GE 5471 ROCK ENGINEERING Instructional Objectives

CH 16 – Rock Reinforcement
1. Explain the different rock bolting mechanisms.
2. Select a type of rock bolt for a given situation.
3. Explain the difference between grouted and non-grouted
Dr. Norbert H. Maerz rock bolts.
4. Explain the difference between pre-tensioned and un-
Missouri University of Science tensioned rock bolts.
5. Propose a plan of action for all contingencies when
and Technology monitoring SMART rock bolts.
(573) 341-6714 6. Explain the different types of rock bolting systems.

[email protected]

Rock Bolts Rock Bolting Mechanisms

• Strata suspension from stronger strata
• Beam building – making thicker beams
• Keystones or keyblocks
• Forming natural stress arch
• Increasing radial stresses
• Increasing effective normal stresses

Strata suspension from stronger

strata

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

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 Keystones
Forming natural stress arch
or keyblocks

Picture from Goodman 1989

Increasing Increasing effective normal stresses

radial
stresses

Picture from Hoek and Bray

Slot and Wedge /

Types of Rock bolts Expanding Shell

• Slot and wedge

• Expanding shell
• Cement grouted dowel
• Perfobolts
• Resin grouted
• Split set
• Swellex

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

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Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Grouted Dowels / Perfobolts /

Split Set / Swellex
Resin Grouted

Relative Costs Grouting

• Ungrouted – short term
• Grouted long term
• Grout fills cracks
• Grout eliminates stress concentrations
• Grout protects against corrosion
• Grout resists dilation and bending moments
• No use for mechanical anchor

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Testing
Tensioning
• Tension vs. untensioned
• Needs faceplate
• Tensioning and Testing

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 Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Testing
Testing

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Monitoring Rock Anchors

• Stress increase from ground movement = bad
• Stress decrease from bolt failure = bad
• Stress decrease from relaxation of ground = good

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Anchor
Rock Anchors
Installation

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 Bolting Systems
Considerations • SPOT BOLTING - bolts placed where someone thinks there is a
problem, estimating the length of bolt needed
• Pressure grouting • PATTERN BOLTING - bolts put in on a systematic pattern on a
predetermined grid, at a predetermined angle, with fixed length
• Corrosion protection bolts.
• WIRE MESH between bolts - (screen) to catch falling small
• New FRP bolts rocks, or to use as reinforcing for shotcrete.
• STRAPS, -steel plate connecting two of more rockbolts,
distributing the load
• CROWN PLATES, - curved rigid straps over the rood of the
tunnel
• ROOF TIES, - flexible straps over the roof of the tunnel
• TRUSSES - designed structural beams to support loads, bolted
into the tunnel wall or roof

Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

Slide Show
“Smart” rock bolts and anchors
• Stretch Measurement
to Assess
Reinforcement
Tension (SMART)

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Franklin Picture(s) from the collection of Dr. J.A. Franklin

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