CHAPTER 1: FUNCTION

1.1 Relation and Function.

1.2 Algebra Function and Graph
1.3 Exponent and Logarithm Function
1.4 Trigonometry, Hyperbolic Functions and its Inverse.
1.5 Operation of Function

1.1 Relation and Function.

Defining and Identifying Relations and Functions

- If the value of the variable 𝒚 depends upon the value of the variable 𝒙, then 𝒚 is the
dependent variable and 𝒙 is the independent variable.

- Many everyday phenomena involve two quantities that are related to each other by
some rule of correspondence.

For example:
 The profit of selling cloth is depends on the festival nearby.
 The marks collected by a student’s depend on the difficulties of the questions.
 The number of student registered in some private college is depends on their
course offered.

- The mathematical term for such a rule of correspondence is a relation.

- A relation is a “set of ordered pairs”. For instance {(5,40), (10,80), (20,160), (40,320)}
is a relation.

- For example:
My monthly salary depends upon the number of hours worked.
Dependent variable, y = monthly salary
Independent variable, x = working hours
My monthly salary is RM2500 if I am working 200 hours. It gives (200, 2500)
My monthly salary is RM4000 if I am working 250 hours. It gives (250, 4000)

- A function is a relation such that for each NOTE:

value of the independent variable, there is
{(𝑑, 𝑒), (𝑓, 𝑔)} {(𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑐)}
one and only one value of the dependent x y x y
variable. In a function, no two ordered pairs
d e a
can have the same 1st independent and c
different 2nd dependent. f g b

Also called
One to one function Many to one function

There are many ways to represent relations:

Double the number and add 3

1. Equation

y  2x  3

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 x y
2. Table of values -2 -1
-1 1
0 3
1 5
2 7

3. Graph

4. A set of ordered
pairs

5. Mapping

These are all ways of showing a

relationship between two variables.

All functions are relations but not all

relations are functions!

Function is always having one dependent variable every time.

One to one
Function
Relation Many to one
One to many
Not a function
Many to many

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Defining and identifying the relation and function from the example below:

{(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 6)} {(1, 5), (2, 6), (2, 11), (3, 8)}
Many to one relation One to many relation
Relation and function Relation but not a function

{(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 6)} {(1, 5), (2, 6)}
Many to many relation One to one relation
Relation but not a function Relation and function

Domain, Range and Codomain

Domain : All the values that go into (input) the function (keluarkn arrow)
Range : The set of all actual output values of the function. (terima arrow)
Codomain : The set of all possible output values of the function. (terima atau tak terima
arrow)

Example:

Domain: {1,2,3} Domain: {1,2,3,4}

Range: {a,b,d} Range: {b,c,e,h}
Codomain: {a,b,c,d} Codomain: {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i}

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The other way to examine the relation is function or not is by using Vertical Line Test. The
description is given below:

Vertical Line Test for Functions

If a vertical line intersects a graph once and only for each element of the domain (x-axis),
then the graph is a function.

VLT

The vertical line intercept once, therefore this is a

function

VLT

The vertical line intercept twice, therefore this is

not function.

The way of written domain and range

Domain Range
Symbol 𝐷𝑓 𝑅𝑓
The domain and range will contain
1. curly bracket
2. symbol ‘|’
3. Write 𝑥 ∈ ℝ or 𝑦 ∈ ℝ after ‘|’
All real number 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Constant, c 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑐|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
All real number greater and 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ 𝑐|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
equal than 𝑐
All real number less than 𝑐 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 < 𝑐|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 < 𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
All real number in between 𝑐 and 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑑|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑐 < 𝑦 < 𝑑|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
𝑑, inclusively
All real number except 𝑐 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≠ 𝑐|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≠ 𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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 1.2 Algebra Function and Graph

1.2.1 Constant Function

A constant function is a function whose (output) value is the same for every input value.
Eg: y = 3

A constant function in the form Domain:

y=c 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range:

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {3|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Eg: x = - 2

A linear function in the form Domain:

x=c 𝐷𝑓 = {−2|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑐|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Range:

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

1.2.2 Linear Function

A linear function in the form y = ax + b

STEP: Let 𝑥 = 0, to get coordinate (0, ∎).

Let 𝑦 = 0, to get coordinate (∎, 0).

Remember that the line is infinite.

Eg : y = 2x + 3

When a > 0

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Domain:
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Eg: 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
Range:
When a < 0 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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 1.2.3 Quadratic Function
A polynomial function in the form y  ax 2  bx  c

STEP 1: Find VERTEX (𝑥, 𝑦)

b
To find 𝑥, use x 
2a
To find 𝑦, insert 𝑥 into equation.

STEP 2: Find INTERSECTION POINT Remember that the line is infinite.

Let 𝑦 = 0.

If a > 0
Example 1: y  x 2  4x  5
• The parabola will opens
upward Vertex:
• Minimum  b  (4)
x  2
2a 2(1)
Domain:
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} y  2 2  4(2)  5  9
So vertex at (2,9)
Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 𝑦𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 |𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Point of interception:
y  x 2  4x  5
When y  0
x 2  4x  5  0 Domain:
( x  5)( x  1)  0 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
x  5,1 Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ −9|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

If a < 0
Example 2: y  2 x 2  3
• The parabola will opens
downward Vertex:
• Maximum  b  (0)
x  0
2a 2(2)
Domain:
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} f (0)  2(0) 2  3  3
So vertex at (0,3)
Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 |𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Point of interception:
f ( x)  2 x 2  3
When f ( x)  0
 2x2  3  0 Domain:
 2 x  3
2 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

x2  3 / 2 Range:
x  1.22 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 3|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Exercise: Sketch and find the domain and range for 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔

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 1.2.3 Quadratic Function (Opposite)
A polynomial function in the form x  ay 2  by  c vs y=ax^2+bx+c

STEP 1: Find VERTEX (𝑥, 𝑦)

b
To find 𝑦, use y 
2a
To find 𝑥, insert 𝑦 into equation.

STEP 2: Find INTERSECTION POINT Remember that the line is infinite.

Let 𝑦 = 0.
Let 𝑥 = 0.

If a > 0
Example 1: x  y2  4

SHAPE

Domain:
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Example 2: x   y  5y  6
If a < 0 2

SHAPE

Domain:
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ 𝑥𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Exercise: Sketch and find the domain and range for 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 30

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1.2.4 Cubic Function
A polynomial function in the form y  ax  bx  cx  d
3 2

The graph increasing on the interval (, )

STEP: Let 𝑥 = 0, to get coordinate (0, ∎).

Let 𝑦 = 0, to get coordinate (∎, 0).

Example 1: y  2x Eg: y  3x  4 x2  x  3
If a > 0 3 3
• The graph falls to the left
and rises to the right

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Example 2: y   x Eg: y   x 2
If a < 0 3 3
• The graph rises to the
left and falls to the right

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Exercise: Sketch and find the domain and range for the following

i) 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3 (ii) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7

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 1.2.5 Square Root Function

Basic Idea
𝒚 = √−𝒙 𝒚 = √𝒙
Quadrant II: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Quadrant I: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

𝒚 = −√−𝒙 𝒚 = −√𝒙
Quadrant III: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Quadrant IV: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

STEP: Let 𝑥 = 0, to get coordinate (0, ∎) then let 𝑦 = 0, to get coordinate (∎, 0).

Example 1: 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1

Intercept:
If 𝑦 = 0,
x  1
If 𝑥 = 0,
y 1

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ −1|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} and 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

A function in the form
y  ax  b Example 2:
𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1 + 2

Firstly, ignore 2
Domain:
𝑦 = √2𝑥 − 1
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ ? |𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Intercept:
Range:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥? |𝑦 ∈ ℝ} If 𝑦 = 0, x  1/ 2

If 𝑥 = 0, y  1
(Ignore)

Then move the line 2

unit upward
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≥ 1/2|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} and 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 2|𝑦 ∈ ℝ

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 Example 3:
𝑦 = √−2𝑥 + 1

Intercept:
If 𝑦 = 0,
x  0.5
A function in the form
If 𝑥 = 0,
y   ax  b y 1

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ 0.5|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} and 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ ? |𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Example 4:
Range: 𝑦 = √−𝑥 + 3 − 1
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ ? |𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Firstly, ignore -1
𝑦 = √−𝑥 + 3

Intercept:
If 𝑦 = 0, x3

If 𝑥 = 0, y  3  1.73

Then move the line 1

unit downward
𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≤ 3|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} and 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ −1|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Exercise: Sketch and find the domain and range for the following

i) 𝑦 = −√2𝑥 (ii)𝑦 = −√2𝑥 − 3 + 2 iii) 𝑦 = −√−𝑥 + 3

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 1.2.6 Rational Function (Linear function denominator)
Example 1:
1
y
x
Quad I and III
A function in the
form of Never touch
1 x0
y c y0
ax  b
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≠ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≠ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
𝑎 positive
[Graph plot at Exercise:
quadrant I and III]
1
y 1
2x  1
Quad I and III

Never touch
The graph will never touch
i) x when denominator
set to equal zero
ii) y  c

Domain:
All real numbers except (i)

Range: Example 2:
All real numbers except (ii) 1
y 1
 2x
A function in the
form of Quad II and IV
1
y c Never touch
 ax  b x0
y 1
𝑎 negative Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≠ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
[Graph plot at Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≠ 1|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
quadrant II and IV]
Exercise:
1
y
 x 1

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 1.2.6 Rational Function (Repeated linear function denominator)
Example 1:
1
y
x2
Quad I and II
The graph will never touch
A function in the form i) x when denominator set to Never touch
1 equal zero x0
of y  c ii) y  c y0
(ax  b) 2
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≠ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Domain: Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
𝑎 positive All real numbers except (i)
[Graph plot at quadrant
Exercise:
I and II] Range: 1
All real numbers greater than (ii) y 2
(2 x  1) 2

Example 2:
1
f ( x)   1
The graph will never touch x2
A function in the form i) x when denominator set to
1 equal zero Quad III and IV
of y   c ii) y  c
(ax  b) 2 Never touch
Domain: x0
𝑎 negative All real numbers except (i) y  1
[Graph plot at quadrant
III and IV] Range:
All real numbers less than (ii)
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ≠ 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 < −1|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Exercise:
1
f ( x)   3
( x  1) 2

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1.2.7 Absolute Value Function
Example 1:
y  2x  1

Vertex at  0.5,0

A function in the
form of Intercept:
y  ax  b  c let 𝑥 = 0,
y  2(0)  1 | 1 | 1

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Graph Domain: Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
 b  𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Vertex at   , c  Exercise:
 a 
Range: y  3x  4  2
Intercept 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ 𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
(let 𝑥 = 0)

Example 2:
y   3x  2

Vertex at (0,2)

A function in the Intercept:

form of let 𝑥 = 0,
f ( x)   ax  b  c y   3(0)  2  2

Domain:
Graph 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
 b  Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 2|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Vertex at  , c
 a  Range:
Exercise:
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≤ 𝑐|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
y    x  2 1
Intercept
(let 𝑥 = 0)

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1.2.8 Piecewise Function
This function defined by different formulae for different parts of its domain. Functions whose
definitions involve more than one formula and called piecewise-defined functions.
Example 1: 
 The Graph:
 x3 , x3
 2
y   x  3x ,  1  x  3
 4 , x  1


∴Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ≥ −2.25|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Example 2: The Graph:


 3 , x 1

y   2x  1 ,  2  x  1
 1 x  2
 ,

∴Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

Example 3: The Graph:


 x3 , 0 x2

y  3x  2 , 2  x  3
14  x , 3  x  4

∴Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 11|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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Exercise:
Find the domain and range for the following

3 , x  3
i) y  
x , x  3

 x4 , 4 x 0

ii) y  x 2  4 , 0  x  2
 8 x2
 ,

x  12 , 0  x  1

iii) y 4 , 1 x  3
10  2 x , 3  x  5


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1.3 Exponential Function

If b is any number such that b  0 and b  1 then an exponential function in the form,
y  b x where b is called the base and x can be any real number.

The Graph Domain and Range

i) Always intercept at (0,1) Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Because: ANY NUMBER TO THE POWER OF Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

ZERO IS ONE.

ii) Never touch y  0 

Type I When 𝒃 is in between zero and one (𝟎 < 𝑏 < 1)

x x x
1 1 1
y   y   y    1
4 2 2

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Move 1 unit upward

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 1|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

**if minus, move downward

Type II When 𝒃 is greater than 1 (𝒃 > 1)

y  (1.5) x y  (12) x y  (12) x

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Mirror upside-down

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 > 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 < 0|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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Exercise:

Sketch the graph and find the domain and range for the following.

a) y  1 y  23x
x
e)

b) y  3
x
3 f) y  2  x

1
x
g) y  23 x  4
c) y   
5

x
d) y  2 h) y  2  4 2 x

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1.4 Logarithmic Function
Let b be a positive number with b  0 and b  0 .
The logarithmic function with base b denote by y  log b x

Graph Domain and Range

i) Always intercept at (1,0) Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Because: LOG ONE IS ALWAYS ZERO. Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

ii) Never touch x0 

Type I When 𝒃 is in between zero and one (𝟎 < 𝑏 < 1)

y  log 1 x y  log 1 x y  log 1 x  2
2 4 4

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Move 2 unit upward

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

**if minus, move downward

Type II When 𝒃 is greater than 1 (𝒃 > 1)

y  log 3 x y  log10 x y   log 10 x

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Mirror upside-down

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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Exercise:

Sketch the graph and find the domain and range for the following

i) y  log 1 ( x)  3 iii) y  ln x
5

ii) y   log 1 ( x) iv) y   ln x  2

5

Difference between Logarithm and Natural Logarithm Graph

Natural Logarithm

Example 1: 𝑦 = 2 ln(3𝑥 − 6) Example 2: 𝑦 = − ln(5𝑥)

7 Firstly, ignore (-ve) sign
Intercept at: 3𝑥 − 6 = 𝟏 therefore 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = ln(5𝑥)
Never touch: 3𝑥 − 6 = 𝟎 therefore 𝑥 = 2
1
Intercept at: 5𝑥 = 𝟏 therefore 𝑥 = 5
Never touch: 5𝑥 = 𝟎 therefore 𝑥 = 0
Mirror upside down

then

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 2|𝑥 ∈ ℝ} Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 > 0|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ} Range: 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

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Exercise:
Sketch the graph and find the domain and range for the following

(a) 𝑦 = ln(3𝑥)

(b) 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 + 1)

(c) 𝑦 = 3 ln(𝑥 − 2)

(d) 𝑦 = −3 ln(𝑥 − 2)

(e) 𝑦 = ln(4𝑥 − 1)

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1.5 Trigonometry, Hyperbolic Functions and its Inverse

Sine
Basic sin function:

t 0   3 2
2 2
f (t )  a sin( bt) 0 1 0 -1 0

Cosine
Basic cosine function:
t 0   3 2
2 2
f (t )  a cos(bt) 1 0 -1 0 1

The characteristics of sine and cosine function:

o Called a ‘’wave’’ because of its rolling wave-like appearance (also referred as
‘’oscillating’’
o Amplitude (a, height) :1
o Period (length of cycle) : 2𝜋
o Frequency (b, number of cycle) : 1 cycle in 2𝜋 radians
o Domain : 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑡|𝑡 ∈ ℝ}
o Range : 𝑅𝑓 = {−1 ≤ 𝑓(𝑡) ≤ 1|𝑓(𝑡) ∈ ℝ}

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 Example:
Graph Domain and Range

(1) f (t )  3 sin( t )
Amplitude : 3
Frequency : 1 cycle in 2𝜋 radians 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑡|𝑡 ∈ ℝ}
𝑅𝑓 = {−3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

(2) f (t )  sin( 2t )
Amplitude : 1
Frequency : 2 cycle in 2 radians

(3) f (t )  3sin( 2t )
Amplitude :
Frequency:

(4) f ( x)  2 cos(x)
Amplitude : 2 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
Frequency: 1 cycle in 2 radians 𝑅𝑓 = {−2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2|𝑦 ∈ ℝ}

(5) f (t )  cos(2t )
Amplitude :
Frequency:

(6) f (t )  3 cos(2t )
Amplitude :
Frequency:

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Tangent
From the knowledge of sine and cosine, we obtain new function which is tangent, cotangent,
secant and cosecant.

sin x cos x 1 1
tan x  , cot x  , sec x  , cosec 𝑥 
cos x sin x cos x sin x
The graph of the tangent function has a vertical asymptote at x = π/2. This is because the
tangent approaches infinity as t approaches π/2. (Actually, it approaches minus infinity as t
approaches π/2 from the right as you can see on the graph.

Tangent Function Graph

Domain:

all the real numbers except x  k ,
2
k  0,1,2,...

Range:
all the real numbers

Cotangent Function Graph

Domain:
all the real numbers except x  k ,
k  0,1,2,...

Range:
all the real numbers

Secant Function Graph

Domain:

all the real numbers except x   k ,
2
k  0,1,2,...

Range:
all the real numbers except y  0

Cosecant Function Graph

Domain:
all the real numbers except x  k ,
k  0,1,2,...

Range:
all the real numbers except y  0

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1.6 Operation for Functions
Two functions can be combined to create new functions by
i. Summation (+) iv. Quotient ( / or ÷ )
ii. Difference (-) v. Composite (  )
iii. Product (× or ∙ vi. Inverse ( f 1 ( x) )

Let’s take a look the operation via example

The sum f + g
f
 g x  f x  g x
This just says that to find the sum of two functions, add them together. You should simplify
by finding like terms.

f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
f  g  2x 2  3  4x 3  1
 4 x3  2 x 2  4
The difference f - g
 f  g x  f x  g x
To find the difference between two functions, subtract the first from the second. CAUTION:
Make sure you distribute the – to each term of the second function. You should simplify by
combining like terms.

f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1


f  g  2 x 2  3  4 x3  1 
 2 x 2  3  4 x3 1
 4 x 3  2 x 2  2
The product f • g

f  g  2 x 2  3 4 x3  1  
To find the product of two functions, put parenthesis around them and multiply each term
from the first function to each term of the second function.
f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
 f  g x  f x g x
 
f  g  2 x 2  3 4 x3  1 
 8 x 5  2 x 2  12 x 3  3
The quotient f / g

f  f x 
  x  
g g x 
To find the quotient of two functions, put the first one over the second.
f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
f 2x2  3 Note: Nothing more you could do here.
 (If you can reduce these you should-using long division)
g 4 x3  1

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 Composite Function

 Another way of combining two functions is to form

composition of one with the other.
 In other word, composition of functions is “substituting one function into another”
 The symbol of composition is [ о ]

 The composition of the one function f with function g is 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈

 The domain of (f о g) is the set of all x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the
domain of f.

Case I : ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
This is read “f composition g” and means to copy the f function down but where ever you see
an x, substitute in the g function.
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))

f ( x)  2 x 2  3 g ( x)  4 x 3  1

f  g  2(4 x 3  1) 2  3

 32 x 6  16 x3  2  3

 32 x 6  16 x3  5

Case II : ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))
This is read “g composition f” and means to copy the g function down but where ever you see
an x, substitute in the f function.

( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))

f ( x)  2 x 2  3 g ( x)  4 x 3  1

g  f  4(2 x 2  3)3  1

 4(2 x 2  3)(2 x 2  3)2  1

 (8 x 2  12)(4 x 4  12 x 2  9)  1

 32 x6  144 x 4  216 x 2  109

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Case III : ( f  f )( x)  f ( f ( x))
This is read “f composition f” and means to copy the f function down but where ever you see
an x, substitute in the f function. (So substitute the function into itself)

( f  f )( x)  f ( f ( x))

f ( x)  2 x 2  3 f ( x)  2 x 2  3

f  f  2(2 x 2  3)2  3

 2(4 x 4  12 x 2  9)  3

 8x 4  24 x12  18  3

 8 x 4  24 x 2  21

Exercise
Given f ( x)  x  2 and g ( x)  4  x . Find the following:
2

(a) ( f  g )( x) (d) ( f  g )( x)
(b) ( f  g )( x) (e) ( g  f )( x)
(c) ( f  g )( x) (f) ( g  f )(1)

Inverse Function

Definition of Inverse Function

A function is a set of ordered pairs with no two first elements alike.
– f(x) = { (x,y) : (3, 2), (1, 4), (7, 6), (9,12) }
• But ... what if we reverse the order of the pairs?
– This is also a function ... it is the Inverse Function
– f -1(x) = { (x,y) : (2, 3), (4, 1), (6, 7), (12, 9) }

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The Step of Finding Inverse
Find the inverse function of f ( x)  6 x  12

Step 1: Replace f (x) by y y  6 x  12

Step 2: Switch x and y x  6 y  12
Step 3: Solve for y x  12  6 y
x  12
y
6
x
y 2
6
Step 4: Replace y by f 1 ( x) x
f 1 ( x)   2
6

Exercise
Given the function f ( x)  3x  2 and g ( x)  x  2 . Find
2

1 1
a) f ( x) b) g ( x)
1
c) ( f  g 1 )( x) 1
d) ( g  f )(5)
1

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In order to check whether the relation is inverse function or not is by using Horizontal Line
Test. The description is given below:

Horizontal Line Test for Functions

If a horizontal line intersects a graph once and only once for each element of the y-axis of
inverse function, then the graph is a inverse function.

HLT

The horizontal line intercept once, therefore this

is an inverse function

HLT

The vertical line intercept twice, therefore this is

not inverse function.

31 NurhanaMohamad_CEDS