is the reactant particle of


substance B.

Effect of particle size on rate of reaction:

 If a solid reactant is broken down in to smaller pieces, the rate of reaction increases.
 Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant exposes more of its particles to attack.
This results in an increased chance of collisions between reactant particles, so there
are more collisions in a given time and the rate of reaction increases.

Hence the rate of reaction increases with the decrease in particle size. When
the particle size is less surface area will be more and when particle size is more surface
area will be less.

More particle size less rate of reaction Less particle size more rate of reaction

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction:

 The rate of reaction also depends on temperature. When the temperature increases
rate of reaction will also get increased.
 The rate of reaction will get doubled for every 10o C raise in temperature.
 If the temperature of the reactants is increased their particles move around faster. By
moving around faster, the particles collide with each other more often. The more the
reactant molecules collide the faster is the reaction.

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 3
Measuring the effect of temperature:
When Sodium thiosulfate solution is added to hydrochloric acid, the products formed are
sodium chloride, sulphur dioxide and sulphur. Among these sulphur is formed as yellow
precipitate.

The speed at which this cloudiness or yellow precipitate of sulphur appears at different
can be used as measure of rate of reaction.

Sodium thiosulphate+ hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride+ sulphur dioxide + sulphur

Yellow precipitate

An investigation can be carried out in the following way:

1) A flask containing the reactants is placed over a piece of paper with a cross on it.
2) The reactants are viewed from the top of the flask and a stop clock is started.
3) When the Sulphur precipitate clouds the solution so much that the cross can no
longer been seen, the stop clock is stopped and the time is recorded.

The experiment is repeated several times with the increased temperatures and the
time of disappearance of cross mark is noted.

Reaction time at different temperatures are given below

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 4
Effect of catalyst on rate of reaction:

Catalyst: A catalyst is the substance that is added to the reactants to increase the rate at
which they react. At the end of the reaction the catalyst remains unchanged chemically. This
means that it can be used again. It just increases the rate of reaction.

Catalyst increases the chance of particles meeting and so increases the rate of reaction.
Once the particles have joined, they react and move from the surface of the catalyst giving
place for other particles which means that catalyst is always available for the reactant
particles to react.

Various ways by which catalyst is used:

Using the catalyst in the laboratory:

Hydrogen peroxide is the liquid that breaks down slowly to form water and oxygen.

Hydrogen peroxide manganese dioxide


Water + Oxygen

2H2O2 MnO
2 2H2O + O2

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 5
Ex2: Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide +water Sunlight


Chlorophyll
glucose + oxygen + water

Production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide using catalyst

Difference in production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide in presence and absence


of catalyst:

Less amount in absence of catalyst More amount in presence of catalyst

Catalyst and air pollution:

 Catalytic converters change harmful substances in a car's exhaust gases, such as


carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons, into less harmful
substances like carbon dioxide and water vapour by means of chemical reactions.

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 6
 The catalyst component of a catalytic converter is usually platinum (Pt), along with
palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh).

Biological Catalyst:

 Enzymes are called as Biocatalyst. They are made from Protiens. They speed up the
rates of reactions of life processes in plants and animals.
 Enzymes in human digestive system are used to break up proteins, fats and
carbohydrates in food.
 Biological washing powders are also available for removing stains on dirty clothing.
 Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can also be speeds up by using a piece of liver
as a catalyst in a similar way to manganese dioxide.

CHEMISTRY/NOTES/DECEMBER 2020 7

You might also like