ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of secondary teacher education)

ASSIHNMENT NO.2

Roll no:

PROGAM: B.ed ½ years

Course: Elementary education (8623)

Semester: spring, 2020

Q1.

a. Elaborate the concept of instructional technology.

‘’instructional technology is the application of scientific

Process to learner, learning condition. ( Robert)

It is the systematic way of learning, improving , evaluating the teaching and

learning process so as to method of education. The term instructional is used to advise
pupils so that students get better knowledge or understand the matter of subject. On
the other hand, technology is used in the modern world save time and help to evolve
quality of education in the society. Additionally, it provides a sound learning approach
due to which pupils may advance their learning process. Therefore education
technology with better education make the technology useful and valued.

b. Which project and non-project aids are suitable for teaching science at elementary
level? Justify with example.

Project aids:
Projected aids are picture shown on screen by using different kinds of
machine. For example, filmstrip projector, slid projector and many more. With the
above tools a teacher imparts instruction to pupils. So students join the class with their
interest to enjoy the lecture.

Non-projected aids:
Non-projected aids are used without project , screen slide and so
forth. This aids includes photograph, page, flashcards and material which are shown or
 hanging on the wall in the classroom. Particularly, it is the old method of using tools in
learning and teaching.

Suitable project for teaching science at elementary school:

Non-projected aids are easy
for teaching science at elementary level. This is because in rural area of the country
there is no electricity accessible to people to learn from projected aids. Non-projected
aids are more suitable for elementary students to get primary education. Besides, it is a
smoothly way of getting education. Non-projected aids help students to get quickly. For
example, when a teacher uses photograph during teaching and learning then every
pupils touches picture of topic and comprehend lesson steeply.

Q2.
a. Discuss different types of behavior problems usually seen in children at
elementary level.

Introduction:

Student behavior problem is an immense issue for learning and teaching

in the classroom. This is because when a student makes disturbance during class due to
which other pupils victimized of evil action. Similarly, if a student is not getting or
understanding the lecture, that moves the pupils on back corner. Moreover, when does
not complete his or her home it is also a behavior problem. So ugly actions of pupils ruin
the peace of classroom.

Different types of behavior problem:

Social problem:
 The following are social problem of students at the school ground.

1. Not paying attention in the class:

It is reported that many students do not pay attention
during class. This is due to symptom of boredom, lack of sleep and other problem.

2. Difficulty in making friends:

This is another social problem of pupils in the school ground.
If a child feels shy or inexperienced in social gathering, he may fail to make friends.
These factors rise due to social phobia.

3. Reports of anger:
It is another problem children face during the school. This is because
many students get aggressive due to some social factors of society. As a result, pupil
hurls anger to other students in the class.

4. Failing grades:
This is common issue to every student. When a pupil gets fail then he
thinks that he is smart to receive high grade.

Criminal behavior:

It is another big issue of student behavior. Due to criminal behavior student

does not follow the rules or law, breaking prohibitory, and sanction of a public authority.

b. Highlight teacher’s role in managing learning deficits.

1. Planning:
 Planning is a systematic exercise of determining a future course of action in
accordance with identified objectives, needs, priorities and existing likely within a given time
frame, reflecting cost-effective choices.

2. Classroom rules:
When instructors start the year with a clear set of guidance for the
students which students are systematically introduced to the procedures and expectation of
teacher to engaged them in the classroom. In addition, when students are asked to help establish
ground rules, such as not talking without raising one’s hand, offenders know that they are
breaking their own rules, not arbitrary punishment fit the crime and that students themselves may
be the best judges of appropriate punishments.

3. Engaged time:
If time is well allocated, then student’s on-task time is more likely
to be well spent. Effective teachers try to maintain momentum and smoothness of instruction by
setting up a meaningful sequence of instructions ideas. Managing transitions from one topic to
the next helps keeps students engaged and focused. Maintaining an entire class’s focus is also
animportant task. Letting students know that the teacher is aware of the activities of the class
kept students on task. Instructors who can juggle many tasks at one time and can work well with
both individuals and small groups ensure effective on-task instruction.

Q3.
a. Different between management, control, and discipline.

Management:
Management is the process and administration of task to achieve a goal. It
includes setting the organization’s strategy and coordinating the efforts of staff to finalize
those objectives through application of available resources. for example, teacher and
school create an appropriate behavior of student in the classroom setting.

Control:
 Controlling is the managerial functions due to the central body control a
person or group of people in order to make necessary decision about organization.

Discipline:
Discipline is t he practice of training people to obey rules or a code
of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience. For example, when a student
obey elder, parent and teacher that manifests the discipline of students.

b. How can working with parents help a teacher in solving classroom problem?
Teacher uses the following framework with parent to address the
classroom problem.
1. Behavior reminder:
It is an important way to solve the issue of classroom. Here
teacher makes eye connect with student to remember the behavior problem of pupils
in the classroom.

2. Academic adjustment:
It is another problem of student in the school ground. This is
because many students are not able enough during their academic year. Due to this
parent and teacher forward children to next class.

3. Time out:
When a student is indulged in bad practices the classroom. Due to this,
teacher sets student outside the class or send him to neighboring classroom. In this way
teacher try to bring peace in class.

4. Behavior conference:
When a student seems sad or angry due to this teacher makes
discussion with pupil and tries to address his problem in the class.

Q4.
a. Discuss teacher made achievement tests?
 Teacher-made tests are normally prepared and
administered for testing classroom achievement of students, evaluating the method of teaching
adopted by the teacher and other curricular program of the school. The teacher achievement
tests are formal, such as standardized tests that are purchased from a testing company.
Examples of familiar, formal achievement tests include LAT, NTS and so on. There are given
some feature of teacher made test following.

1. The items of the tests are arranged in order of difficulty.

2. These are prepared by the teachers which can be used for prognosis and diagnosis purposes.

3. The test covers the whole content area and includes a large number of items.

 The preparation of the items conforms to the blueprint.

5. Test construction is not a single man’s business, rather it is a co-operative endeavor.

6. A teacher-made test does not cover all the steps of a standardized test.

b.How can teacher made tests be improved by using table of specification.

Table specification some time is called blueprint. It shows the number of

items that will be asked under each topic of the content and process of objective.
There are two dimensions to the test specification, the content and the process
objectives. The content contains the series of topics from which the competence of
the students is to be tested.
 Table of specification
Test items
Content
knowledge application Problem
area
(counting) solving

1. addition

2.subtraction

Total (marks) Total (items)

Explanation:

The table of specification shows that objective part of includes knowledge,

application, and analysis that mirror the cognitive domain of students. Whereas contents
reflect items to judge the ability of student.

Q5.

a. Discuss the initiative taken by the government for universalization of education.

Education for all” is a global slogan and government of Pakistan is committed to

achieve the goal of Universalization of primary education. For this government is establishing
new schools in remote areas so that more and more children can get access to school. Public-
private partnership and collaboration with non-government organizations are the steps to attain
the level of Universalization of primary education. Government is trying to make schools
attractive for children, and is introducing schemes to attract parents as well. There are number
of problems like poverty, ignorance, low quality teaching, which affects the government efforts.
Besides, the government is going to announce uniform curriculum for entire nation. It was found
that poverty, lack of awareness about importance of education, cultural values are the main
problems in achieving universalization of primary education. On the basis of findings it is
recommended that awareness about education may be created among the parents, Public
schools play their role in decreasing the dropout rate, School Curriculum may design as which
match the work place, teachers may be appointed in the far flung areas , Local Community may
be involved. It is also considered by people that public institutions are not catering quality
education, this notion may be abolished.

b. Discuss female education in the light of education policies:

According to national commission of 1959 education should be given

equal to both boys and girl. Moreover, the education policy of 1970s also gives equal
opportunity to get education which was presented by zil fiqar Ali butto. Apart from this, separate
set up was announced for male and female. Besides, in accordance of 1999 education policy
the education of female ought to improve due to these women of country would be skillful and
become human power for the nation.

On the other hand, Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. The
picture of educational condition is grim in Pakistan. Girls of rural areas are facing many
problems regarding their studies. There are several issues and causes of education problems
for girls in rural areas of Pakistan. Inaccessibility of education in Pakistan, especially in
backward areas is a result of distance, child labor, scarcity of teachers, local leaders, frequent
policy changes and fear of losing power.  In KPK and Balochistan women are severely bound by
cultural constraints and prejudices. They are involved in reproductive and productive and
community work for 14 to 18 hours. Women which are the 51% on the country population, have
been forced to just bear children for their husband and remain within their houses. In
Balochistan, female literacy rate stands between 15 to 25%.