Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning 'knowledge.

’ It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of

building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both.
According to the famous American science historian, John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), "Modern science is a discovery as well
as an invention." Heilbron considered science as a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be
described by principles and laws. He also explained that science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions,
apparatuses, and organizations to describe these natural regularities and their law-like descriptions.

Technology, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials,
tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes from the Greek root word techne, meaning 'art, skill,
or cunning of hand.’ During a live public Q&A in December 2014, one member of the audience asked Mark Zuckerberg
what his definition of a technological tool is, and the CEO of Facebook responded:

“What defines a technological tool-one historical Definition-is something that takes a human's sense or Ability and
augments it and makes it more powerful. So, For example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a Technology that
enhances my human ability of vision And makes it better."

The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values of the University of Notre Dame is responsible for listing
the ten emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology every year. Below is the list for 2018:

1. Helix - a digital app store designed to read genomes

2. BlessU-2 and Pepper - first robot priest and monk
3. Emotion Sensing Facial Recognition - a software being developed to assess your reactions to anything such shopping
and playing games
4. Ransomware - a way of holding data hostage through hacking and requiring a ransom to be paid
5. Textalyzer - a device that analyzes whether a driver was using his or her phone during an accident
6. Social Credit System — a system of scoring citizens through their actions by placing them under constant surveillance
(which China plays to adopt)
7. Google Clips — a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly
8. Sentencing Software - a mysterious algorithm designed to aid courts in sentencing decisions
9. Friendbot - an app that stores the deceased's digital footprint so one can still "chat" with them
10. Citizen App - an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major events in a specific area

What is STS - The study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological
innovation and how these in turn affect society, politics and culture

Social values in our society are the things they want or needs or feel they need. Scientific Research promotes what
science researches what science learns about. And then when science learns they end up making it into a technology
that people can use and that changes what society values again and the cycle never ends

Antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.

Ancient Period

The rise of ancient civilization paved by the way for advances in science and technology. These advance during
the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-
organization, and of living in general. It starts after the Iron Age or 4000 BC and ends before the fall of Roman Empire.

Potter’s Wheel
Potter’s wheel is a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis. It is believed
that the Sumerians invented it shortly after 3500 BC.
 Paper
Roughly around 3000 BC. Paper comes from papyrus. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant
cyperus papyrus. It is a lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable.

Shadoof
The shadoof (also spelled as shaduf) is a hand-operated devise used for lifting water. It was an early tool
invented and used by ancient Egyptian to irrigate land.

Antikythera mechanism
Antikythera mechanism was discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece. It is
similar to a mantel clock. Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for
calendar and asrological purposes.

Aeolipile
Aeolipile, steam turbine invented in the 1st century ad by Heron of Alexandria and described in his Pneumatica.
The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to
the sphere from a cauldron.

Middle Ages

Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th
century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place. These include steady increase of
new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergency of scientific thinking and method.
The Middle Age was not as stagnant as alternate terms such as the ‘Medieval Period’ or ‘Dark Ages’ suggest. In fact,
many medieval universities at the stirred scientific thinking and built infrastructures for scientific communities to
flourish. As such some of humanity’s most important present-day technologies could be traced back to their historical
antecedents in the Middle Ages

Heavy Plough
Perhaps one of the most important technological innovations during the middle ages in the invention of the
heavy plough.

Gunpowder
Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts
suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended by product of attempts made by the Chinese to
invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly translated as “fire potion”.

Paper Money
Although it was not until the 17th century that bank notes began to be used in Europe, the first known version
of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in 17th century

Mechanical Clock
Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung from the ancient times,such as the Antikythera
mechanism.

Spinning Wheel
Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel, a machine used for transforming fiber
into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom.
Modern Ages

As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the
efficiency of transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took place with greater risks in human
health, food safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an
unimaginable speed.

Compound Microscope
A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the first compound
microscope in 1590. Together with his father Hans, Zacharias began experimenting with lenses by putting
together several lenses on a tube.

Telescope
Perhaps the single, most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages
was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei.

Jacquard Loom
French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard built the Jacquard loom. Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. It
is important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to
instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks.

Engine-Powered Airplane
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered
aircraft the Wright brothers approached the design of powered aircraft and flight scientifically. Orville and
Wilbur proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings.

Television
The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern television. Baird
successfully televised objects in outline in 1924,

INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

The Philippines boasts of its own history and tradition of scientific and technological innovations. Filipinos have
long been known for their ingenuity. As with all other inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine
inventions. Most of these inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation.
Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological innovations
focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and even
cultural inventions.

Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)

The jeepney is perhaps one of the mostly recognizable national symbols of the Philippines and the most popular
mode of public transportation in the country. It is also perhaps one of the most enduring symbols of Filipino
ingenuity. Jeepneys were designed and improvised from scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in
the country after World War II.

Erythromycin
Perhaps one of the most important medical inventions is he Erythromycin. The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar
invented this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium called Streptomyces, from which this drug derived its name.
Erythromycin is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as infections of the respiratory tract,
including bronchitis, pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease (a type of lung infection)
 Medical Incubator
World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is credited for the invention of the
incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to the
prestigious Harvard University’s School of Medicine.

Mole Remover
In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove moles and warts on the skin without the need for
any surgical procedure shot to fame

Darwin Theory of EVOLUTION

What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, is the
process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits.

Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence
from a wide variety of scientific disciplines,

Darwin's Theory of Evolution - A Theory in Crisis

The tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small, weighing less than 10- 12 grams, each is in effect a veritable micro-
miniaturized factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up
altogether of one hundred thousand million atoms, far more complicated than any machinery built by man and
absolutely without parallel in the non-living world.

Darwin found that nearby islands in the Galápagos had similar but nonidentical species of finches living on them.
Moreover, he noted that each finch species was well-suited for its environment and role.

Sigmund Freud · May 1856 – 23 September 1939

BASIC INFORMATION

Austrian Neurologist
Doctor of Medicine (1881)
Professor in 1902 (neuropathology)
Founder of Psychoanalysis

He is focusing more on the personal behavior and how it will affect the over-all mental health

FREUDIAN MODEL OF PSYCHE

ID - Relating to being unconscious, commonly for Infant situation

EGO - Between Id & Super-Ego, commonly relating to satisfying one self

SUPER-EGO - Knowing and doing what is right

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION COPERNICAN REVOLUTION By: Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the universe
that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of
Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

Born:19 February 1473,Torun, Poland

Died: 24 May 1543, Frombork, Poland
Education: University of Padua (1501–1503), MORE
Known for: Heliocentrism, Quantity theory of money, Gresham's law

Geocentric is a theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the
center of it all. The most highly developed geocentric model was that of Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century CE)

Most people in Galileo's time believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and that the Sun and planets
revolved around it. The Catholic Church, which was very powerful and influential in Galileo's day, strongly supported the
theory of geocentric, or Earth-centered, universe. Provide facts and evidence that supports the heliocentric theory

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was a Danish nobleman and astronomer, and he was one of the individuals whose work
helped overturn that belief in favor of a heliocentric model of the universe, with the sun at the center. ... Coming from a
wealthy family, Brahe had the freedom to devote his life to the study of the cosmos.

Johannes Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in
1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the
first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year 1631).

HELIOCENTRIC REVOLUTION

The Scientific Revolution, which took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, was a time of unprecedented learning
and discovery. During this period, the foundations of modern science were laid, thanks to breakthroughs in the fields of
physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. And when it comes to astronomy, the most influential scholar
was definitely Nicolaus Copernicus, the man credited with the creation of the Heliocentric model of the Universe.
Based on ongoing observations of the motions of the planets, as well as previous theories from classical antiquity and
the Islamic World, Copernicus’ proposed a model of the Universe where the Earth, the planets and the stars all revolved
around the Sun. In so doing, he resolved the mathematical problems and inconsistencies arising out of the classic
geocentric model and laid the foundations for modern astronomy

Filipino scientist

Paulo Campos “Father of Nuclear Medicine”

He establishes the 1st Medical Research in the Philippines

Nuclear medicine (Governmental support) – initiate the construction of 1st radionuclide/ radioisotope laboratory in the
Philippines

Dr. “Father if the

 1/1
Question 1
There are Four Causes in the Metaphysics of Causality.
 Selected: True This answer is correct.
 False
1/1
Question 2
Technology comes to presence in the realm where revealing and unconcealment take place, where alétheia, truth,
happens.
 Selected: True This answer is correct.
 False
1/1
Question 3
All technology reveals, but modern technology reveals not in the unfolding poetic sense but as a challenge.
 Selected: True This answer is correct.
 False
1/1
Question 4
It is the Roman word for “truth”.
 Selected: a. veritas This answer is correct.
 b. veritus
 c. vertus
 d. vertas
1/1
Question 5
The metaphysics of Causality came from his idea.
 Selected: a. Aristotle This answer is correct.
 b. Martin
 c. Socrates
 d. Plato
1/1
Question 6
Every day we remain free and unchained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or deny it.
 True
 Selected: False This answer is correct.
0/1
Question 7
_ It is the essence of technology.
Saving powerIncorrect. Correct answers: Enframing It is the essence of technology.
1/1
Question 8
In case of “social media”, determine which the causa finalis is.
 a. the hardware and the servers
 b. the code of the social networking service; algorithm
 Selected: c. human connection; the desire to connect This answer is correct.
 d. the owner or creator of the platform

1/1
Question 9
Technology is an animal activity.
 True
 Selected: False This answer is correct.
 0/1
Question 10
_ Heidegger used this famous river as an example that man no longer sees it for what it is instead man sees it as a way to
fulfill his needs.
________Incorrect. Correct answers: Rhine River Heidegger used this famous river as an example that man no longer
sees it for what it is instead man sees it as a way to fulfill his needs.
0/1
Question 11
It is the instrumental definition of technology.
 a. Technology is a human activity.
 b. Technology is a means to an end. This is the correct answer.
 c. Technology is equivalent to the essence of technology.
 Selected . Technology is a way of revealing. This answer is incorrect.
0/1
Question 12
In case of “social media”, determine which the causa formalis is.
 a. the hardware and the servers
 b. the code of the social networking service; algorithm. This is the correct answer.
 c. human connection; the desire to connect
 Selected: d. the owner or creator of the platform This answer is incorrect.
0/1
Question 13
In case of “social media”, determine which the causa materialis is.
 Selected: a. human connection; the desire to connect This answer is incorrect.
 b. the hardware and the servers This is the correct answer.
 c. the code of the social networking service; algorithm
 d. the owner or creator of the platform
0/1
Question 14
In case of “social media”, determine which the causa efficiens is.
 a. the owner or creator of the platform This is the correct answer.
 Selected: b. the hardware and the servers This answer is incorrect.
 c. the code of the social networking service; algorithm
 d. human connection; the desire to connect
1/1
Question 15
He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century.
 Selected: a. Martin Heidegger This answer is correct.
 b. Martin Luther
 c. Martin Heiddeger
 d. Martin Nievera
0/1
Question 16
_ It is considered to be the fundamental characteristic of technology.
________Incorrect. Correct answers: Instrumentality It is considered to be the fundamental characteristic of
technology.
0/1
Question 17
When one encompasses both poiesis and techne, no one can reveal to us.
No answer provided
 True
 False This answer is correct.
 1/1
Question 18
Technology is equivalent to the essence of technology.
 True
 Selected: False This answer is correct.
0/1
Question 19
_ It is a German word to describe the essence of technology.
________Incorrect. Correct answers: Gestell It is a German word to describe the essence of technology.
1/1
Question 20
The title of the book of Martin Heidegger about technology is “The Answers Concerning Technology”.
 True
 Selected: False This answer is correct.
0/1
Question 21
Martin died when he was ____ years old.
 a. 87This is the correct answer.
 Selected: b. 86 This answer is incorrect.
 c. 88
 d. 89
0/1
Question 22
_ It is the Greek word for “truth”.
VeritasIncorrect. Correct answers: Aletheia It is the Greek word for “truth”.
1/1
Question 23
Technology is not a way of revealing.
 True
 Selected: False This answer is correct.
0/1
Question 24
Bringing-forth brings out of unconcealment into concealment.
 Selected: True This answer is incorrect.
 FalseThis answer is correct.
1/1
Question 25
It is the anthropological definition of technology.
 a. Technology is equivalent to the essence of technology.
 b. Technology is a means to an end.
 Selected: c. Technology is a human activity. This answer is correct.
 d. Technology is a way of revealing.
Hickel's article has been very influential in the field of anthropology as it has brought forward various unique
outlooks of development. The article has opposed the focus on increasing economy and GDP of a whole country
and has opined that the main focus of development should be on increasing the quality of life of all people dwelling
in it and on increasing the expectancy of life. Hickel has pointed out that though various countries have a very high
gdp but they also have a very high level of poverty and thus, the rich are actually getting richer while the poor people
are actually remaining poor. The article have questioned the high amounts of consumption been exercised by the
countries which are hungry for increasing their economy by pointing out that there is not much difference in life
expectancy and quality of life between a country with medium gdp and a country with high gdp. The article focuses
on preserving the climate which is getting hampered day by day because of various new projects being started for
increasing economy which are eventually affecting nature negatively. It has also been opined that if we don't slow
down in the race for power and economy then our individuals will eventually suffer and nature will start getting
degraded in the extreme ways.

Through Heidegger's perspectives we can put some additional light on Hickel's article. Heidegger did emphasized
on the negative nature of modern technology which may lead to degradation of the climate. Hickel's article does
focuses on the ways in which countries are trying to increase economy and implementing new technology is one of
them. Thus, more consumption of technology is actually leading to climate issues and the increase of GDP by these
methods won't thus be fruitful in the long run. In these way, Heidegger's perspectives can support Hickel's article.