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SUBMITTED BY :
MAYANK SINGH
EXPERIMENT - 3
2019EEB1170

 EXPERIMENT 7

OPERATIONAL AMPLER : INVERTING AND

NON INVERTING

AIM :
1. To explain about the Inverting and Non-Inverting op-amps.

2. To ind the closed loop gain expression for both inverting and non-
inverting op-amps.

APPARATUS / COMPONENTS :
An input voltage source , resistors, operational ampli ier, connecting
wires.

THEORY :

• OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER :
An Operational Ampli ier, or op-amp, is fundamentally a voltage
amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback
components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and
input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting
function or “operation” of the ampli ier and by virtue of the di erent
feedback con igurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the
ampli ier can perform a variety of di erent operations, giving rise to its
name of “Operational Ampli ier”.

An Operational Ampli ier is basically a three-terminal device which

consists of two high impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the
Inverting Input, marked with a negative sign, ( – ). The other input is
called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive sign ( + ). A third
terminal represents the operational ampli iers output port which can both
sink and source either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational
f
f

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f

f
ff
f
f

ff
 ampli ier, the output signal is the ampli ication factor, known as the
ampli iers gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of the input signal.

Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal ampli ier, its open
loop gain and input impedance is in inite (i.e.,practically very high),
Output impedance and o set voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and
bandwidth is in inite (i.e.,practically limited to frequency where its gain
become unity).

Fig 1 : Op-amp

• INVERTING OP AMP :
The Open Loop Gain, ( AVO ) of an operational ampli ier can be very high,
as much as 1,000,000 (120dB) or more. However, this very high gain is of
no real use to us as it makes the ampli ier both unstable and hard to
control as even the smallest of input signals of just a few micro-volts, (μV)
would be enough to cause the output voltage to saturate and luctuate
between one or the other of the voltage supply ends, losing complete
control of the output.
f
f

f
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ff
f
f
f
f
f
f

 So, to make it stable with a controllable gain, a feedback is applied

through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input
terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain
(closed loop gain, Av). So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum
of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input
resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the
op amp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual
ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same
potential.

Fig 2 : Inverting op amp

So there are two things :

• No Current Flows into the Input Terminals

• The Di erential Input Voltage is Zero as V1 = V2 = 0
This is because the junction of the input and feedback signal is at the
same potential as the positive ( + ) input which is at zero volts or ground
then, the junction is a “Virtual Ground/Earth”. Because of this virtual earth
ff

 node the input resistance of the ampli ier is equal to the value of the input
resistor, Rin and the closed loop gain of the inverting ampli ier can be set
by the ratio of the two external resistors.

Current ( i ) lows through the resistor network as shown :

Therefore, the Closed-Loop Voltage Gain of an Inverting Ampli ier is given

as:

f
f

f
f
 And the Output voltage is given as :

The negative sign in the equation indicates an inversion of the output

signal with respect to the input as it is 180o out of phase. This is due to
the feedback being negative in value

• NON - INVERTING OP AMP :

Here, the input voltage signal, ( VIN ) is applied directly to the non-
inverting ( + ) input terminal which means that the output gain of the
ampli ier becomes “Positive” in value in contrast to the “Inverting
Ampli ier”. So, the result of this is that the output signal is “in-phase” with
the input signal.

In this con iguration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non
inverting terminal resulting in a positive gain, and to stabilise the circuit a
negative feedback is applied through a resistor (Rf) and the inverting
terminal is grounded with-a input resistor (R2). This inverting Op-Amp like
layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the summing
point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider across inverting terminal,
hence determining the gain of the circuit.

• Equivalent Potential Divider Network :

f
f
f

 Then using the formula to calculate the output voltage of a potential

divider network, we can calculate the closed-loop voltage gain ( AV ) of
the Non-inverting Ampli ier as follows:

Then the closed loop voltage gain of a Non-inverting Operational

Ampli ier will be given as:

Output Voltage is given by:

f
f

 PROCEDURE :
A. FOR INVERTING AMPLIFIER :

• Connect the components as mentioned below :

• L1 L3, L4 L7, L4 L5, L6 L9, L8 L12.
• Set the Resistance (R ) Value (1 Kilo ohms - 50 Kilo ohms).
1

• Set the Feedback Resistance (R ) Value. (2 Kilo ohms - 100 Kilo ohms).
f

• Set input voltage (Vin) (-15 to 15 V).

• Now note the output voltage and take the readings.
• Increase the input voltage by a factor of 2.
• Click on 'Plot' button to plot the output voltage vs input voltage.
• Repeat the experiment for another set of resistance value.
B. FOR NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER :

• Connect the components as mentioned below:

• L1 L8, L4 L7, L4 L5, L6 L9, L3 L12.
• Set the Resistance (R ) Value (1 Kilo ohms - 50 Kilo ohms).
1

• Set the Feedback Resistance (R ) Value (2 Kilo ohms - 100 Kilo ohms).
f

• Set input voltage (Vin) (-15 to 15 V).

• Now note the output voltage and take the readings.
• Increase the input voltage by a factor of 2.
• Click on 'Plot' button to plot the output voltage vs input voltage.
-
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-
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-
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• Repeat the experiment for another set of resistance value.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS :
A. FOR INVERTING AMPLIFIER :

• For R1 = 20 Kilo ohms and Rf = 50 Kilo ohms :

 • For R1 = 15 Kilo ohms and Rf = 60 Kilo ohms :

• Conclusion :
For inverting op-amps, there is a negative closed loop gain Av, and the
graph of output voltage vs input voltage is a straight line with negative
slope.

 B. FOR NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER :

• For R1 = 25 Kilo ohms and Rf = 10 Kilo ohms :

• For R1 = 30 Kilo ohms and Rf = 90 Kilo ohms :

• Conclusion :
For non-inverting op-amps, there is a positive closed loop gain Av, and
the graph of output voltage vs input voltage is a straight line with
positive slope.

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS