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MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

LESSON 6: ACCOMMODATIONS

Lesson 6 discusses the types of accommodation and its profitability.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson student is expected to:

1. Describe the different types of accommodations

2. Discuss the management methods in the lodging industry
3. Explain the accommodation reservation and promotion

History of the Accommodations or Lodging Industry

The lodging industry developed because of the need to provide accommodations for
travelers. The history of the hotel in its present form goes back to the Middle Ages. In the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Germen and English literature made frequent reference to the
inn. The development of the inn in the late medieval period was due to the improvements in
security in many European societies. It had become safe to travel.
Type of Accommodation
1. Hotels- can be a 10 room boarding house or a building that has a thousand or more rooms,
convention and meeting facilities, recreation with several restaurant and bars and various
types of entertainment.
2. Motels or Motor Hotels- only offer rooms only and free parking to guest. These are often
found along busy highways and cater primarily to transient and cost-conscious travelers.
3. Resort Hotels- intended for vacation travelers, these hotels range from budget to luxury and
can accommodate these travelers and even convention delegates, these are usually located
near beaches.
4. Pensions- usually family-owned accommodation facilities. In German speaking parts of
Europe, a pension is also called Gasthaus. Pension are known for their informal family
atmosphere.
5. Paradors- these are generally old castles, convents, or monasteries that have been converted
into hostels by the government and are operated by the government.
6. Condominium Hotels - These are often hotels with apartments (condominiums) instead of
basic rooms. The condominiums units are sold by the hotels developers to individual who are
given a title to the physical real estate.
7. Compounds- campgrounds usually appeal to families who travel in recreational vehicles
RVs. Campgrounds and RVs stopping spots are often found in government parks and forest

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8. Bed and Breakfast- This form of accommodation provides bed for the night and breakfast the
next day.
9. Tourist Inns - are lodging establishments that cater to transient. These are do not normally
meet in minimum requirements of the economy hotel.
10. Apartment-Hotels (Apartels)- buildings which contain several independent and furnished or
semi-furnished apartments. These are leased to tourists and travelers on a long-term basis and
offer basic services to its tenant, similar to hotels.
11. Health Spas- are hotels and resorts which cater to people who go to spas or mineral springs
for medical treatment or weigh reduction.
12. Private Homes- the earliest form of overnight lodging for travelers. It provides lodging to
tourist who cannot be accommodated in hotels and motels during peak vacation periods.
13. Time-Sharing- time-sharing is the selling of the vacation lodging, usually condominiums, for
specific week or weeks over a given number of years.
14. Hostels- provide basic amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and
bathroom. The traveler provides his or her own bedding. Hostels appeal primary to young
travelers.
Classifications of Hotels
There are different ways of classifying hotels, such as location, type of guest, and price.
According to location, hotels may be center-city, suburban, airport, or highway. Based on guest
type, hotels are classified as commercial, conventions or resort. According to price, hotels are
categorized as economy, standard, first class, or deluxe.
The following are used to rate hotels, motels, inns, resorts, and guest ranches:
1. 1-star = Good, better than average;
2. 2-star = Very good;
3. 3-star = Excellent;
4. 4-star = Outstanding; and
5. 5-star = One of the best in the country.
Management Methods
Traditionally, hotels are operated by the people who own the property. In the some cases,
the operator may lease the hotel from the owner and then manage it. In other cases, special
arrangements are made such as franchising and management contracts.
Chain Accommodations Operations
The individual units in the chain may all be owned by a large company, be partly owned
and partly franchised, or may all be franchised. In any case, the owning company or franchisor
establishes the standards and operating policies to which each individual units must conform.
Hotel Terminology

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Room rates for hotels are quoted in terms of what meals are included in the price.
European Plan (EP) means that there are no meals included. American Plans (AP) means that
breakfast, lunch, and dinner are included in the quoted price. In Europe, AP is known as full
pension. Meals are usually a fixed menu with a little or no choice.
Room Rates
The maximum rates that hotels charge for a room normally depend on the number of
people occupying it. The rates are called rack rates. These are posted on the inside of the
entrance door of each guest rooms.
HOTEL PROFITABILITY
Room Occupancy
A simple measure of a hotel’s profitability is its room occupancy. It is obtained by
dividing the number of rooms occupied by guest on any night by the number of rooms in the
hotel and by multiplying the result by 100 to determine the occupancy on a percentage basis.
Accommodation Reservation
Overbooking is selling more rooms than the actual available rooms. If hotels book only to
capacity, they would often end up with empty rooms because “no-shows” or people who do not
advise that they want their reservations cancelled.
Accommodation Promotion
Most accommodation establishments promote their properties to members of the travel
trade as well as to our wholesalers and travel agencies. They provide the travel trade with printed
promotional literature and invite them as a guest on familiarization trips.

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MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

LESSON 7: FOOD AND BEVERAGES SECTOR

Lesson 7 discusses the types of restaurant and its profitability.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson student is expected to:
1. Describe the different types of restaurants
2. Discuss restaurant profitability and calculate food cost
3. Explain the role of menu in a restaurant’s success

History of the Food and Beverage Service

In early history, there was much evidence that certain groups of people cooked together in
big groups and that the early inns provided a crude menu. Many of the early restaurants were in
the cities, near temples and government buildings. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the
manors and castles provided food to large numbers of people. The early inns provided bread and
wine to travelers.
Types of Restaurant
The following are the different types of restaurants:
1. Family or Commercial Restaurants- offer a wide menu of “meat and potato” selections
with a price range that appeals to an average family income. They serve beer and wine if they
have liquor license. Family restaurants are normally located near a residential area and a
highway.

2. Coffee Shops- characterized by a fast-food service. The décor is simple and prices are
relatively low. It is usually located in an office building or shopping mall. The rent is high.
The staff are often minimally trained.

3. Cafeterias- often require a large preparation area. Their staff are minimally trained. Beer and
wine may be offered. Fast service is necessary to handle the traffic volume.

4. Gourmet Restaurant- require a higher initial investment than other types of restaurants
because they require an expensive ambience and décor. They cater to those who want a
higher standard and are willing to pay the price.

5. Ethnic Restaurants- feature the food of a specific region or country. They can be Chinese or
classical French cuisine. The décor usually has an ethnic motif.

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6. Fast-food Restaurants- operate for long hours and generally for seven days a week.
Alcoholic beverage are not offered. A well-trained staff is required for franchise fast-food
operation in which the franchisor sets standards of service and food quality that must be
maintained at all times.

7. Deli Shops- provide delicatessen food service, combining traditional delicatessen cold meats
and cheese with takeout sandwiches, salads, and similar items. Some deli shops have limited
seating capacity.

8. Buffet Restaurants- are established on a completely self-service basis. However, if liquor,

beer, and wine are offered, table and service for these beverages are provided.

9. Transportation Restaurants- Several restaurants are generally found along auto and bus
transportation routes. They are also found at bus, rail, and air transportation buildings, as well
as on transportation vehicles as trains and ships.

Franchising
Franchises are beneficial to the franchisees because they provide operational, training,
layout, and design assistance, location assistance, managerial expertise, group purchasing power,
and most importantly, the identification of well-known brand supported by regional, national,
and international advertising and promotion.
Restaurant Profitability
Food Cost Percentage
Food cost percentage is often used to measure a restaurant’s marketing success .It is
determined by dividing the food cost for a period ( a day, a week, a month) by the sales for that
same period and then multiplying it by 100.
Breakeven Point
Breakeven is that point at which business will make neither a profit nor a loss. Fix costs are
those costs that remain the same regardless of the volume of business.
Menus
The menu is the basic planning document for successful restaurant. Several aspects of the
restaurant’s operation depend on the menu. The menu contains what the restaurant offers, the
range of offerings, as well as the selling prices.
Airline Gathering
Airline companies spend billions of dollars every year for food purchases. The amount is
less for shorter trips, since passengers may be offered only non-alcoholic beverage and a light

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snack. For longer trips in which two or three meals may be offered including free alcoholic
beverages, the amount is higher.
Food Quality
The main problem of airline companies is to cook the meal on the ground and serve it
several hours later in an extraordinary dry cabin atmosphere, seven miles high, to different
groups of people with their own food preferences, and whose main motivation is to travel rather
than to eat.
Logistics
Menus must be carefully selected for each flight to avoid serving the same meal to a
passenger on two succeeding segments of a trip or on a round trip
Airplane Galleys
Meals prepared on the ground were kept hot or cold in insulated containers on the aircraft.
Flight Kitchen
Some airline companies have their own flight kitchen while others contract with other
airline companies that are equipped with their own kitchens. Most of the airline companies turn
over their catering services to outside caterers because airlines kitchen are not large and efficient.
Restaurant Promotion
Many restaurants advertise their menu on newspapers. Local newspaper advertisements
are used by most restaurant as a major form of external promotion. Several restaurants advertise
in a yellow pages of the local telephone directory: some use local radio or televisions stations.
Most popular restaurants and national restaurant chain advertise in airline in-flight magazines,
consumer travel magazine, and travel trade publication.

ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Questions 7.1
1. Differentiate airline catering from restaurant catering.
2. How are restaurants promoted?
3. What are the present trends in flight kitchen?

Exercise 7.1

Cite the story behind the establishment of the first airline flight kitchen.
Exercise 7.2

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If you are a restaurant owner, what tactics are you going to use to increase profitability?

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MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

LESSON 8: RECREATION AND LEISURE

Lesson 8 discusses the different recreational activities and its role in the tourism industry.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson student is expected to:

1. Define recreation and leisure;

2. Determine the varied views of recreation and leisure
3. Explain the factors which promote the growth of recreation
4. Differentiate theme parks, water parks, fun centers and sports tourism.

Meaning of Recreation and Leisure

The dictionary defines “recreation” as the process of giving a new life to something, of
restoring something. “Leisure” is defined as the productive, creative, or competitive use of free
time.
Recreational Activities
Recreational activities include all kinds of sports, both team and individual, such as
baseball, softball, football, skiing, hiking, jogging, aerobics, and rock climbing, which are active
forms of recreation. Passive recreational activities include reading, fishing, gardening and
playing computer games.
Varied Views of Recreation and Leisure
For some, recreation means the network of public agencies that provide parks,
playgrounds, sport fields, and community centers in several cities or park districts. They may
view these facilities ass an outlet for the young people or a means of achieving family
togetherness. For others, recreation may be found senior center, a sheltered workshop for
mentally challenged individuals, or a treatment center for physical rehabilitation.

Motivation for Recreational Participation

Many participants take part in recreation as a form of relaxation and release from the
pressures of work and other tensions. Another recreational motivation is the need to express
creativity, expose hidden talents, or pursue excellence in various forms f personal expression.

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Factors Promoting the Growth of Recreation

The following are the factures that help bring about the growth of recreation:
1. Increase in discretionary time –Due to advanced mechanical equipment and automated
process in factories, agriculture, and the service fields, productive capacity increased
remarkably during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century
2. Influence of technology –The internet has become an important part of travel and tourism by
providing information and facilitating reservations and vacation choices. Home-based
recreation has become dependent on varied forms of electronic entertainment.
3. Public interest in health and fitness – Many people are now concerned about improving their
health, vitality, and appearance through diet and exercise.
4. Commodification of leisure – In big cities, huge public fitness centers which include pools,
aerobics, dance rooms, and facilities for family play are being built and often charge
membership fees that cost several hundred dollars a year.
5. Therapeutic recreation service – In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of
the need to provide recreational programs for special populations such as the mentally
challenged, mentally ill, and physically challenged.
6. New leisure roles for women – There is now a growing interest in women’s tennis, golf,
gymnastic, track and field, and similar events in every level of competition.
Types of Organized Recreation
1. Government recreation agencies
2. Voluntary non-profit organizations
3. Private membership organizations
4. Commercial recreation enterprises
5. Employee recreation programs
6. Armed forces recreation
7. Campus recreation
8. Therapeutic recreation services

Two Major Recreation Service Components

Sports as Popular Recreation
Sports are major areas of recreational involvement. Of all types of recreational
involvement, sports command the highest degree of personal interest and emotional involvement
both for those who participate actively in them and those who are part of a big number of fans of
school, college, and professional teams.
Tourism – A major Recreation Service

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Tourism is a second major area of diversified recreational involvement. Several major

elements in the tourism enterprise which are closely linked to the growth of tourism as a form of
recreation are the theme parks, water parks, fun center, and sport tourism.

Theme Parks
Theme parks create an atmosphere in which the visitor is likely to experience fantasy,
glamour, escapism, prestige, and excitement. Once inside the gate, the visitor is completely shut
off from the outside world and immersed in an enjoyable recreational experience.
Water Parks
A specializes type of theme park are the water parks. They feature wave pools, slides,
chutes, shows, and other forms of water-based play and entertainment. Water parks are usually
part of lager theme park operation.
Fun Centers
In heavily populated metropolitan areas, entrepreneurs have developed a variety of indoor
fun enters, ranging from children’s play, gymnastics, to family party centers, video game arcades
and big restaurants with game area.
Sports Tourism
The purpose of sport tourism is to participate in a form of sport or attend sport events as a
spectator.

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