Sant aqua Clete This section analyzes the dynamics of transnational cooperation and how governments are affected by globalization. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this section, you are expected to: 1. explain the effects of globalization on nation-states; 2. categorize the institutions that govern international relations; and 3. differentiate internationalism from globalism. Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, write disagree. 1, The Human Rights Watch is an international advocacy organization. - — 2. Internationalism and internationalization are two similar ideas. = 3, The Asia Pacific Economic Forum is an intergovernmental organization (IGO). The United Nations Children’s Fund is an IGO that addresses worldwide health. | 5. The internet is responsible for Paving the way for the development of new communication networks.Module 2 > The Structures of Globalization | yulsory political Weber 197) sees ee ais the leit organization with a centralized government th hor hand, the concept of use of force within a certain ats ae oe ‘of people together and ‘ ic ties that ho nation emphasizes the organic ties that ho! Soe anguage,Teligion, inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging—1.e» SO inate cahtthen and others (Schattle, 2014). Combining these two, se site be defined as a political community that emanates eee legitimately execute peace. Thus, the civic society e people’s oneness. / durai and Ohmae claim that Though some scholars like Appa‘ ; claim th globalization has superseded the individual function and ae ofnation-states, this is still arguable. In fact, they still play vital roles in the way globalization establishes a borderless world. Nation-states can ‘manipulate competitive advantages with international and political issues, transnational civil society organizations, and multinational companies. On the other hand, they are also accountable for a host of international norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to protect their economy, and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and focus of local fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation- states no longer have power in today's globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its increasing number of states, remain relevant in global decision making? The 194 member states of UN prove that globalization has affected the dynamics of nation-states in the context of their agency as legitimate holders of force in their jurisdiction, Globalization has, in a way, reshaped the role and functions of nation- states as governing bodies in their United Nations (UN) particular territories, First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation- states. Either they conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market principles of deregulation, privatization, and free trade or the risk of being left behind in terms of development, Of course, run this contemporary age, are forced to submit thems y of globally accepted free-market principles. Frie, el claims that nation-states are in danger of log; of economic sovereignty because of the nti the nation-states, in Ives to the demands -dman in Steger (2005) ing important elements ion that neo-liberalism isSection | > The Global Interstate System beyond contestation ag an anpect of globalization, In other words, nation etalon vtlTLoxtit Dut Lone a part integral to thelr economle development and let global corporations control thelr economle movement ‘Though government policlos can be putin place, nation-states are foread to realign thelr policies (0 be congruent with the principles of free trade becaune of the pressures from global corporations,'lo. ilustrate, the member states of the Assoclation of Southeast Aslan Nations (ASUAN), including the Philippines, ostublished the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFYA) In 1999, Hs noal ly (0 cncourage the momber-states to deepen thelr commitments In tnvestment, trade, and industrial collaboration to brace them for the Incroase In the reglon's economic activity, tablishment ‘The second effect of globalization on nation-states ts the ofeconomie and political integrations, One yood Huropean Union (RU) and the North America Free'Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has become a supranational body with 28 members, [Chas a single currency and monolary system among 17 states, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights to live, work, vote, and run for office, with devel ped ses and assist those in need, and with ase of the Huropean Court of Justi example fs the coll intercontinental jurisprudence in the and the European Court of Human Rights, Vhe statchood of the members is not dissolved, what has changed is only how the nation-states function, in as part of a whole (Schattle, 2014), terms of economy and politic ‘The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles. This is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates as a forum for nation-states to air their differences and try to resolve them, The UN Security Council has powers that include the creation of peacekeeping operations and international sanctions and the authorization of military action. Also, UN's International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals accused of crimes against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is based on the adoption of the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court in 1998, with the vote of 120 to 7, with 21 abstentions, It began functioning in 2002 when the statute officially came into force. However, the United States, China, and India are not signatories. ‘Thus, the treaty is not binding to these economic powers, Moreover, there are also universal principles that are adopted by nation-states in relation to the dynamism of globalization, ‘Two of them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirms an individual's rights and the other is the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea that defines the rights of nation-states on the use of the world’s oceans,ization ical effects. Aside from this ‘These three mentioned effects are ae Coe alization also has a horizontal effect whic! n the amen of transgovernmental ‘Networks Se government offices connect with their counterparts in 0 sine states in order to establish linkages that would benefit all parties. ae linkages are informal institutions that connect legislators, finance ministers, ang other valuable individuals who are significant in carrying out various aspects of global governance. As institutions, policies are agreed upon and individual state-participants are conscious that their home country policies should not be violated. ‘The fourth effect of globalization is the rise of transnational activism (TNA). Such happens when activist groups of nation-states connect with their counterparts in other states. For example, an advocacy-baseq organization in the Philippines may connect itself with and get support from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights, When a nation-state recognizes international interventions and changes its behavior in response to international pressure, it reconstitutes the relationship among the nation-state, its citizens, and international actors (Keck & Sikkink, 1998). led net state "work soci 's must reshape “ociety (Castells, 2009), nation- themsely ome ‘etworks in el selves to becom Part of global n ie rks in thSection 3 > The Global Interstate System oo _ arena of finance, education, science, technology, arts, and sports. This can be seen in the proliferation of online education from universities outside the Philippines. Conversely, Philippine universities offer online courses to non-Filipinos. Thus, digital media has become the platform for strategic communications at home and abroad wherein the nation-states can utilize the internet to gather feedback from the citizens. Social media gives people the power to air their sentiments, and also, serves as an avenue to discuss issues. Government websites can also be avenues to formally forward concerns to particular government offices. Many nation-states also establish their own state-funded television networks for information dissemination as alternative to the well-established privately-funded news networks. In the case of authoritarian and repressive states like China, Russia, and North Korea, the governments make use of media technologies to filter content that can be viewed by their citizens. On the other hand, digital media can also be used by governments to gain public support in their campaigns. Thus, social media, in particular, can become an alternative to mainstream media that advances its biased perspective. In order to facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental organizations (GOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU), and World Trade Organization (WTO) are examples. Established in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) now has 10 member states. Its aims are 1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region; 2) promote regional progression; 3) advance peace and sustainability; 4) promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, technical, cultural, administrative, and scientific fields; 5) provide assistance to each other in the framework of training and research installations in the educational, professional, technical, and administrative spheres; 6) work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and industries; 7) advance Southeast Asian research; and 8) preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current international and regional institutions with similar aims and purposes (asean.org). Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia are the members of ASEAN.Module 2.» The Structures of Globalization “uropean Union (EU), an IGO with 28-state Members, was established in November 1993. Its goals ae 1) to promote peace, its valt Ms citizens; 2) offer freedom, internal border basi the well-being of rity, and justice without ) uphold sustainable development ed on balanced economic growth and price Stability: 4) combat social exclusion and discrimination; 5) promote scientific and t echnological progress; , social, and territorial cohesion among member countries; 7) respect ‘al and linguistic diversity; and 8) establish an “conomic and monetary union (europa.eu). 8) enhance economic and solidarity cultur ‘The World Trade Organization (WTO) has 164 member- sole 1GO that caters to rules of trade on a global scale. Its to ensure that trade runs as. smoothly, predictably, Italso encourages trade by lowering t Products and services flow from natio1 the States. It ig objective is and freely as possible. rade barriers that may hinder how n to nation, Some other examples of IGOs are the International Criminal Court (CC), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). All IGOs serve Purposes based on the common interest of their member-states that is deemed beneficial to all parties involved, The intensification of relation: ‘Ss among nation-states gave birth to the idea of internationalism and slobalism. The former is the theory and ‘aboration while the latter is an attitude. are more powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014). Moreover, in order to avert wars, Immanuel Kant (1795) stated that ‘h proposes that nations must give up their freedom and submit to a larger system of laws that is embodied by common international principles, He believed that a form of global government is needed to create and enforce these laws. On the other hand, G Mazzini (1805-1872) ssumed that nationalism and international cooperation complemented each other. He believed that cooperation among nation-s sential, Equally, US President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) thought that nations were subject to theSection 3 > The Global Interstate System universal laws of God that could be discovered through reason. He adopted the principles of self-determination, democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations in his concept of internationalism. Socialist internationalism, on the other hand, contradicts liberal internationalism. This form of internationalism is based on the view that capitalism is a global system and that the working class must unite as a global class to forward the struggle against capitalism. The notion of socialist internationalism is linked to the goal of a world revolution—to end class struggle globally. The Second International (1889-1916), the original socialist international, was an organization of labor and social parties established in Paris in 1889. It is best known for declaring the International Worker's Day (May 1) and International Women's Day (March 8) and for initiating the campaign for the eight-hour work day. On the other hand, globalism emerged as an attitude that seeks to understand all the interconnections of the modern world and to highlight patterns that underlie them. It pursues to describe and explain a world that is characterized by a network of connections that span multi- continental distances. Overall, the global interstate system is a facet of contemporary Political globalization that seeks to form collaboration among nation- States through the establishment of intergovernmental organizations. It is rooted on the idea of internationalism. Experts on interstate relations cannot discount the numerous effects of neoliberalism on the rise of new communication networks utilized by governments.