Traffic Engineering Ⅱ

Submitted to: Dr. Izza Anwar

Submitted by: AREEJ FATIMA and AWAIS NAWAZ

Reg. No: 2017-TE- 10 and 2017- TE- 44

 Lab 3:

What are the different types of roads/ infrastructure markings? Comparison

between national and international practices, Types, shapes and dimensions,
materials, colors, laying procedure, manuals

Pavement Marking:
Pavement markings are used to convey messages to roadway users. They indicate which part of
the road to use, provide information about conditions ahead, and indicate where passing is
allowed.

Pavement marking in Pakistan

 Normal broken white line:
It is used to delineate the edge of travel path where travel is permitted in the same direction or
both sides of the line.

 Normal solid white line:

It is used to delineate the edge of travel path where travel in the same direction or opposite
direction is permitted on both sides of the line but crossing the line is not permitted

 Double solid white line:

It is used to delineate the travel path where travel in the same direction or opposite
direction is permitted on both sides of the line but crossing the line is prohibited.
  Combination of broken and solid white line:
It usually delineates a separation between the travel paths in opposite direction where
overturning and passing is permitted with care for traffic adjacent to the broken line and is
prohibited for the traffic adjacent to the solid line

 Double solid yellow line:

A Double solid yellow line on the edge of the road indicates a restriction against stopping of any
type of vehicle on the roadway.


Solid yellow line:
It delineates the left/right edge of the travel
path to indicate restriction against parking.

o
Colors of pavement marking:
The color used in pavement marking is
yellow and white.

o Material used in pavement marking:

The road marking company will choose the
appropriate paints or materials to suit the surface and mark being made. For example different
paints are used having anti skid, waterproofing and reflective properties.

o Dimensions:
The width and pattern of the line should be as follow:

 A normal line should be 10cm-15cm wide.

 A wide line is usually twice the width of normal line.
 A double line consist of two normal width lines separated by a space measuring 10cm to
18cm wide.
 A continuous line shall not less than 20 m long.
 A broken line shall consist of strokes of equal length separated by uniform gaps.
 A dotted line is formed by short segments, normally 60cm in length, and gaps normally
120 cm or longer.
National and International Practices:
Road Marking in Australia
 In Australia, white lines are generally used both to separate traffic flowing in the same
direction and traffic flowing in opposite directions.
 Double solid white center-lines may not be crossed under any circumstances, unless
avoiding an obstruction except in New South Wales where double lines may crossed to
enter or leave the roadway.
 Dashed lines may be crossed for overtaking, changing lanes or turning, and also in the
case of double-line markings provided the dashed line is on your side of the markings.
For this reason, dashed lines are usually used to mark multiple lanes traveling in the one
direction.
 Yellow lines along road edges are used nationally to indicate "No Standing" areas not
otherwise marked by signs.
 Solid white lines are also used to indicate kerbside parking, pedestrian and bicycle lanes,
and other kerbside features.
 Yellow line markings are also used in areas that receive regular annual snowfall to
provide contrast. Double-line markings are used to separate traffic flowing in opposite
directions on busy roads.
 Solid white lines are used to mark an intersection that a driver must stop at before
entering whilst obeying all right-of-way laws.
 Dashed white lines are used to mark an intersection at which a driver must give way.
Dashed white lines are also commonly used to indicate turns in intersections and to
indicate intersections where a diamond turn is possible (intersections in which two cars
traveling in opposite directions turn to the same direction-of-travel as each other without
coming into contact).
 Materials used are waterborne paint, thermoplastics, and cold applied plastic (PMMA),
all with glass bead. Bead is generally 1mm for longitudinal marking. Currently moving to
performance specified contracts with the primary performance indicator being retro-
reflectivity measured with 30 m (98 ft) geometry instruments. Intervention levels vary
generally from 100 to 150 mcd/lux/m2 (from 0.029 to 0.044 foot-lamberts)
Road Marking in china :
 Road markings in Hong Kong are basically identical with the United Kingdom, with
longer dashed white lines to indicate lanes of opposing traffic, and shorter dashed white
lines for lanes in the same direction.
 Solid double white lines are used to indicate that drivers are not permitted to change
lanes.
 A solid white line with a broken white line indicates that crossing the line is allowed from
the lane closer to the broken line.
 Double solid white lines are in place in all tunnels and underpasses.
 As in the UK, solid yellow lines are painted along the curb side to indicate that no
parking is allowed, with double solid yellow lines meaning no parking is allowed at any
time.
 But unlike the UK loading and unloading are also prohibited in addition to
parking. (Parking itself is prohibited on any street with lamp posts with or without the
yellow markings on curb side.
 Zig-zag lines are used on both ends of zebra crossings.
Road marking in Norway
In Norway, yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions and on the left
shoulders of paved roads, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same
direction, and on the right shoulders of paved roads.
On roads narrower than 6 m (20 ft), the centerline is removed, and the shoulder lines are broken.
Short, broken lines mean passing is allowed, long, broken lines mean passing is allowed but
dangerous, and a double yellow line means passing is forbidden. Roads with speed limits below
60 km/h (37 mph) that indicate that passing is allowed but dangerous have a very short yellow
line instead of a long one. On motorways, the left shoulder is a yellow line, like in the US. Most
other European countries use white lines for all these types of lines.