April 19, 2021

Magalona, Aleah MTh 4:30 PM – 6:00 PM

BSCE 3A

HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

1. Assume that the following goals have been established for a transportation planning study.
Goal 1: The transportation system should provide mobility for all segments of the population.
Goal 2: The transportation system should minimize the impact on the natural environment. Define
at least three objectives for each goal that could be used to achieve the stated
purpose.

Answers:

Goal 1: The transportation system should provide mobility for all segments of the population.
Objectives:
i. To minimize overcrowding on major highways, promote bus and other public
vehicles in the city.

ii. Provide transportation to the region's main markets.

iii. Improve the spacing of the roads and reduce the use of private cars.

Goal 2: The transportation system should minimize the impact on the natural environment.
Objectives:
i. Encourage walking when visiting places that are within walking distance.
ii. Encourages the use of environmentally friendly vehicles.

iii. Encourage the use of bicycles and pedestrians as modes of transportation.

2. From the sketch below, calculate the interzonal trips due to 450 work trips produced at zone i. There
are 750 attractions at zone 1, 400 attractions at zone 2, and 300 attractions at zone 3. The exponent
of travel time is 0.6 and the travel times are 9 minutes to zone 1, 5 minutes to zone 2, and 7
minutes to zone 3. Assume all
socioeconomic adjustment
factors and the value of C are
equal to 1.0.
Given Data:
Total trips, Pi : 450 work trips

Attractions:
Zone 1 : 750,
Zone 2: 400,
Zone 3: 300

Travel time:
Zone 1 : 9 mins,
Zone 2: 5 mins,

Zone 3: 7 mins

Exponent of travel time, n : 0.

 Solution: = ()()() =

∑()()()

1 = 750 ×9 = 6750 = .

(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7) 10850

2 400 ×5 2000
= = = .

(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7) 10850

3 300 ×7 2100
= = = .
(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7) 10850

Hence,
1 = 0.622 × 450 =.

2 = 0.184 × 450 = .

3 = 0.193 × 450 = .

3. A calibration study resulted in the following utility equation for different modes in a particular city;

= −(0.25)( 1)−(0.032)( 2)−(0.015)( 3)−(0.002)( 4)

Where, = access plus degrees time in

minutes
= mode specific constant

= waiting time in minutes

= line-haul time in minutes

= out-of-pocket cost in cents

For a particular origin-destination pair, the forecasted number of trips is 5,000. For this particular
trip, there are two modes available, bus and auto.

a) If the characteristics of these two modes are as follows, how many trips will be taken by bus?
And by car?

Assume that the mode specific constant is equal to -0.12 for the automobile and -0.22 for bus.

b) Assume that a new mode, rapid transit, is to be introduced into the market between these two
zones. The characteristics of this new service are as follows:
 Assume from experience in other cities that the mode specific constant for rapid transit is -0.41.
What will be the modal shares of the 5,000 trips between these two zones for all three modes?

c) Assume that the city council wants to increase ridership on transit in this new three-mode system.
They are considering one of two actions: lower the fare in bus and rapid transit to a flat Php 12.50
 for all trips, or place a surcharge of Php 100.00 on all cars parking in these zones. Which policy
would you recommend to a achieve the council’s objective? Why?

Given:
Utility function = −(0.25)( 1)−(0.032)( 2)−(0.015)( 3)−(0.002)( 4)

Total No. of trips = 5, 000

Solution :

a. Characteristics of two modes given are:

automobile = - 0.12

bus = -
automobile = -0.12 −(0.25)(5)−(0.032)(0)−(0.015)(20)−(0.002)(100)
0.22

For the Automobile:

automobile= -1.87

For the Bus: bus= -0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(50)

bus= -3.9

As per multinomial logit model, probability or share of trips is calculated

by, = += −1.8 7 + −3.9 = .. %

−1.87

−
3.
9

= + = −1.8 + =..%
7 −3.9

Therefore, the no. of trips by automobile and by bus:

Trips by automobile: 5000 x 88.39 % = 4419.5 or 4420 trips

 Trips by bus: 5000 x 11.61% = 580.50 or 581 trips

b. Another new mode has been introduced - the characteristics of this new service are
rapidrapid transittransit
as follows:

== --0.410.41−(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)
rapid transit (30)−(0.002)(75)

= -3.67
 Recalculate: = −1.
87

+ + = −1.87 + −3.9 + −3.67

= . . % −3.9

= =

+ + −1.87 + −3.9 + −3.67

= . . % −3.6
7

= =
+ + −1.87 + −3.9 + −3.67

= . . %

Therefore, the no. of trips by automobile and by bus and by rapid transit:

Trips by automobile: 5000 x = 3856 trips

77.12%
Trips by bus: 5000 x 10.13 = 506.5 or 507 trips
%
Trips by rapid transit: 5000 x 12.75 % = 637 trips

c. Consider the policy action and see how it affecting the ridership

(i) Lowering the fare on bus and rapid transit to a flat PHP 12.50 for all trips
For bus X4 = 50 - 12.5 =
37.5
For rapid transit = 75 – 12.5 = 62.5
X4
automobile= -1.87 (doesn’t -
change) 3.87
5
bus = -0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(37.5) = -
3.64
5

rapid transit= -0.41 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)(30)−(0.002)

(62.5)=
Probability of each
−1.87

0.7668 or 76.68%
mode:
= −1.87+ −3.875+ −3.645 =

= −3.875 =..%

−1.87 + −3.875 + −3.645

−3.645
= =..%

−1.87 + −3.875 + −3.645

Therefore,
Trips by automobile: 5000 x 76.68 % =
 Trips by bus: 5000 x 10.33% = 3834 trips

Trips by rapid transit: 5000 x 12.996 % = 516.5 or 517 trips

649.8 or 650 trips

 (ii) Surcharge of PHP 100 on all cars, increase the X4
automobil -0.12 −(0.25)(5)−(0.032)(0)−(0.015)(20)−(0.002)(200) -
e
=- 3.
bus = - 0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(50)
9
-3.67

rapid transit = -0.41 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)(30)−(0.002)(75) = 2.

07
−2.07 + −3.9 + −3.67 = ..%

−2.07

= − =..%
3
.
−2.07
9
−3.9
+ + −3.67

−3.67

= −2.0 + −3.9 + −3.67 =..%

7

Therefore, the no. of trips are as follows:

Trips by automobile: 5000 x 73.405 % =

Trips by bus: 5000 x 11.775% =3670.25 or 3671 trips

Trips by rapid transit: 5000 x 14.82 % = 588.75 0r 589 trips

741 trips

Trips by Bus Trips by Trips by

Rapid
Automobile Transit
( Policy 5 383 6
i 1 1 4 5
) 7 0
( Policy 5 367 7
ii 2 8 1 4
) 9 1
( Before intro. 5 385 6
ii of 0 6 3
i 7 7
)
policie
s

% chang i trip
100 100 10
0

e n s
fro befo int t
m re ro o
507 3856 637

Policy 1

= 1.97% (↑) = 0.571% = 2.04% (

% chang i trip (↓) ↑)

e n s
fro befo int t
100 100 100

m re ro o
507 3856 637

Policy 2

= 16.174% (↑) = 4.798% = 16.33% (

() ↑)

Answ er:

Out of two policy’s, in policy II we can observe the increase in ridership of bus
and rapid transit to a greater extent when compared to policy I. Therefore, Policy II or
the surcharge of Php 100 is the better option.