Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

WELL COMPLETION INFLUENCE ON ESP WELLS

PERFORMANCE
Mohamed Abdel Qadder Shhayt
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department,
Libyan Academy
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
When the production rate in the oil wells that are powered by submersible electric pumps decreases, the causes of
this drop must be checked if they are due to perforations problems or pump malfunctions. and that's for a purpose
optimizing the operating regimes of wells . the main objective of this study is predictions influence bottom hole completion
"perforation parameters" on ESP performance obtained by using nodal analysis, therefore, the optimization of ESP wells
leads to obtaining very high profits in a short time.

The node will be in "bottom hole completion", all of the components upstream (damaged permeability around the
wellbore, perforation length, shot density and phase angle).of the node comprise the inflow section and all components
downstream (number of stages, power and operating frequency) of the node comprise the outflow section. Each component
behavior in the system is directly related to flow rates and pressure drop.

The influence of (length, phase angle "450, 900 ", shot density) of perforation was clear in the study and that an
increment of production rate happens when perforation length increase, relatively lower permeability in the damaged zone
does not register a remarkable increase. Meanwhile, if it increases then a serious impact on the productivity of the wells is
waited.

Keywords
Number of stages, power and operating frequency, damaged permeability, perforation length, shot density,

Phase angle

1. Introduction
Numerical analysis of wells will help to improve production to reduce economic cost, and predict the future
performance of wells. numerical analysis is also used in industrial lifting methods (gas lifting and Electric submersible
pump) .This study was conducted on two wells from the defa field of the Waha Company to analysis the performance of
well completion on Electric submersible pump "ESP" for the purpose of Optimization of production, run life increase and
minimization of downtime results in the lowest $/bbl. cost of production, which is the impotent for any operator using
ESPs. Where it was producing both of the well"B37"(Q=3808STB/day), well"B77"(Q=1174STB/day) in API 35.6, Nodal
analysis will be used to estimate the effect of well completion on flow rate".

The nodal analysis procedure consists of selecting a division point or node in the well, in this case the node will be
in "bottom hole completion" and dividing the system at this point to optimize performance in the most economical manner.
All of the components upstream (damaged permeability around the wellbore, perforation length, shot density and phase
angle).of the node comprise the inflow section and all components downstream (number of stages, power and operating
frequency) of the node comprise the outflow section. Each component behavior in the system is directly related to flow
rates and pressure drop (Figure.1.1 below).

Figure 1.1: Inflow and outflow curve at a specific node (Kermit E. 1985.)
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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
2. Literature Review.
Several studies in the oil and gas industry were conducted to analysis effect of well completion on electric
submersible pump (ESP) performance, whereas one of the problems associated with designing perforated completion is
estimating the efficiency of the perforations to transmit fluid from the reservoir to the wellbore. The efficiency depends on
conditions such as the number of perforations actually open, perforation diameter, penetration depth, degree of damage
around the perforation, and phasing

2.1 The Effect of Perforating Conditions on Well Performance.

2.1.1. Harris method for completion design.

Well productivity can be greatly increased by extending the perforation penetration beyond the cement sheath. This
effect is more pronounced at low penetrations. Deep penetration will result in a substantially increased productivity ratio.
The productivity ratio is plotted as a function of perforation penetration in Fig.2.1. The first several inches of penetration
contribute the most, to increasing the productivity. The curve shows that additional penetration substantially increases the
productivity also. For this particular example, a penetration of 2 in. beyond the cement sheath results in a productivity ratio
of 0.87. Additional penetration to 24 in. increases the productivity ratio by 44 percent to 1.25. Penetration in hard-rock
formations is usually less than that in soft or unconsolidated sands. An improved perforating technique for hard formations
could increase well productivity and, perhaps, eliminate the necessity of fracturing in some wells. This could mean a
considerable reduction on completion and stimulation costs (Harris, 1966).

Fig (2.1) - productivity ratio vs. Perforation penetration (Harris, 1966).

2.1.2. McLeod method for completion design.

McLeod, (1983) conducted a theoretical study about reduced productivity of perforated gas wells mainly through
non-Darcy or turbulence there is a compressed area around each perforation. The coefficient depends on the permeability
of the compression zone. That is information. Punch function condition. Can be used with maximum perforation size Gas
well productivity forecast.

The effective laminar skin factor, s, can be expressed as a sum of independent skin factors resulting from
perforation geometry (sp), well bore damage from drilling and cementing (Sd), and the damage to the compacted zone
around the perforation (Sdp) (Mcleod,1983).

( )( )

( )

( )( )( )

Overall skin factor for viscous or laminar Darcy flow through restrictions around wellbore, dimensionless

Skin factor for flow through damaged zone around we\lbore caused by drilling mud and cement filtrates

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
Skin factor for flow through damaged and compacted zone around perforation

Skin factor for effect of flow converging into perforations around wellbore

Radius of compacted zone around perforation. Ft (m).

Well drainage radius in reservoir. Ft (m)

Radius of perforation in rock, ft (m)

Wellbore radius (half of bit diameter). Ft (m)

Permeability of damaged zone around wellbore as a result of invasion by drilling mud and cement filtrates, md

Permeability of damaged, compacted zone around perforation in rock, md

Reservoir permeability, md Length of perforation in rock, ft (m) Total number of perforations

Karakas and Tariq1991 discussed about the effects of various perforation and reservoir parameters on the
productivity (or injectivity) of perforated completions. Those authors presented a semi analytical solution for the
estimation of skin in perforated completions.

In their work, they assumed cylindrical perforations surrounded by a crushed zone of reduced permeability. As
Fig2.2 shows, the perforations are distributed spirally around the wellbore. Angular phasing denotes the angle between two
successive perforations. The perforation or shot density refers to number of perforations per foot of formation. The
following assumptions are made concerning the porous media and the fluids (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

1. The reservoir consists of a single-layer cylindrical formation of constant thickness;

2. he reservoir fluid is single-phase and incompressible;
3. The flow is laminar (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

Fig2.2. Flow Geometry (Karakas, Tariq, 1991)

Fig. 2.3 shows the pressure distribution in the reservoir for 0° (or 360°) phasing with penetration length (Lp) = 10
in. [25.4 cm] and penetration radios (rp) =4.0 in. [10 cm. the 2D flow behavior into perforations is quite similar to that of
an infinite-conductivity, vertically fractured well. The equipressure lines are close to confocal ellipses with some distortion
from the presence of the wellbore. The concentricity point is about mid-perforation length. The flux distribution at
perforation, as for a vertical fracture, is significan6y higher at the perforation tip and root. Because the wellbore is a
complete barrier to reservoir flow, flow efficiency is reduced (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Fig. 2.3—Pressure distribution around wellbore, 2D simulation, 0° phasing (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

Figs.2.4 through Fig2.6 show the pressure distribution in the reservoir for 900, 1200, and 180° phasing's,
respectively. For these cases, the perforation and reservoir parameters are identical to the 0°- phasing simulation. For 180°
phrasings, the equipressure lines are, as expected, confocal ellipses, with less distortion from the well- bore. Moreover, the
concentricity point is the center of the well. Consequently, the effective length scale for the well productivity includes
perforation length and well radius. As Figs. 5 and 7 shows, the pressure distribution in the reservoir for 900 and 1200
phasing's are more circular than that for 0 and 180° phrasings, indicating more efficient flow panems. Finally, the effective
well radius approaches its maximum (rp +Lp) with smaller phrasings (phase angle=0°). Moreover, the wellbore
interference with reservoir flow is less significant with smaller phasing's because more fluid enters at the perforation tips

Fig.2.4—Pressure distribution around wellbore, 2D simulation, 0° phasing (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Fig.2.5 —Pressure distribution around wellbore, 2D simulation, 0° phasing (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

Fig.2.6 —Pressure distribution around wellbore, 2D simulation, 0° phasing (Karakas, Tariq, 1991).

Han, & Ference, (2010). Study the effect of shaped charge materials on perforation guns, Zinc and steel are among
the most popular materials used in the industry of shaped charge cases, However, their physical and chemical properties
produce different influences, to a large extent, on performance of the perforation gun , a charge with the zinc case
generates a pressure approximately 50% higher than one with a steel case .the zinc case creates an impulse about 30%
higher and a temperature about 2200F higher .the zinc –cased charges can cause more serious damage in terms of
explosion or impact effect on the perforating gun carrier and other down hole equipment., as illustrated by fig.2.7 (Han, &
Ference,2010).

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Fig2.7:-Gun carrier after a test with zinc-cased shaped charge (Han, 2010).

Noui Mehidi, (2011), researched about the effect of the near-wellbore region condition on the design and efficiency
of an ESP system, in terms of the number of pump stages and power required. Based on the well completion (Noui Mehidi,
2011).

Fig.2.9 Number of stages required vs. the skin factor s (r1/rw=10, h=80 ft., re=2000 ft., rw=0.3125 ft., µ= 4cP,
hd=7500 ft., hesp=7000 ft.) (Noui Mehidi, 2011).

N-stage increases as the pressure drop increases, however more stages are needed to overcome the pressure drop for
low permeability skin. For example the required number of stages will increase from 72 stages for a value of k/k1=1.5
(s=3.6), to 109 stages for k/k1=2 (s=6.2). As explained in fig.2.9.

Burky, (2018), predict penetration depth and hole size for scenarios ranging from one to six layers of steel of
varying thickness and strength. To perforate holes into single or multiple concentric casing string to allow a flow path for
isolation fluids such as cement or resin to be pumped from surface into annular space to provide a permanent pressure seal
to prevent the flow of fluids

Most perforation gun system is –multi-directional in that their perforations are phased around the gun in a spiral, or
spirals, that proceed down the length of the guns. Guns are normally designed to a have a pattern that repeat after a certain
number of shots as determined by the phases angle of the charges. It is unusual for multiple casing layers to be perfectly
centralized relative to one another, the rock phase, and the gun. Therefore, the perforation jet path of each shot of the
pattern can be unique with respect to relative thickness of each layer it traverses .Fig2.10. Shows an example of a multi-
casing perforating scenario .It can be seen that the thickness of each layer will be different for each jet path due to angle the
jet takes through the material (Burky, 2018).

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Fig2.10. In an off-centered configuration the material layer thicknesses vary for each jet path, effecting pentraion
results (Burky, 2018)

It was noted that there is a consensus between the results Burky2018, and Karakas and Tariq1991, for pressure
distribution produced by perforation phase angle

Batarseh, (2019), Lasers are a new technology that uses the power of light to excavate rock. This technology is
harmless, safe (non-explosive) and allows precise control of drilling geometry (size and shape). This process creates an
improved tunnel, improves flow, and increases productivity. Laser-rock interaction drives in the transformation of
electromagnetic energy into thermal energy. This results in a highly localized and controllable temperature surge that can
melt or vaporize the rocks.

The laser beam that occurs on the surface of rocks (specifically reflected) is reflected on the surface of the samples
and may be distributed, distributed and partially absorbed by the material. In fact, the three species appear simultaneously
and have different degrees of contribution. This process depends on the properties of the surface and the environment
Batarseh, (2019),

Absorption and diffraction processes occur within the volume of the material, not just on the surface. This is
because when light communicates with matter, the first particles are reflected, partially absorbed and diffused in them,
causing the diffused light to move forward with the fundamental particle and undergo a similar process. It is a degraded
process that occurs within a few micrometers of the region. The end result is the amount of light scattered and absorbed in
multiple directions, even in the standard package. Fig.2.11 and Fig.2.12, show oblique and normal damage processes,
respectively.

Fig.2.11 Reflection and scattering at oblique incidence (Batarseh, 2019).

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Fig.2.12. Reflectance/Scattering at normal incidence (Batarseh, 2019).

Table 1: illustrate the most important point in the previous study, whereas Harris, (1966) explained flow rate is increase
with increased penetration length. Karakas, and Tariq, (1991) study and Burky, (2018) study was similar results phase
angle one of most important function for increased the productivity.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Table 1:- illustrate the most important point in the previous study.

authors The most important results

Harris, (1966) productivity ratio function of perforation
penetration

McLeod, (1983). the production rate is affected by the

permeability , which is a function of skin factor
Karakas, and Tariq, (1991). pressure distribution resulting from phase
angle of perforation, the pressure distribution in
the reservoir for 120 and 90° phasings are more
circular than that for 00 and 180° phasings,
indicating more efficient flow panems
Han, & Ference, (2010). _Zinc is common material used to shaped
charge cases
_generates a pressure approximately 50%
higher than one with a steel case
_can cause more serious damage in terms of
explosion or impact effect on the perforating gun
carrier
Noui Mehidi, (2011). _more stages are needed to overcome the
pressure drop for low permeability skin.
_ change of the skin thickness from (r1/rw)
results in changes in the number of stages
horsepower increase

Burky, (2018). Predict penetration depth and hole size for

scenarios ranging from one to six layers of steel of
varying thickness and strength
Batarseh, (2019). _transformation of electromagnetic energy
into thermal energy
_ This results in a highly localized and
controllable temperature surge that can melt or
vaporize the rocks

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
3.1 Methodology
Data of ESP wells already installed in Defa field were used in this study. These data were used to determine the
optimum operating parameters and to conduct an analysis study on the influence of some ESP pump and well completion
parameters concerning the present well performance and its performance in the future. Using the nodal analysis, it was
considered various working scenarios might occur in the future. The deployment scenarios are for the two wells (B77 and
B37) where a nodal analysis run considering the ESP pump parameters (number of stages, power and operating frequency)
and well completion parameters (damaged permeability around the wellbore, perforation length, shot density and phase
angle).

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of number of stages with values between (45 - 80
stages),( 30 - 160 horse power),( 50 - 70 Hz) and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft.
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180
o Perforation length variation from 4 – 18 in
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (2.37 – 12) md.

3.2 Nodal analysis

Figure (3.1) - Nodal analysis [(Kermit E.1985.).

Nodal analysis, defined as a systems approach to the optimization of oil and gas wells, is used to evaluate
thoroughly a complete producing system. Every component in a producing well or all wells in a producing system can be
optimized to achieve the objective flow rate most economically. All present components-beginning with the static reservoir
pressure, ending with the separator, and including inflow performance, as well as flow across the completion, up the tubing
string (including any downhole restrictions and safety valves), across the surface choke (if applicable), through horizontal
flow lines, and into the separation facilities-are analyzed Illustrated in Fig (3.1).

 The objectives of nodal analysis are as follows:

o To determine the production rate at which an existing oil or gas well will produce considering wellbore
geometry and completion limitations (first by natural flow).
o To determine under what flow conditions (which may be related to time) a well will load or die.
o To select the most economical time for the installation of artificial lift and to assist in the selection of the
optimum lift method.
o To optimize the system to produce the objective production rate most economically.
o To check each component in the well system to determine whether it is restricting the production rate
unnecessarily
o To permit quick recognition by the operator's management and engineering staff of ways to increase
production rates (Kermit E. Brown,1985)

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
4. Results.
Analysis of well-designed work scenarios (B77, B37), ESP pump factors (number of stages, power and operating
frequency) and well completion parameters (damaged permeability around wellbore, perforations length, shot density and
phase angle). The scenarios considered are presented below:

4.1 Sensitivity analysis of ESP pump and well completion operating parameters

4.1.1 WELL B77:

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of number of stages with values between 45 - 80 stages
and
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig (4.1));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.2));
o Perforation length variation from 4 – 18 in. (fig (4.3));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (2.37 – 12) md. (fig (4.4));

From figure (4.1 – 4.4) it can be observed:

From figure (4.1), it is detected that in case of 5 shot/ft. gives the lowest production rate among the other cases, and
in cases bigger than 5 shot/ft. there is small improvement in production rate but no significant difference among them. The
number of stages controls the production rate.

From figure (4.2), it can be detected that the phase angles of 45° and 90° have the highest production rates, in case
of 0° the rate decrease considerably followed by 180°. As a result of this study phase angle can influence the well
performance but the number of stages remains the prevailing parameter on the production rate.

In figure (4.3), in this an increment in production rate happen when perforation length is increased.

In figure (4.4), the damaged permeability around the wellbore doesn’t affect the well performance because its small
value. If the value of damaged permeability around the wellbore is high, then it can influence the production rate and affect
the well’s performance as show in figure (A.1) in similar case.

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of horse power with values between 30 - 160 hp and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig (4.5));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.6));
o Perforation length variation from 4 – 18 in. (fig (4.7));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (2.37 – 12) md. (fig (4.8));

From figure (4.5) we observed that 5 shot/ft had the lowest production rate compared with other values (7 – 13
shot/ft). These values were close and no much difference spotted among them. As shown this figure, the horse power is
controlling the production rate.

In figure (4.6), it can be understanding that the phase angles of 45° and 90° have the same and highest production
rates, 120° less then followed by 180°, in case of 0° phase angle, the lowest production rate is observed; still the horse
power has control on the production rate.

Figure (4.7) illustrations that the lengths of 12 and 18 in were properly close. In general, there was a clear
difference between all the production rates, and the highest rate could be obtained was at perforation length of 18 in where
the lowest production rate was at 4 in.

Figure (4.8) provides a result where no clear effect on the production rate caused by damaged permeability around
the wellbore because it has low value.

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of operating frequency with values between 50 - 70 Hz
and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig ( 4.9));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.10));
o Perforation length variation from 4 – 18 in. (fig (4.11));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (2.37 – 12) md. (fig (4.12));

A shot density of 5 shot/ft had the lowest production rate compared with other rates, and the other rates were close
and no much difference between them, as shown in figure (4.9) the operating frequency is the main factor on the
production rate, but it must be dealt with caution because an increase of operating frequency leads to an increase in
operating costs due to increasing the energy consumption.

From figure (4.10) it can be deducing that the phase angles of 45° and 90° have the same and highest production
rates, and 120° less than followed by 180° then 0° is the lowest production rate, still operating frequency is controlling the
production rate.
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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
Figure (4.11) illustrates an increase of the perforation length has a significant influence over the production rate
where in this case the operating frequency has a high effect on the production rate.

From figure (4.12) we observed there is no clear influence on the rate because the damaged permeability around the
wellbore is low as show in figure (A.2) in similar case.

4.1.2 WELL B37:

The working scenarios considered for well (B37), an analysis of ESP pump parameters (number of stages, power
and operating frequency) and well completion parameters (damaged permeability around wellbore, perforations length,
shot density and phase angle). The scenarios considered are presented below:

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of number of stages with values between 60 - 100
stages and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig (4.13));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.14));
o Perforation length variation from 4.5 – 18 in. (fig (4.15));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (1.5 – 7.5) md. (fig (4.16));

From figure (4.13–4.16) it can be observed:

From figure (4.13), it is experiential that in case of 5 shot/ft gives the lowest production rate among the other cases,
and in cases bigger than 5 shot/ft there is small improvement in production rate but no significant difference among them.
The number of stages controls the production rate.

From figure (4.14), it can be observed that the phase angles of 45 ° and 90 ° have the highest production rates, and
then 120 and then 180 and 0 ° have the lowest production value. As a result of this study phase angle can influence the well
performance but the number of stages remains the prevailing parameter on the production rate.

In figure (4.15), in this an increment in production rate happen when perforation length is increased.

In figure (4.16), the damaged permeability around the wellbore doesn’t affect the well performance because it's
small value. If the value of damaged permeability around the wellbore is high, then it can influence the production rate and
affect the well’s performance.

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of horse power with values between 30 - 160 hp and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig (4.17));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.18));
o Perforation length variation from 4.5 – 18 in. (fig (4.19));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (1.5 – 7.5) md. (fig (4.20));

From figure (4.17) we noticed that 5 shot/ft. had the lowest production rate compared with other values (7 – 13
shot/ft.). These values were close and no much difference spotted among them. As shown this figure, the horse power is
controlling the production rate.

In figure (4.18), it can be inferring that the phase angles of 45° and 90° have the same and highest production rates,
120° less then followed by 180°, in case of 0°phase angle, the lowest production rate is observed; still the horse power has
control on the production rate.

Figure (4.19) displays that the lengths of 12 and 18 in were fairly close. In general, there was a clear difference
between all the production rates, and the highest rate could be obtained was at perforation length of 18 in where the lowest
production rate was at 4 in.

Figure (4.20) gives a result where no clear effect on the production rate caused by damaged permeability around the
wellbore because it has low value

 Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of operating frequency with values between 50 - 70 Hz
and:
o Shot density variation from 5 – 13 shot/ft. (fig (4.21));
o Phase angle variation from 0°- 180°. (fig (4.22));
o Perforation length variation from 4 – 18 in. (fig (4.23));
o Damaged permeability around the wellbore 10 - 50% (1.5 – 7.5) md. (fig (4.24));

From figure (4.21–4.24) it can be observed:

A shot density of 5 shot/ft. had the lowest production rate compared with other rates, and the other rates were close
and no much difference between them, as shown in figure (4.21) the operating frequency is the main factor on the

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
production rate, but it must be dealt with caution because an increase of operating frequency leads to an increase in
operating costs due to increasing the energy consumption.

From figure (4.22) it can be infer that the phase angles of 45° and 90° have the same and highest production rates,
and 120° less than followed by 180° then 0° is the lowest production rate, still operating frequency is controlling the
production rate.

Figure (4.23) illustrates an increase of the perforation length has a significant influence over the production rate
where in this case the operating frequency has a high effect on the production rate.

From figure (4.24) we observed there is no clear influence on the rate because the damaged permeability around the
wellbore is low, another program can be used to verify the results.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.1) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and number of
stages variation with values ranging from 45 to 80 stages.

Figure (4.2) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and number of
stages variation with values ranging from 45 to 80 stages.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
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Figure (4.3) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4 – 18 in and number of
stages variation with values ranging from 45 to 80 stages.

Figure (4.4) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore from
10 – 50% (2.37 – 12) md and number of stages variation with values ranging from 45 to 80 stages.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
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Figure (4.5) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and power
variation with values ranging from 30 to 160 hp.

Figure (4.6) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and power variation
with values ranging from 30 to 160 hp.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
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Figure (4.7) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4 – 18 in and power
variation with values ranging from 30 to 160 hp.

Figure (4.8) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore from
10 – 50% (2.37 – 12) md and power variation with values ranging from 30 to 160 hp.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
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Figure (4.9) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and operating
frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

Figure (4.10) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and operating
frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.11) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4 – 18 in and operating
frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

Figure (4.12) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore
from 10 – 50% (2.37 – 12) md and operating frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.13) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and number of
stages variation with values ranging from 60 to 100 stages.

Figure (4.14) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and number of
stages variation with values ranging from 60 to 100 stages.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.15) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4.5 – 18 in and number
of stages variation with values ranging from 60 to 100 stages.

Figure (4.16) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore
from 10 – 50% (1.5 – 7.5) md and number of stages variation with values ranging from 60 to 100 stages.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.17) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and power variation with
values ranging from 10 to 120 hp.

Figure (4.18) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and power variation with
values ranging from 10 to 120 hp.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.19) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4.5 – 18 in and power variation
with values ranging from 10 to 120 hp.

Figure (4.20) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore from 10 –
50% (1.5 – 7.5) md and power variation with values ranging from 10 to 120 hp.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.21) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of shot density from 5 – 13 shot/ft. and operating frequency
variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

Figure (4.22) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of phase angle from 0° – 180° and operating frequency
variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk

Figure (4.23) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of perforation length from 4.5 – 18 in and operating
frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

Figure (4.24) - Nodal analysis at bottom considering the variation of damaged permeability around the wellbore from 10 –
50% (1.5 – 7.5) md and operating frequency variation with values ranging from 50 to 70 Hz.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
5. Conclusions.
 Upon on the results that occurred from the nodal analysis of a set of scenarios above, we can conclude the following:
1. By using nodal analysis, it is possible to analyze the ESP wells’ performance and prediction on their performance in
the future. The nodal analysis was effective to illustrate the effects between IPR and TPR.
2. Several working scenarios have been considered with the difference of number of stages, pump horse power and
operating frequency. There was an increase in the production rate of the wells.
3. Several working scenarios have been considered with the permeability variation in the damaged zone where it has
been shown that a relatively lower permeability in the damaged zone does not register a remarkable increase.
Meanwhile, if it increases then a serious impact on the productivity of the wells is waited.
4. The influence of perforation length was clear in the study and that an increment of production rate happens when
perforation length increase.
5. The scenarios considered by us in this study showed the impact of phase angle on production rate, where two angles
45° and 90° had the same and biggest effect.
6. Operation of the ESP wells is limited; it depends significantly on the reservoir pressure, pump stages number and
operating frequency.
7. A working scenario with variation of operating frequency was considered. Increasing the operating frequency leads to
an increase of the production rate but at the same time to increase the operating expenses due to the increment of the
energy consumption. On the other hand, a high operating frequency can lead to overheating of the motor, as
temperature plays a key role in motor’s operation. In this case, the operating frequency must be controlled well or
introducing a high-temperature-resistant motor.

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Libyan Academy, School of Applied science and engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Research Methods GRE601, Fall 2019. Instructor: Dr. Saber Elmabrouk
6. References.
Belaid, A. Research on the Optimization of the Operating Regime of certain Oil Wells, PhD Thesis submitted to the Drilling and
Production department of Petroleum and Gas University of Ploiesti, approved April, 2017.
Batarseh, Sameeh, et al. “Laser Perforation: The Smart Completion.” Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference,
2019,
Burky, Thomas, et al. “Perforation Performance Simulation in Complex Multicasing Scenarios.” SPE Symposium: Decommissioning
and Abandonment, 2018,
Karakas, Metin, and S.m. Tariq. “Semi analytical Productivity Models for Perforated Completions.” SPE Production Engineering,
vol. 6, no. 01, Jan. 1991.
Harris, M.h. “The Effect of Perforating Oil Well Productivity.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol. 18, no.04, Jan. 1966,
Han, Chenghua, et al. “Effects of Shaped Charge Case Materials on Guns and Perforating.” International Oil and Gas Conference
and Exhibition in China, 2010,.
Mcleod, Harry O. “The Effect of Perforating Conditions on Well Performance.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol. 35, no. 01,
Jan. 1983,
Mehidi, Mohamed Nabil Noui. “Effect of Near Wellbore Condition on Electrical Submersible Pump Design.” SPE Middle East Oil
and Gas Show and Conference, 2011,.
Kermit E. Brown and James F. Lea, Nodal Systems Analysis of Oil and Gas wells, SPE, Oct,.1985.

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