Seismic Design of UL tae A Professional’s Introduction to Earthquake Forces and Design Details Leitner tate)Ss l J How to Get Online Updates for This Book 1 wish I coud claim that this book is 100% perfect, but 25 years of publishing have ‘aught me that enwineering textbooks seldom are. Bvenifyou ony took one engineering ‘course in college, you are falar withthe isue of mistakes in textbooks. am inviting you to log onto Professional Publications’ web ste at worm-ppi2pass.com to obtain a curent sting of known errata inthis book. From the web ste home nage, ‘lek on “Errata,” Every signiiant known update to this book wil be listed as fast 25 we ‘ean sy “TFTMA” Siggestions from readers (suchas yousel) willbe added as they are received, so check in regulary [PPI and Ihave gone to great lengths to ensure that we have brought you a high-quality ‘book. Now, we want to provide you with high-quality ater publication support. Pease Visit us at wwrw.ppizpass.com, Michael R. Lindeburg, PE Publishes, Profesional Publications, Ine. “The ICO assures vo respons for Un eeuracy’ of completion of tems inthis book that were obtained wih persion fm the Uniform Being Cae SEISMIC DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES Eighth Edition ‘Copyright © 200 by Presionsl Pbileaions; Ine. All rights reserved. No prt of thie ‘ublcatlon may be trod, ocd na ttrieval pete, o ago, ay fon ‘rly any nea sloctoni meatal photocopying, Tesrding, or others, without ‘he pelo watenperminson of the pub Prat in he Univ Stats of America Profieonal Pabiations, ne. 1250 Fut Avoous, Belton, CA, 94002 (650) so-on0 sree pips com Caren piting ofthis esions 2 Library of Congress Cotaloging-in-Publication Data nda, Mbt ‘Sexe design of bling troctre: a profesional’ nroduetion to earth Sorc nd deg dtl / Mil Re Lindeburg with Majid Barer. ~ th ed Inet inex ISBN 138877-50-5 (9k) 1 aitqan enginwring-Caforia-Problans, exerci, ee. 2: Gi eapinnring-Calorna, 1 Bardar. Majid, 1985- T Te Gar 162 OdeHOW TO USE THIS BOOK ees yo the ew note ion ar Imy "Quickatare” theorems 00 Bow to gt the ost ‘ou See Dein of Being Stractares daring yout ‘exam preparation. 1. Get cops of UBT and its erate 2. Start reading this tok from the Set chapter. Don't slp around 5: Read slovy; page atmo dy inlet. Look tp every ead actin ord to, |. Week all ofthe ample and practic problens ere are my “Quickstart” coeoares on how og the to from tis book daring the exam. 1 Dott forgt to ake with you 2, Pot oe of abe on the UBC table 3. Use the indexes extensively. ‘Sciomic Design wae exgzally weten specially for ‘rom review. Bula the exam vacated each ya be- freon areas of empha, the scope and dep ofthis ton nar erased yay ov prontsiemens ‘ow one ofthe bat uldk-prmer on eke design fiat However, ven HSSGgh ie scope and depth have [crewed by seer der of magnitude, sspoct this ‘ook wil ez typeset ding olo—chat of ‘ram review book Teor, Lam writing th tion ‘Souming that you ae sg Sete Denn book for ‘The actual ata band ces UBC. You ae me thor lly to toa t pall number ot of the UBC ‘Shan to re coe section. Not sarpesigl; the only ‘lace whore « complete compilation ofall ofthe eon ante nnd otber muzeial ylues canbe fund [sin {UBCo7, The muro tbl and gues a this book ‘Sea fle prion of eompletnas. Tre. every d= {St weded to solve the example and practice problems ts contain somewhere in eh book, Homer the ae foal eoam wal ot bes) kind. 1 alwage a hare to lee pit say Bsause yor couldetperorm a ste ‘le ele look i “be ode” So, Duy UBC. ‘Atha it develope mbjoct redals gots and lin: ‘uly ths book crue anata coneapes onto eve met. Hyon dont hase & semi background, roll rely nach have ostar page 1 and work your way rough the book, page y pugs Ton assume that Souk anyting, And Tendo write aed edit te {Batra in puch away to provi intron tha {ntitive. However, soul til eed to go slo's ‘Some people wil ay this book jt take nc the fern. Thay use tha index alt, hoping to bit the Jekpot. You can't pas the California special seismic fam that way. Since the terials pretey uch di the langnage diferent, What te ifeence between rag att” and "eal"? (Answer! There (Ginert "hare bss kt re) ra {eat the word bat without baving std his wate: fal they won't Baan anything to you, ‘The exazple and practice problems in tis book have ‘bem slated to ake or emphaste cain points "Thee problems donot try tomimie the exam comin: iy, (Profesional Publstons has prodeced wo ater problem oreted books authored bs Majid Brad {taller hundreds of additonal prnctcepeoblens in from format. You can ot aia practice bs sor ‘he probes in thst fo wl-organized books) A LITTLE ABOUT THE EXAM FORMAT Tn California, examine alr tbe NCEBS cil engineer. ing PE exam on a Pda Than they come back thexi _sbISknc DESIGN oF HUILOING erRUCTURES ext day 08 Saturday, or the Callorsia pei” sis ‘mic exam. (They may bo al the Calionla “special ‘ving sz on the same day) ‘The format ofthis eam has volved considerably. The (Guentmkeexam i 25 ours lengthy which you tain one singe siting, Th exam const of 50 quer ong, ll of wih ae multiple chon, each with ur ower sections. Soane ofthe quastions are concn. {al some are theoretical. some ae practical, sme re ‘Srslght bake, sad some rogue imple calculations. By now, you hate pebsbl ured out that the average {ine allowed per qin about 2 minster So yo ‘an oe the ere of difely annot be insurmountabe, ‘You jst have to gH, xo. Fo ast prope, es petty ‘ey to know wien you have fo goes ata question and ‘hen move 08 ach question s worth rm 2 to 8 pit, with an er age vale of 6 points snaking atta eae of 20 points ‘omnble ‘The minima passing score (x, the "a ore") wie somewhat Bat seems to hover around {ORC The psig vat vrs considecably 0 to 0% fsing ypc, Ther only moderate correaton between the people who pas the NCEES Soar exam, the people who pass thesia sismic exam, and those ‘who pac the special surveying exam. The percentage ‘fpeople who pas all ee eras at the sae tie bet igh. "The exam “test plan that deine the fundamental Pritiples, tai, and bent of iowindge that you wd to know has sn made puble- If you wast to [pow what you have to Know in dar to pas, You ean ‘ent oat the ust plan fom the web ste of the Calor ‘is Board far Profeaonl Engines: and Land Suvey- ‘rn Wat you will fed ot i thal you nd to Koo ‘eerything in tie Goo and then some. did't tn ‘hud the ntl test pan inthis ok esate too ‘sea loeing. You cao! lara anything fom i othe han thatthe spe of tin exam she. Beside, the test plan is vulnerable t th “change without note" ‘sodrome, anyway. “You's ast pays our monies, aod dou jt al your chances.” } ma= oo om os TABLE OF CONTENTS = PREFACE vii 10. Verte Acseration a * 2 8 17 arhgake Prefictin ] Brruors ov earriquakes 1 Gwerucrunes 3 sme Dames 32 Sam Rae two 33 Renna St Pte sss Cae a cae! aoe {5 pedis Peak Giunt Reraion 1S 6 Stereo $7 Sa Lipedcion 1} Sig 7 10 Sateen 3 Tt Renontip Bowen Spal Value 1810 Dampod Period of Virion i PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, NC « 8 6 oeRapowe Spee fr Other Buthqui ....g9 22 Ralaliy/Redundncy tor: 9 ag Tvpatve Graph 14 Sols importance Fotor: 1 15, Sol Profle Types 54 Through Sp 16 Slamle Sour Chesson AT Near-Soutee Factors: Na and iy 18. Sosmic Response Cooticients: ‘C. Through Ce 19) Response Modifation Pato: ft 20, Saami Fore Amplifation Ft 2g 21 Structural Sytem Bearing Wall Systems Building Frame Systeme : Moreat erating Prams Dual Stems eno Cantilever Colina Buin Sytem ‘Sear Wall Psat Interaction Syaems Undetoad Systems oumvon> 3225 Regula/lreglar Structures». 24 Varia Srotarl Irae 5 Ductility o tural Irregularities 6 Senn Bays Diy i a 3 Biadeetealim : 1 Hated a ake Lone: sd 3 Up Dey Sines 2] Bevhquie Lode 8 4 ene Ragone Spt oo 10 Nemalind Bega Rapes Spc 142 33 Rial Sele Ded oad 1M apo Sect fe UBC Dead eee rcs Sates * i 3 Si aah Prosi i Pape $ % Wiesteue hemes aic Acs {44 Simplified Lateral Force Prooslure teal cae {feu Tra Snr Se ff 3 Nee Darton of ae arto a $856, simpli Veccal Disaibution of Base Rigi Mee Basins ° eld 1 Meee line Be ee cis ‘euiaton : panes 4 UBC Pru fr ison oie ‘UBC SEISMIC CODE Earthquake 1 nr Bass ef Seiic Coan 20 UBC Pv fiat Taal 2 sda Ge. Bw une Sony brit detent 3 Thence! Bug Gi {Uh Pekin or Bltng Sone taco me st 12 Une Pert fr Onterig Most 4 Te Sevag Dan Cs SS Unctoinetee ha Bes 5: tetas of Soa Pons SH Sitar tcrn Slmnt of Succ, Appel Se Steno UG 88 ‘Nontnstual Goons ant 4 TheNatre of UC Same Gos ipo Spar cts a S64 UBC aon fr Ts oad Coty 5 woottonis So NobulagStuctuee csc 3 Sor laa St Unc Potton fe Dtorastbn 10 Cou Si Wid tS ‘Cony ‘onto st Ramla tatu inom 11 Sane Design Gia Sein 3 Uae Proniom tr Sng ues 12 Soa Zos Pace 2 $f Unc pymnic Aniyas Peete 13 Ocmmncy Cater St owe Sr Lows eeee @ & e er a a 2 o im om= es DIAPHRAGM THEORY ‘Diaphragm Action Seimic Wall and Diaplvagm Fores 13 ‘Wall Shear Stress Rig Disphrapm Action Calealating Wall Rigity Ploible Dispragms =... Framing Temiolony Calor Caller Force 5 a 1% parte (Columns Supporting Parts of File Diaphragm ‘rele Dophregm Consrction ‘leble Diaphragm Torsion Diaphragm Shear Str Diapiragm Fecare Dalletion of Flexbl Diaphragms Chords (Chord Force (Chord Sze ‘Ometuring Moment oer ue 19 i» ear m 18 GENERAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN Distributing Story Shears to Members ‘Unnwen Sie Portal Method (Cater Method, 22 Spurr Method Frame Mente Sing PART 9 19 Dune i [DETAILS OF SEISMIC-RESISTANT. ‘CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1 Concrete Consrtion Deel = auecos> womzenen che 16 Ths Shir 1 a Boundary Bloments of Shear Walle an St Diaphragms Seisote Hooks, Cesstie, and oops <- 137 ‘Strentth eduction Factor 18 (Combined Loading Lond Factors 0. 18 Goneree Strength ‘Stel Relforoemene Frame Flerral Member: ia i ‘op and Botan Reaforeemeat «2... 189 Tension Lap Sloe. a v Welded Spins and Mechanical ‘Connetons : Mes with Bog Ai hemes Gang Doin "ale Diaphragm : ‘Minis Cola Se Joints : PART IO DETAILS OF SEISMIC-RESISTANT STEEL 1 ‘Stel Contraction Dade Ernersoumee ‘Design and Construction Proviso Seemie Provision er Structural Stee Basking. oad and Load Contin Sted Framer Stoel Propertio : Menter Street (Calan Requires Ordinary Moment Fae. ‘Special Monet Resting Pramas Special Truss Moat Frame Wilde ad Bla Connections CGirder-Colran Jor: Restraints raced ras 2. Beceticaly Brae! Pemes 3. Ste Stud Wal Syste PART IT DETAILS OF SEISMICRESISTANT MASONRY DETAILS oF SEISMIO-RBSISTANT WOOD ‘STRUCTURES ‘Wood Stuctres » 8 ce ‘Design and Contrtion Provisions Seale Proviso br Strvctural Wood Bulldings ‘sds and Load Combinations m 12 18 18 18 1 i3 5 10 2 Wood Shase Wall nd Wood Strctral Panel Diaphragm Design Crit A. Framing = : 1B Wood Svciaal Pana Requirement for Rating Hers reer a Caneete/Masazy 8 ‘Wood Structural Pana Shear Was Diaphragm Ratios ‘Woed Structarl Paal Diaphsgm ‘Construction Dtale locking Sabsaphiagns Connetor Strengia a Nall B Bolte © Ti Fexile Diapragm t9 Wil Consetioe Details (rene. Grate Lowi Framing for Dapragm Openings Chile Wale PART 19 ‘TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION PART 14 SPECIAL DESIGN FEATURES ‘Boergy Dispation Systems ‘Buse oltion Senietsated Dasgn Dele Damping Systems cos ‘Archsctaral Considerations Upgrading Biting Construction PARTS arehquske in General Balding Structural Systems upc. Baro (Coacev and Wiasonty Structures Seo Strutare. Sols and Foundations Design Probl sesso Qualitative Problems 16 156 156 18 158 164 165 166 167 160 m " 5 1 ie 181 [APPENDICES A Conversion Factors at B Defatione we © Chznology of important Caloris arches : At D_ Rigidity of Posed Pie. as Rigby of Cancer Pigs =o cs 2os AT FAcoreogram of 1980 F Ceso ‘archguake (North-South Component) =. AS G Sesmic Acronyms nixs HL Standad Welding Spas the ‘AISC/AWS. ano 1 Cormercal Wood Framing Strap ad Holdem neces AL J Allowabie Shor for Wind ce Ste Fores {Pounds pes Boot fe Vdod Strctaral Panel Shear Wale with Framing of Doulas PirLarch or Southern Poe =. AAS K Occupancy Categony as Loot NoreridgeBarhngaie: Peformance ‘Steel Moment Pre Contetions ---- AAT moex so INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES eri INDEX BY UBC SECTION... usc == = on oe PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION ‘This the cg edition of Seomic Design of Bling ‘Srecteres It bas Bou extenely rewritten to com form to the 197 Usiioes Building Code a cottected {yICBO erate through March 200, rf this ‘bok ae “UBCAUT. ‘The aeamie design promsions of {UBC are considerably difereat from thn i prev ‘ou caer, most notably Inthe we of strength theory ‘ther than working tes theory “This book isa conco lntrodution to bak selmi co0- ‘ope and principle, and sparc tended Fer ‘vidoe taking the eginerng (PE) end areditotural (Ant temsing came T want to enphasie the do. ‘Erigtve word “intodaction” at hi bak cantly ‘simmavneeubjects thot other etre books have boca ‘rite about. alike in previous thn of thls book, Lateral Pore eguiements (“Be Book”) pba by the Sac fal Engine of Carin (SEAOC) was ot wed 0 the primary source docunoat for this ition. ‘There. forall lve Book referca are oes ions, and ‘rock, ae prmaly lite to histone! wots In addition to bringing the code elated sation into ‘aafrmance with the 1997 UBC, te contents ofthis bok have bern extensively rewritten. Many of the anges were sagged by renders and review course Instractor who quationed what Twas tying to su of ‘wo imply took th tie tal mm how o make Ue Took thre ee. However, many tags jut neo tobe change booase the UBC-OT bn eomperaly {reat fen previous eine i sola provisos. [A in the preiou edition of Seomie Design of Buid- fg Struct, consierble fot was made to present the material In both traditional Begich nd SI wit [ll ofthe example and protien cataus to gve you Ghice of unite You can chose to wok sly fa Selly In tradlonl Engi ori both lr twice tho practice). ‘Thie eiton rovers dhe saqunce of ‘mary du dimensoned items bowever placing the tae ‘donal Engl value ett conenpond to the le ‘system (play ed In seta selmi dash Supporting pags ftom the Simpson Strong-Tie Com- py produ estalog are tate fom the moot recent 1 have omit the inde of problem types tht add tothe seventh edition. Tis nt my dete to produce a ‘ook hat rel to engines wo wish to "Sogn by ‘cample” However, the detaled sect index (whlch ‘tarsal of my book) the dex of gure and {blog and index of ference UBC sections have bos maine Other omited appendices ecu the cross reference beeween cutent.and older UBC equation umber: (ince weraf this book are lay tobe working wit to simultaneous editions) end the bibbogaphy (be ee the books Tse largely refer to previous UBC), Sin the cnt mene amination was ely ‘many years ag the Celfornle Board fot Profesional Boner and end Surveyor bas exe meow comments from gonstructral examinns. ‘The examines often coment thatthe deh of, strycturl analyse expeioncr and codereated Enom- ‘lee expctd of tam in he am far exceed anything they wil evr be faced with pace, 1 don't know if then comment ar the reason, but there ‘he bow shit in the eam apace sy from high: |y toda, code detailed, lettin intensive que tons, and toward concepital end geneafamfinty ‘grins Toast ae sting fr tbe Hat ind of sal test could be deseribel ar iting fy a9 toe train wth tf bulle tom two miles nea, hls boc fafended to prepa you for both types of =wi ‘Whe theca eition of thls book wor writen, the Comat of bos iolaton mis new and eetialy [rovet: Homere, bas folation hae become a enzinon ‘Srent in tow and retait den, and the UBC has ‘talon deen provisions for several etions, Tete: {behest has Boo slightly “ton down in this ston af Seomic Dein. Inthe 109 Norridge crthquak, wed connections in ste amd bling tt were dada snd con- ‘Aeuced to the provsens of eariarcodos fled ith Se larminglyeosstant rate Accordingly the pov Sloe ending righ! beam to column connections have ‘Sther been change! or oittod. Various prntzl and ‘omic! fae tothe dasan methodology have yt to ‘etnted ina truly sree carthqua, But suc eh ‘may in stl enginering We have to walt ot se ow buildings dasgned according to the ates scsi (ode aed costeuted wing caren eclog Tate PI produced this book knowing tat it was an “in teri iin. (Actually all eons ae “ater.” sinc thay are tween the previo and subsequent ee ions. Poblisers as bpe that anton ea ast for {soup of yur ele become olcolte do to ode ‘Sitges However, he 1997 UB semtialy the ast UUBC that wil be prepared. Ta se fare, we can ex. pt comic deg to fll the provisions of the new iteratonal Bulling Code (wiih dese i his tool) ve already accumulated eurmoros ens fo the fx eon. $0, soeeay there wl bea “SEISO" Approximately 20 years-wore of examinees havo ‘Roped the book cooideraiy Tl be grate Ifyou, {ntl the tine otal me ow ou tink thisbook ea, ‘elinproved. A postage paid comment cad appeats it the bck for dha purpose. You may” loo contact me ‘su-amal or PP via the web at www.pplzpass.com. Tal mbt acepe any suggetions J think might el fitare cesar ice R, Lindbors ‘[email protected] am we uw a a = oe =ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ae ee Production of tis ihthofiton of Seamie Design of ‘Bling Structares was «ge ton effort. Most of ‘he oti anges wre completed by Majd Baradsr, PE (Calioria Deparemert of Transportation). Mr. Barada, who i abo the sulloe the 9{9 Sled See Insc Design Protems a Seismic Principle Procice ‘Eran forthe Clfornta Space Ct Bngicer Bam {natin (bth polish by Profesional Pulao). dated the UBC code seson referenced da ‘Sal crn comment, extensively roots Chap 6 Sod the ober codestesive ecions, and provided ne ‘Baer examples Mr-Baradar © ot ‘only rg {ered cl engiewr bt aio sensed gece contrac ton He beings Keowdge of tho practical snd ectual vehi eterwin coud be very theoretical and Weal ‘iitout hie, this ow eon wouldnt have Boca nese= iy ar compte and won hve been along ine coming ‘What even more aesig i that Me. Baradar di ll of his woe cis bac, recovering rom = back ijry ‘The revisions to dis eliton were extensively reviewed ty Shari Da, PE (previously wih Exponst allure nays). Me: Day who had & BSCE ftom Virginia ‘Todh and as MCE fom University of Colorado, Boule er, drew upon ber 15/4 years of engineering inves ‘pation work, which tncded slau design reviews ‘of eiranees of aloo construction ining wood fat, coeeee teu, st fame, sad masonry. Ms Days lmolvenent with sea code provisone mach rater than te” Reaing hor comments mas Some {ince « bumbling experienc, but conidering the i= [rowementssbe suggested, T'woukdn't have wanted it [ny other way. Tove also “avd” nificant number ‘thie. Da siggestin forthe next eto, whi Is ‘Sead taling shape trey mind Anew edition wih changes ths exten | cnt ‘now publication Producing top-quality book ot {tho ichedle comparable in del to produc fig monty magasine “The task of bung ot his blication elt the team o erica Holden (dig), shy Sohroe(ypesating), Yvonne Satan (isa Ing) Tiacy Badceakiy(yootesding), apd Aline Magee (actuate) Tuner Had, Profesional Pub- Tiations fener, ched ll ofthe calelains sd wit in hi bok 1am grate abo to the Iterations! Conference of ‘ling Oficae (CHO) forte permisinn to rpeo- ‘ce ao any of the table foun the the UBC. These {abies ee cial tothe andatanding nd tae of Use (See elatedprovons of thr book. The value of this tock has bom reat eahanend by ICBO generosity. ‘Ain previo ions, SimpionStong-Ts hel gave it permis to reprint versus pag fis "Contec tor ior Wood Costuction,” 200 catalog, These pages isatrate the comply, dg, and estalaton ofp {eal semicsppinnen, a0 wl os eupport some of the ‘pratice problems ln this book Other pabishers lo oper in grating permission tered pane ae a gr Te ae Grateful ackoowlcgement given tote contributions ‘ofthe fling indians bert. Syanor, RG se ‘Slr cagoering goog, Caforsin Division of Mines Si Geolog, Sarramens, CA (Bacground and early ‘Soents dencibing the 1007 selamie provions be- foe they vere actully publi); David 1. Houghton, SE, presen, SvePlate™ Sues, ne, Lang Beach {CK (contributions on developnt in the detaing of ‘eam tocalumn connecting nos of which T ave re tied for ure nthe bet lion of this book; and Sheanon King, Png, PE (rou oan of turious echnical, hte, and supporting documents daring the poparton ofthe mans). Previous edioas drew upon the expats of may ind ‘ual vin though thar verk bas spanned» decadeor moe, the efor contine to conteibute tothe sae ‘Sh organiatioe of thie fiton. Ta ey o ave had ‘lier eiton oviowod by sveral outstanding eine lite fs the earthquake Geld, inclding VteimoV. Bers co, director of the Earthuale Enginseing Research ‘Geiger at the Univers of California at Beale, John 6. Shipp, PE, solortchnical manage of BQH, Ie. Conia Beas Albert Tang, PRD, PE of Stan's Ciel agiaering Departments nd James E: Onder, PE, Orinda, CA. cour, the mata inthis pubiaio is limatehy ‘ny rape, And, wile [hope they ae for te {Rtvtale ore are aibutable to me and ie alone ‘You can log osto Prfasioal Publications web site (erww:ppiipass com) to see 2 camulalieltng of ‘Sra foe this book Although the problons im Siamic Design have been ‘hanged signieaatly to reflect caren cole acto. ‘Sigsment i mace that sveral of the pacino ‘Staple problems inthis book are derived from problems ‘hat appeared a previous years’ California enpoocing Tiersng examinations ‘Te oil problems are want ‘wth permis ofthe Califia Board for Profesional gees and Land Surveyor, which copyright he ‘rigaal material, More thas 10 years ago, I wrote my adknowledgments Fe the Sth fon ofthis book. At tat time yee ‘tea wore only 7 and 10 years old. Now they are at ‘sn age when they no longer Seed” the parets and ‘rtsinly don complain about sen aboot fom us ‘bet Tindade the flowing pargrah fr ts hstorcal value Pauly I ecknowidgs the snwavering support of iy family which, se lac to pt up th tay habital writing. My wa Eliabety snd my fro daughters, Jenzy and Katie, lot the faily {lie that went into this books They may bo Be inning to understand how [thik and what = Eeportat to me. Irn, they over see Yo com> ai Michal R. Lindebarg mlindeburgtppi2pass.com = oo om om oe oo ee oe 7 op ua ow FE as oo oe aS =NOMENCLATURE ——— Unles define ori in the txt, the following sym bobs we ed Gn ts ool Convent nite are re et ote In some ces (euch © modus of ety Ss eit). honeer, eis customary t report alsin $9 Tem vs ST cata nd ee a mann = I vate «ast fe . § Mes EOE nem = dy total thickness of on oh aes hom Pe BP adams oe te ec 3 na Bog a re santa re ee i S$ op > mee i: oe ee ee eosin ee ee Bo soit tw octet aly ate ake Ce te 5 Sebi tae = woo a mw oy feo umplileton feline pines = as Se eX tea ome ees BY en eo wires Re cn ket mit nt a eat pa Re Bh etc, ewe Ne Soy compre Freer wooN cn wy? Pe Seite ete wee cee et Rae mS =o FE 4 a. seiner eset ater Fe agnciein tae ae 7. snot wooy pia =e aX. paen Sawasdee > eerie wx wiroms ofl levy Rat ieUnite Units ‘Symbel vast Syabel em uss 9% evlaional ee) + pihsormonestam & (22) Digee? ne rut Maxim element tary sar madalus wef Pa hear ratio fet ot K highe oop Ro dct ramtance chm hams stay bie 2 oe Rfelaverigiity a hig ght above base to respons modieation eva ee ‘aetor 5 5 he structure roo vation Ry component raponse ithrepecttogade fm ‘modieaton factor = = fa demand or Congo Ry sono reduction ‘seacient elation Teetor wegfe? Pa with repect to grade hm 8 tance om Ht borzoata ores m8 5 sow lead wynt Pa story bight ne 8. petal scleation Rae? ms 1 tmomentofinatin St Si Spectral diplscmment 1 amie importance factor = SL terageundrined shaar Ty amie emportance fet treat ye Pa for an element of 5, spocteal vocty ‘joe fe ‘component = = Sk prt fie mie Jy wind importance actor = Cte Os J polar moment of time aa ee ‘neta not TT fandamenta period of sees (ore vite oo ‘oman. yk N/m Ueno development length 8 (perunit vue) RAIMA a? TC lngth eG Vata capacity eee LE tvelosd me ON © Sartre mye? Pa oe Bm ke yo Reba Rc fo Moment be Nm Ya tar wave vet i rm beeen oe ‘er ie eh nm eyde number aS Vo base shear ae mn Sxpone. aS Yond per uni ogi YN Naber af etgaaee weit of lee we ON —andard penetration blowe/—blows/ pe ature content a 8 fositanceofseliger Ra Wend doe to wind prosure Tf Ne mcarsouree fader = W nal and spite wither ‘Ney Randaré penetration owe blows “design aloe yin NY estan of ee wwe mW cbs ol ayer W, Weight ofan element or My nemranure factor = ‘component weooON Pega wind promre —T/R? Pa = pation orecuvion om Pmagutade of oreng yet over which fncton ew “rid ate . P—nsmof dou and tive Y—sumber of ear 5. 5 Toads wooo 2 aeetey ratuction PGA peak ound ‘actor Ss “acceleration jou? mje Nater design fore aN PL phtity dex a 2 camechar - Wind tention posure Tye? Pa PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.= vasa BSR ee see a (a eo a 6 decay decrement = - fave average ee Save 4 tad See ee Os oo re re Be Se nt ‘ = te nn oes ee or esto {cca coe ee Bo: a5 , Sor $l eatin : 30 Ss eae ES 2 , i meer fl: 4 foe oo cee Se imwetante ee pS A factor : - t ‘top or total eee 2 FP en = woe > Seta me Milnes 9 eee fp cecencses 7 wll vt » So ‘es ‘ees ee es as =™ © 6S GS Om! eR SS eR ee es ee ee eS eo oe oo ee oe1 BASIC SEISMOLOGY 4:1 THE NATURE Quakes Ancarthqust gan csi tment of the rods earface at follows « rlase of ‘nergy in the Eaters. This ene ean e goer Siaby sodden dies of mgments ofthe east, ‘oleae ruption, ors manmade explosion. Mest ‘tthe dotructive argh, howe, ae cused by ‘ioctl of ee et ‘When subjected to geste frost plate etal, ‘the erst iia tains (Le, ends al shears) cla Weal Por pie ail Feng, Tlocke’s lw ives the ‘ier that atcompanies strain Stn ory pe as ra i ti poe wae ce ot ding © tod, the rocks break aed. ulcly move (Le, they Snap") inuo ew potoas. ‘Th the proces of break Ing, the strain energy isles and seem wees are foceta. ‘Thi the base dein of the ste ‘loud toy of este geertion* ti he rtrd naa ng tem fr ear Saas a ee ne aston ware ay elie a ee re nt owt tpn tls pr a Siegel me Hr ger Sings Goro) rte grave del, “Thee waves rave fom the source ofthe earthquake (leowi-t te hyoceter a oes) to wore dita lx ‘ations log the sirace oan through the Earth ‘The wave veactor depend onthe nature of the waver {id he neil through wich the waves travel (See See Fd) Some of the bao are of high enue Sequeney to be audible, wile thes ate of ver Tow ‘Eequeny with periods of wal’ seconds and this are ianudib. ‘A modern thors may exp how some eaethquae: fre trggered. Geologat bow that papingHuls in {he ground wader igh prere cam gee eartquales Now there i evidence om the gas producing Fegion: in France that removing fe om pores deep a the th an a tiger earthen Oi abd ga ae Ue tain id of concre= pumping water from aquifers ‘oto these ir robbir not ax Hely to eee ina earthquake. The teary states that tho tecroie rik when the gas oro emoved, Dut the ook futromdng the seri do at ‘This els nateses hearth that Inter are rend in en caren 1-2 EARTHQUAKE TERMINOLOGY ‘Tho epicenter of an earthouake isthe pont on the sre srfre drwy aboe the fous (alo tow {the hypcente) "The lation ofan earthquake ‘ontonly dsr by he geographic pation of ‘pleat adits focal depth "The fc depth ofa ‘hriquai eth dot from the Barth surface to the {eas To ee are sete in Fig. Eerchquaes with focal depts of ess than appro fuately 40 mi (0 on) ase called a shallow arth Une. Ney shallow artes are caused the faceaing of bile rock ix the cust oF BF nen fin eoergy that ovecne the friction ekg oppo: Seside ofa fault. Calfornaearhguakes repeal2 SEISMIC DESIGN OF HUILDING STRUCTURES shallow? Intermaliate srthuates, whose causes are fot fly wndestood, baw foal depths ranging fom {0 e190 i (60 €0 300 kn). Dep earthquakes may thve Gal depth of ep to 40 ma (700 km) Figure 1.1. Earthquake Terminology “The sip propagates fom tho hypoceater along theft sith evelodty upto that of the ontward editing TRicehar wave font—about LS ion (8 km/s)until {he eie ato soe sin motion. (See See. for a deerption of dur waves) 1-3 GLOBAL SEISMICITY Most eathquitas occur in areas bordering the Pale (Ocean ‘hie cvcumPade bl, minamod the ing Offre incest Pai casts of Norgh America soe Slat America the Aleutian ands, Japan, Sout fet Aan, and Austraba The reason for such & co ‘trai explained by plate tevtoics thor. (Se See 15} "The Unita Staten hasexperonend la deteution than (lhe counties located in i sarthquake one, TB ic ‘rly due othe country's lai young age ad at iti to eathqinkoreditant construction methods, (ake area. Large parts ofthe western United States Se awa to be vulnerable tov damage from earth- ‘quakes? Nowbere is his mote tuo that In Calor ‘cate dap shot sue (P13), tte \eeabonss aly curd ttn sk), ‘nthe natn of ini mh iu intting hat hae rth onthe th se ‘ta at oe Aone Und Se rr ne SG atta Wow ate tars ee ‘Ghetn South Cangas te fh hat ‘eat te meena 02), Heer einer ono ete Nace rectory, das, sehons, bapa, and highrise Dullings are planned aed ull in eatin of igh Irichazac. Tisha ote anurgent ned for grestor ‘Metin tothe mitigation of expended da oes (CONTINENTAL DRIFT 14 has been now sno the easy 16005 that te com Uinets are moving relative to eae another, movement own as eminent df In fut, ond records of pst cimats (tho subject ofthe ld of paleotina fol indeste thatthe connate have been moving lowly about the lobe or bunds of alin of es Fer example, he se lion yurol Tolzed ‘sponta at found in India andin ee Arte “The thoory of continental deft wae rewonably etab- Tie during the 100s but was universally acpi a the 10806, the emerging since of paloma forded new supporting evidence of continental drift Many roca such vletie ode solid om wala lave oni tint rane of magpetic esinerals sacha Imapctite When thse snr ae formed they fe {in te agate otation cf he Barth's magic ‘1 a etn ofthe frmaon. "The mages oi tations of racks get the se aoe loeaoas of {Ro coninets gga by pabclimataogy nd other ‘geno enter. [An enormous amount of gophylel data was gathered ‘ning the Ie and 1900 prieaey trom ocean {okie roearch el uch athe Omar Challenger Kept of intrconmcting ebarine ridge, called tridoan ridges, wae diacoverod ling the Earth. Soc ges ar lost approximately midway bewenn ‘tints that are mong apart (, batren Ati ‘Sal South America) It now resgaand that sew ‘Shuaie est bring forned ath ges and aed to'the pats moving apart THs known a8 soor resins Great submarine trenches wer ln lncaed, partion Tuy along the convex ocsnle de of Ue oan ar tha tone up the Pace ing fe. Tlie aones of ‘uti ip dona rom th tooo 0a dap ‘20 rs (70 kn) ino the wale Boneath nd behind the vlan ars, Owane era: formod spreading ‘dg behind the moving pats "The ocean et, ww to consist of alternating bls cf ighy and weskle mageatie connie rust materi forests magnetic cond a aw rot forma in the {ave behind oparting pats. "The symmetil bells ‘leo the sbent magnesia on opposites ofthe owl fen gee =o co me om oo oe a oe we eo ee mo os as oe ee es meBasic seismotocy 3 ‘The crus is destroyed at the same rate elsewhere ‘enaic plats dip dow atthe teaches and lie deep {othe ante long the semi sone However there {Ga lal balance berwosa crust formation and detran tion. ‘Te formation of pate atria in the Atlante ‘Oczan i compensated by sborpion of plate teri, ‘primal in the Poe Ooo. 145 PLATE TECTONICS Most erthqukos ae « mansion of he fragments. tiom ofthe Bart's outer shel (now a the hopes) fata vavou large ne mal later. (The academe fl that stud plate motion ie known ar plate tectonics) ‘There ae seven very ange plates, each consisting of ‘oth oceanic and continental portions Thre are ako 8 dozen or moe small plates aot ll of which are shown nF 12 Figure 1.2 Litoephere Pater Bach pte is approinately 50 to 6D mi (80 to 100 tem) thick and hae th and thin pata "The thinner part delorme by elt bending and title bresage "Tos thicker part yes pte Beat he pate {2 cour lager on which the entire plate line, ‘Toe lator thomslves tod to be intra iil, erecting ‘aly at te edge ‘These plates move rdativeto och other wit ead ve loci that approach 04 f/ye (0.13 ma) Although late velstn are slow by Iman etandard, they are ‘Streams rapid gosogaly. For example, a moten of (018 foe (005 ms) wp eo 0 mt (0 an) in only 4Lnulon years. Some pte tations have been contin: ‘ous for 10) milion yar ‘i pm opting tn te Aes plo may be ‘then mare Depending on cation, the plats an bo moving apart, celldig soiy to bud ronan rang: or siping Ticerly past raiding over snd under one another 1-6 SUBMARINE RIDGES Wie plates ae pling apt, particularly along the ‘qotem of scbmarine ridge, bot material fon the ‘dcper taal wel up tof the gape Some of the ‘mate material appear ac lv fn volesnic materia, Most slides beneath the serfs, forming subae tin ide. The ridge = hgh lative tothe ocean bt. tom bese the mane ater bot sed. hence ow ‘As the plates move apt the ge material gradual ‘ie an contract nd es me sink Ridge gt ally form step-like ateratics a bsight perpen to the detion of plate motim. Stik lip fale foi pall tothe dreton of pate motion. (Sec Se. 1-10.) 1:7 SUBMARINE TRENCHES ‘Whar plates converge, one dpe down sn slides be- sth the other ia proces Know aston. Gat ‘aly, a coun pla idan or mubdts Beneath = ‘ratinetl ple (ss happening slong the west cost ‘tout Amerie) or beneath anather oceaic plate (at Is happening aloog the east eof the Phippise Sex late) A teach i Sore where the subduing place Aipedown. Thesodinet fromthe cee Boe cerapet ‘of agaist the font eg of tho top pte. Ths lla teat in Fig 13 Far back under the top plate inline anes of earth ‘alee rach down ito the mantle, The serge depth (thes snes is approsimately 0 rl (125 Kn). bat {ho sons can approach 450 mt (70) a dept. Te Sypoumeor of serthguate thos some aden the lenjestary of the whet pate ‘A bal of vleanor typically occurs above this eaeh- ‘quake sone, roughly parlleing the plate edger (The Pate Ocean costal ion South Ameca pal ‘feuds an aren) Hock meg, which imatle o> ‘oe the oleate, tart wet water combined inthe ‘cysalnestrucurs of alos minerals of therese leaped seme by the reac in peste om the susduted pate The water hss lower the net coer ‘eid o mele the remain tokSac. erin and ver wt ar Figure 18 Zone of Subduction 1-8 BARTHEQUAKE. ENERGY RELDASE! ‘Shallow earthquakes reprosent sudden slippage and ae ‘orompanied by area of tesla energy stored {the rock era log period. Te not totally lear ‘bother decp mala subduesin-20e erthquals a (Teompanie by silo elstie eose (Ge, th eatic fehoud tory or are mrdy abrupt contractions of put ofthe susan plait rosk of higher dens sete 28 ae (io, an aspect ofthe diatatiothery). However, ‘ecu esareh emo india efor explanation {Snore appropriate than the at ‘Only fraction of the energy rll ina earthquake Scualysppenee in seimic waves Most ofthe reese ‘train energy & reasorbd locally by the moving, de- forming, ad heating ofthe rode. The action aber Increme rgolry wit neesiag ln of earthqeakes Minor earthquakes geealy donot cere sul- ‘Gene releae of enstgy 0 diate the stalin coe {Sul preven goat eathguatn, ough 8 slow ere ‘ong fle con prorde © pasa rare A great ‘argue, however, dow Not nesses a of the strain energy aie. Great exethquakes occur primasy slog convergent (Gubducting) plate bousdari:® "Submerged rides: (Gece plate ze speeding apt) are so hot at tele ‘ively allow depts tha th lid rock above them ‘nnot store enough eae stain nary to produce (gest earthqunlen, The ifrequrat large carchquaes ‘hot db occur tae igo sprue are mostly 0 the longer trteelip fue. (Soe See 1-10) 19 SBLMIC SEA WAVES Whe the seor saddoly si up during great ‘arihqua, water soo oe wih and then res (Sey fo fnd lvl era. Hk the Boe dope, water ‘Mahe An enormous mas of var ese ott ‘otion, and a compiocsoshing tack and forth Dewees ‘tinct octane for many Hours. The esl tain of sae water waren sc of wich fa kaon (Si stom sca ee (oo kw an til weve), ein Jopnntc, guna Tbe ost pronounced sa Se change io ad ence the greatest ‘ea raves, rl fom shallow sabdaction2one earths ‘oes, ‘As with any sacs ware vou ave, the velo ‘a teunam depen primarily 30 the ocean depth hn deep wore, waves travel about 500 eu (800 tanh. The wwe at son may bean bour apart and pethays only 1 8 (02 2) ia hight Combined with [wave period of § to 60min hey ace vitally wo erecta. Asa wave approuces land, howe, che trav wlocigydecrencn dae to eros fiction with snelaname ste "in gay ei. T hb enh ‘ovo. ped sey theese conn Mey tors 5 a= a = = BASIe seIsMoLoCY. 5 the increasingly sallow seafloor As the wave velocity decree the wave height ieremen ‘Where seafloor topography and erentation ae optimal foe tauar formation (where there ea gently loping ‘abot and ere the ope ts paral to wave dees ‘doa, te wavecan fra wal of water more than 0 (G5) aght Such a wave eam case enormous do struction when it rsher onto shore. Keay onstal ‘ait, where the bottom confusion is mich die: fot (Ley more sbrupt in dep chang), may soe the Fame wave pss as only tapi surge ad withdrewal otter (Only normal (ipatip) and thet (reves) fs pno- ce tsunamis. The eater the depts of water the larpr the enrz content of the tnt 10 FAULTS ‘A fale ea fracture in the Eats crust along which {ho blo ip relaive to ach ater. One ruta Block ‘ay move hotzontlly In on dcetion while the oppo ‘He blade mover horoatalls in he opposite direction, ‘Alterativey, one block may move upward wile the tr moves downward (One of the waye oven slong fale can oc by ‘snddn dplacment, i of the crt or rock along Salt Daring the 1008 San Franco earthqusie, {he ground was daplaced as wach a 21 (65 1). ‘sorter Calforia along the San Andras Fel By ‘Somer, the 1069 Lana Peta eatchquao ad's ‘oasimum displacement of eppacmatly 6 (2). Mast of the fale in California are verea or near erica breaks Moverant slong Une Breaks pe ‘Sominastt orianstal in the noth or torte, ‘Sretion." With right ltr movement (adh a the tmovenn:oferchquasin the San Andean yater) Eldon the ponte side ofthe fant ele to ‘seve mares tote ight. Convery te Block owes 1 the let In « efter! fou Lateral movement it ‘rode by ake (arench) Jos, ‘A fault ln which dhe movement verti i aled Aira fol. ne normal ful, ie hanging wall moves down rate to the fot wall In a rovers fot al nwa ea trae fol, the hanging wall mover up tek: sive to he fot wal ‘Along many fats movement is both horizontal and ‘etc Such faults re named y combining te aos "Ose eros a he Gk nd i Pie te ‘att wh cond oe ‘ofeach kindof movement. Ror ean Fig. 1.4 shows ‘flea normal fat. Ty erm obiqu foul aso el ‘few eters fats hav ben stve in Cakoraia. The sna of such fas are tine to the Barth's surface. ‘The roc above the fant plane have been thrust up ‘ward and over the rods Uelow ube fale plane. The [vin ‘Tehachapdeartbqu ct 1952 was eased by the ‘White Wafers alt The San Fernando earths F107 was cused by asulden rupture slang a revere “al atthe oo ofthe San Gait Mountains Se WS (actos Seu a at) tetas rrere fut igure 14 Type of Faults 1-11 CATIFORNIA FAULTS. ‘Th mat earthquake prone fas Inthe United States 4 then that are ajo tthe San Andose Fle ‘jtem of California, ne well tthe ful system that Sparstn the Sia Neva fom che Great Bass ‘Many ofthe individual fate hese major seein ae now to have bean active daring the past 200 sears ‘Othoe are beive to ave bem ative sae he endo ‘the at great fen advance abot 10,000 ysts a, PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS teaas sm os mes i asic seismonocy z During the pat 200 years, many of the fl shows in Fig. 15 have expanicnon either siden lipo sw ‘Geep. Activity of otber fats, however, can only be Infred fom geologic and topographic relations that Indicate the fast have baa ative Gung the par ‘eal thousand years. Sach activity sages thatthe fats could lip or erp again. (Se Ses 1-3.) Barthquaks in California re relatively shallow ad are ary rented to moweoeataoug cctve fats. May (California carthquaios have producet surface pte 1:12 SAN ANDREAS FAULT ‘The San Anvras Pat the major fall of «network {hat tte through rocks of the Caforia coastal to ‘Gon. This ightlatral fault «ge fracture more {BS oa ni (80 km) long Ie extends azo vetcally Ito ee Earth to dept ft least 20 i (90 km). 18 ‘ota ie comple oon of rath and broken rock itrm only fw ft wide tom le wie. Many sale fate branch fom and join the San Andeas Paul, ‘Aine trough in the surface of th Barth reveal he frsence of the San Andres Fast over mach of te Kenge From the a, the liner arangevants of aks, tage and wally opprent Oa tho groubd he ful ane can be reopined by long ait exarpments, ‘arto rigor and smal, wdrained ponds food by {he otding femal reas of rc. However, people o= the ground lly do aot reali wan Uy re on oF ear the fl Geog who have tio the fale betwen Las An ies and San Fancono have sugested thatthe total ‘icumulated dplsument long the faut may be as ‘hoch a 340s (650 kn). Silay, elo ty of ‘ egatof the felt betwen the Tejon Passa Ut ‘alten Seo has revealed geology sma eran on ‘pretend of th ol soperated by 160 i (20 Ln) “Ts inicates that the scparaion a rel f rove. ‘pent log the San Andon and branching San Gabel fate Sine 1604, earthuake activity along the San Andros Fault sytem has buen concontated In thre areas (Q) an eiahoce aren atthe northernmost tp of the fault now a the Mendocina fractre sone (2) the sro along ths fale bemexn Sor Prato and Pak Sed, and @) the southoramest aut setion roughly ‘ounded by Lor Ange andthe bordor with Mexico Grsp, ip, and sooerate earthquakes have occured fo regular bin Ua res ‘The two soote between these three ative areas have Ih alms no earthen ip ince rest ‘artignie of 157 in he soulhern ent and 10058 ‘he porthern sgmen. This that these wo zones ofthe San Andreas Fault system are temporarily loco ‘hd hat orain energy ie baling The lack of ec ‘tity i the locked secon oad mn thatthe oe ‘oa are subject to les fequest but larger fault rove ‘ets and, coeepondingly, te severe earthquaes 1:13 CREEP 1a addition to fault euptre seed type fault mone set owe os eee ean ou. Creep i horace ty cotimas or itermittent movement witout 5 ‘Sane erthquale. Fault creep occuring on portions of the Haar, Calaveras, ad San Andres fas bas Produce enulativeofrts ranging fos mere lise ferrto amet 1 (03) i carb, oret, and ralrond tas. ‘Te ofits curved mun consistent withthe cep rate smowured. Precise sorveying hows a dow dnt ap ‘rooching 2 in/sr (5 cm/y) fa some places song the Stn Andreas Fault. Over $50 ml (690 bu) a oft has ‘ecurred dating the past 10 raion years 1:14 SEISMIC WAVES Scimic waver are of three (2: compres, she fod surface waves. Compression and seat waves rave fom the hypocemr through te Barth's interior odie tint point on the surfon Only compression was, Sowover, ca pas trough the Ears lien are. Be ‘nape compression waves (aio known as lnptdinal ‘Seoe) toel at pont sponds (19000 fe or 3800, tnjs im prnite) and ordinary reach the srtace Bt, {hey are mown su Poonven (or spimary waves") rave velocity sven by Ex 13. ve [EE oss. en Ew In Bq 13, Ae Lame’ constant, y= B= 20) _ 3 (arr the Tepe” of ok om enor esa) See fee‘Sear was (ako own at traverse wave) Jo ot ‘arta oily (2000 fae, S000 m/s, in rate) Uhrouh te Earth rut and manele mo compeeon va Berane they erdiniyroadh the surface ater, hey are kaown as Scones (or "oncondary wars") tend of oweting material dvxly behind or ahead oftheir es of tran, seat waves displace material A ight angles to thie path. Equation 1.4 gives the ‘toe of wmv. While waves travel more slowly {Than Bevves, ey trananit mor ney ad ease he ajith of damage to uc. venfS oo ate) (ean compen Tinos ——_— —\———— Figaro L.6 Type of State Woes PROPESSTONAL PUBLICATIONS. NC Surface wave. san known. a8 Rwanes (Ge “Rasteigh Srave) ot anes (or “Lave waves") ay may (hv fort, Tho ave faethe primary abd secondary Seve in granite, Rowen move at approximately Dos (2700 1:15 LOCATING THE EPICENTER “The fest indication ofan eataquake wil often be & harp "thod™sgtling the arial ofthe compression Su fons, Ths willbe followed by the sbrar waves nt then the ground rll cased by the eurfce waves ‘The times parting the seals ofthe compression Ta shar we at various alenomete stations can be (ind tolocte te einntar ston and depth ‘Thedintance, rom seitionate tothe elcenter cat be determined fromthe wave wots and te obese {le benwson the areal of te campresson (P-) and shear (5) waves “The epee and hypocenter correspon othe ae ‘Hon ef inil foul sp but do not accion fhe with the cxster of energy elese, For emall and ‘ootium eashguabe i, Rutter magnitude M < 0) {he pins til als and energy reso ac rele ‘rly. Forge carta, However, Pundreds ‘ot ilmesers on separate tao 2 oo ee oe bs} ‘ct spam aay termine tee ee ee ee en == = cas Us ‘ae ea 2 EARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 INTENSITY SCALE “Th intensity ofan eartquako (otto bo conf wth najida, om Soc.) bed othe damage and (her oberved ells on people, balding, and ether festrss nvnty ato fom place to place within the itr rion. Ar eariqke ina deny pope lated aro thn reals a manny dents and consterable ‘image may have the sme magitade ats shoc i 8 tots aee that dowe noting more thon fightan the ‘ide Large magne eatthquaos that oocur be {eth the coma my not even be fle by bara Anata cle conscts of sree of responses, uc {people mening, forlure moving, abd chimneys ‘ig dataged.Alhough mmeroue intensity Seales Ive bien devloped, the scale encountered mot ofan {nthe Usiad Stats the Modied Merl Teensity ‘ale developod in 1951 bythe American anlage Hay Wood and Pask Neumann" “The Modi Meral sale consists of 12 Increasing level of intesty (expres as Reman numerals fl ‘ing te ide MO) ange ne prcepe ‘aking a catactrophicdestrocton. The loner mambers ofthe ney seal gery a base onthe manner In which ee earthquake le by people The higher ‘omber are based on chered structural damage. The ‘numerals do wot havea mathemati base and thre {ive are more meaning ta nontedical people than to thee in toca el. “rea Mca wae a espe 102 by th aan fan gio heme mee Ree ‘Silat mice wat oi 2 to eri th an ‘Bat aba wr deren " uw vu Modiged Mera intensity Seale teernd elects of eatbguske Not ft except by very fow under ‘pecially favorable condone Flt oly by fw pesos at rest, ‘special Wy thom on upper floors of tilings Delinly responded objects say ewig, lt quite noticeably by persons indoors, ‘spec a upper Roor of baling Many people do rt recognize i a ‘arthiaie. Standing vehicles may rock Slight. Vibrations sina othe passing fa tru: Darnton etal. ising the ds, ft indoor by mass, ‘utdoers by a foe. At gh, some ‘eralenod, Disha, windows, doe ‘Satbod; walle make ereckiag sound Semetion lke heey tock sting ling Standing vice sock ota Fat by nary eveyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows beaken. Unstable sbjets overture Pendulum clocks may stop. Fl by all many gheno. Some hear furltre moved. A ow ates f allen plate, Damage sigh. Damage nel in buildings of good ‘esgn and contain; slight ‘oderate in wel-bullt ordinary stretares ensiderabe damage in poorly but ‘roche. Some chimneys Uke (coined one 0)0 ‘Table 2.1 (continued) intensity observed ts of earthquake SVE Damage lig in pially designed races; onsderable droge In ‘ednary seta bllaings, with ‘partial collapse. Damage get in Poorly but srateres Fallen cisey Fictory sacs columns, wonumocts, wal oy Saitre oretroed 1B Damage considerable in spill designed tracts, ell designd frame structures thcown ot of plum. Damage great in ‘shear bling, with paral collapse. Basdings she of foundations X Same wel bit wooden structures otroyed; mot mary and fae Stroctares wth foundations destroved aie bent Xt Raw, any; masonry stratus remain ‘Sending Badge destroyed. Rae beat XII Damage ial Lines of ight and evel se disertad. Objects thrown nto i. 2.2 ISOSEISMAL MAPS 1s ponte to comple «map of earthquake intense ‘ve eon. Data for sucha osetia tap ean be ‘binned ty beer rin some eases, By questions {Sowerby redete afr an earthquake, 2-9 RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE 105, Che F_ Rider of th California stitute ‘ot Technolgy developed the Ror magnitude eae to mmaareeathgaie strength. The magnitude, thc tan of the ample recorded y a zm, (Goe Soon 2-4 and 25) Aajistoens are incl in {he ragnitide to compensate foe te variation in the “tance betweca the aru solemomeers ad the oD ‘eter, Besse th Richer magitode i logarthini als cach whole aumberincreon In magni rpc ‘ete ote nrase i based ample. Tehor magetude be exprewed in wise numbers and Aecinal fietions. Por example, « magnitode of 5.3 fight cormespend to 8 moderate earthquake A stong fertagate night be rth at 7. Gr esthquates ‘ve miagntades above 75. Earchquaos with mag ‘tir of 2.9 or low ae own as mcrocrthqakes. ‘Wile reondad onslmoninter, miroeartbquas 70 rarely fa bs people usta Nap of 190 San Pancico Eartha (based on tho Roos Forel Tntennty Sl) ‘Ssmac, fargtsBginring Ratt Wh hy ch Seo ae tn tom fon a Sein Wincor, potato 530). Several thoasind seismic cents with magnitudes of Sppreimatly C5 oe pete occu ec yar and are ‘long enough ta be eotdet by semomezas all oer the worl Eathquaies ofthis soe nd below have {itl potocal to canon strata damage. Great orth ‘aly sch as Uh 1906S Franco earthquake anc the TDGt Alkan earthquake, occur, on the ara, ‘ooe each se "The magnitude of an earthquake depends on the langth fet beta the fol paz wa 2 08 the amount Ep. Phe lngee examps of fault slp eocordad in Caliban companied the orehquaes of 1857, 1872, ‘Sud 1906-al of which tad tated magutade ort 300on the Riker real [Although the Ricer wee as no one or appr it {ier lets “open end) th largest known shocks have qaon = a q nad magnitadsin the 87 to 89 rang? The stu fe (er Limiting energy rlese—and bance Richter magn {dois the strength ofthe oaks inthe Earth crt? Because of the plysical limitations of che faults and ‘st in the aes, earthquakes larger than 8 In south ‘5 Calioraia ae considered tobe highly improbable 2.4 RICHTER MAGNITUDE, CALCULATION The Richer magnitude, M, i ealcuatod from the rmaximom ampltede, Ay of th watts ace, a2 Thstrated i Fig. 22. Ay ic theseanemear reading produced by an earthquake of standard ie (ce ac srs ete “Cay, Ao 38010" (Coors tom (4) eal Equation 2.1 amare tha a dt of 6 (100s) separates the strate al tne pent, For oer ‘stance, the nomograph of Fig. 23 and the flow {ag procure can be tnd to calculate the agai, ‘Det tele of rela information onthe nature of the Earth berwoen the osevaton pint so the este (quake epeentar, a err of to 20 mi (10 to 40 hin) in Tocating the eplomter not unreniic ep 1: Deter the ime bebe a val of the Peand Svar, Hep 2 Deter the maint apie of ceils te step 5: Connect th aval tine diference on the ft seal ad the ampli on the right ale with ‘stralght iae Hep 4: Rcd the Richio magnate on the oer sale apt om he ay of he erat, eto itp Rte mga a hei at Reer maga mts Mie tn 9 nt ‘cir tan nny ro tooth at Serge tt yen be te me ae Re ‘Repu (rent ef ear, ‘heme ea fern fee tse a ce ‘Socmeday equ ea Figure 23 Richter Magnitude Coneton Nomogrs 25 ENERGY RELEASE AND MAGNITUDE CORRELATION ‘Once the Richar magic, known, a appro imate relationship can be ast ealelae the eo, E, radiated. Mast ofthe telaonhipa ar ofthe fore of bq 22. opi = loro +08 22) In 1086, Goenbor and Rice: determined the approx: Inmate corelation to be as given In Eq. 23. Es the ‘sourgy In ers. (See App A or conversions to eter Unis) “Although the have ben oer relationship2 boveloped, Bq 23 has been ved aginst data from indeed explosion and I the peimary cotlation Stel ogo = 18+ 15M bal ‘The radiated eneray f lt than the total enegy re lens by the earthquas. ‘The difeence gosto heat ‘od other nonelatic fects, which are not (fcloded in B23. Little elon boat the runt of total ene release. "The fact that a fut zone as experoncad an earth {que offers no amurance that enough sree har Bae (leva to prevent another earthqunle As iadieated ‘by the logarithm elationhip between sla ners ‘ed Rictor magnitude, «smal eaehuake (of mag fide for eatple) would radiate ppeoximatly oly Stef the eoegy ofan earthquake ut one magne ‘ger (of magnicade 6, for example). Thus it would the 3 al earthquakes to release the se ney a2 ‘hesrinquale one magaivode larger. 2.6 LENGTH OF ACTIVE FAULE Bqnaion 2. correlates the Richter magsitde, Mth {he approximate total fault length, Lin Klomsers Seve in amen, Such conrltons ae eye ‘Repent, and even then, thee cosierale seater Itvauch data Equation 24 shouldbe comsldered oly reoresnltive ofthe general (apranmate) frm of Ue ‘curaaion, og ous pa 2-7 LENGTH OF FAULT SLIP Bauation 25 (as drive by King and Kopin 1968) correlates tho Richter magnitde, Mf, and the fal length 1 Gn meters), withthe approximate length of ‘eel ox ozone in py 1 oe splat) elem Ar with Bq. 24 this creation should be ‘onedord represetative of the general relationship. Iomo(LD? x10") = 1900-265 23) 2.8 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION "Th posk (sini) grown aceeration, POA, fs tly measured by ® seamometar (0 Se. 2-14) oF ‘ecleromater (0c Sox. 219) and is one of the mos “mg, GUY, and Kapa, “Suse Drop arte: ‘iy of be Sams ey of an 8 (80 3. limportant characteristics of an earthquake The PGA an be ven in vrious uns, ain fo nse, fc t/t However, e & mest xnmon to specify the PGA in “pe (Lev ava action or percat of pavitae tional section} ron = "See x 100m jus) Réel suet : [3 100m Us) Ba) er Sigicant ground acelerations in Cain fade 16g (7 San Ferman eartquaia, Paco dam site), 080 (166 Parker), 85 g (080 Town Prcta artk), and 185 (1952 Cape Me Aocino erehaua} qui 27 (ae detersined by Gutanberg and Rite in 1956) is one of many approximate relationships be ‘teen the Rciar magnitede, My and the PCA st the ‘plone OF course, the round seaeration (ook) STAI decree anon Foon he epee io ‘fewes and fr this reaon, retioraip called aten- ‘Souonoyuatons have en deveoped. (See See 213) ‘Blume’ 1965 equation (Eq 2:7) for California ert ‘quakes depends on th epicetal distance (Rt lo- tar) the lol dpe tama), ada speciic se tato ves -b1a}tonue—amm en eee cents mutes masters co Seder eeres geet legged ‘dla Such atic regulary rel a rovsons of the ‘elimi proviso of ling eles "Talo 2.2 sw cmmonly cited creation betrecn a. tite, PGA, and dration of stong phase shaking (see See, 21) inthe vit of the eprmte of Caborain fnvtiquates® The mals of cleraton in the able tet ge gen high omen nah ‘rena seul ow or emp te 9 Cot Pe SSR mete ms opremty Fb the ek fet incense om we a os os aa em = oe = == oo oe « ‘as EARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS as are smh onthe high side. Ground sceleaion in ‘heer entlpakestaly kas been lower ‘Table 2.2 ‘Approximate Peak Ground Aceiration and ‘Duration of Stoag Phase Shain (CabforsiaEarcvales) maxi magnitude _scclerain (x) duration (se) ieee 0 esas rare 8s as é 60 az 2 6 a0 8 ” om BY a nas » 80 080 u 85 080 " 2.9 CORRELATION OF INTENSITY, MAGNITUDE, AND ACCELERATION WITH DAMAGE. Although there sre some expccalrtionbips, 20 ‘exact corrdatios of iteny, magi, and eco. ‘on with damage are pole ins macy facts com {tabs to eit behavior and strctrl perbrmance. For esamplo, xomle damage depend othe ere Ust swe taken athe ime of ting design and oer {lon Bulag in vllage fn undeveloped count are ‘ch wore tha high buldingsn developed contr {Wei enrthaahes of equal magatadee "Thi damags ‘nts corresponding lack of eration between in tensity and magnitude: However, within a grorapical region with consistent, Salen and contro mode fly good corela- tion exits Untneen structural perlrmance ad ground ‘tied specially on otoaod damage Table 23 Appronate Relationship Between Mercall Intenity ‘and Pes Ground Accel POA (e) it and blow ‘ant-a08 Gae-a1s is-035, 25-045, 60080 050-090 090 and above dds<2|E BxxR 2.10 VERTICAL ACCELERATION ‘The sear ((anevers) wes area ight angles othe compresion (longtudzal) waves. (Ser Sec. 114) Since the le nothing contriing the shear waves £2 2 boriootl deton, tf not surprising that the © ‘ave (ear wate) can be bree down ote berg Sd vertical components, “When aecacars there are ‘ened me Sitwaves and SVs or hina sand ‘rica shear ever, respect Vertiat ground accleration is Known to cur in ab most all earthquatne ‘The peak vertical scoeaton I esually approxima one of the peak orsom- {al secaleration, bt oon raes «rato ofthis Conined with eamance tect vertical oe ca become sbetata Furthermore foe ro ll hot ‘coordinate rections ombinete teu fre that ‘am eaulycxcond the yield (and. smetines, the ul mse) strength of member ‘Tho current UBC sninic design code ie geerslly ‘bated om hovaoeal acetone fee 169011) ‘Ths practice ie justied br seuing that sure ‘wth forall seme resitance wil auromtialy Ihave adoqonte vertical see resetanc, One ofthe ‘enone ths sumptions ben screed le hat fc. {ors oeafty sould have beat applied daring th bul {ng dsgn to ear nts amber able wthtand ‘ores equ to ose gravity deren epeiene ba shown, however, that diegarding de tal to roast vetal form an be a versus protien, (Columns and wal in comprsion, caterer beans ‘vehangs, and prestrned socrte atracture thal five ot been deiged sscrdng to specie seb provision are partclstysamcepible to damage by ‘era scclratons becuse they have Be ace of Shc Eel uence sen cuter Feta eotrns In fae Dungy one Se. 18), a ‘efit sntive to vertical scoseration ‘The UBC. 57 covers thse spl eave in So 16301 a, for “dynamin In So 160.2. Rem 8, and 131.55. (SeeSee 637) 2.11 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE ‘The probability that on eartnquske of magnitude Mf fr greater will occur in-a spec region i any genu year i given approsimately by Ba, 28 B ea seiamic arameter that bas born approcmataly determined as More ene state of Calon nd 0.48 for 100,000 ‘ul (260000 km) of southern California. While Bq. 28 {et wot place any upper bound a M, the probity Srenomnding 85 is ete 20 PO eM ba “The expected number of earthquakes having magnitude gente than Mf dering ¥_yats Is gen by Bq 29. {Equation 29 = known ax 8 recrrence orola Por torthern Cabforain, C = 767 yer! and B= 0847, Apmis. For the Son Pans aren, = 19,70) “ind B = 0483, approximately Neovew® ko 2.12 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE ore specie ace, an equation for the expect num ter N, of earthquake of ven magaltod, My er De wl be ofthe form lego = pea For the south-cota sgt ofthe San Andreas alt, (and have lung of.) and 0.38, repectivly. Taking fhe elite world ar whale, Use approximate relation Ship (up to ppeeximatly Af = 832) i logsoN = 7.70.98 pan) ‘Table 24 gives the expetad number of earthquakes of {ay ive tga pr 100 years in California. (The {Shis dow not ete equetcy over any parca lo- ‘ation in these) Table 24 cannot be davved wxcthy fom Bq. 211 because adjustments hav boon mae tO ‘Scout for Calforai' Increased eis. ao Table 24 Approsimate ExpctedFrequeney of Occurrence ‘of Earguals (por 10 ear) magnitude number 76-525 250 sara 10 sie 18 607% 0 m5 19 rast 16 tras 2 Saar 06 Tre eo ob, 28 ly del 4 Pn ate eS Sy Sad pty oon ot w 5 lop 77-3 a igure 2.4 Expectod Nunber of Barthuabes per Yan (Wer) event 2.13 ATTENUATION OF GROUND MOTION Ground motion a sale erated tothe seismic eo- ‘cay tered a that te and when the propagsion ath le throagh roc, the aroun of emery decease ‘he farther ase form the eer ® This decree ‘ck, ad oretation of We at Unfortunately, the geology md ocal conditions af feet the act vale a such at tle more than tet one an eve tae wen he son cet ta hee at cancocs ‘Soins ea ttt aro ved ya en Cy Ce sera lysate othe ze team bea eon wth net de we ee — =5 8 es EARTHQUAKE CHARACTERISTICS 15 glia he loin pitt {he rte of attanuaton™ nen generally decreas with dlstanee from the einer The fe He attenuation in the vity of the epicenter © HigherSrguency component ofthe wie wave ‘enue fair than wer components Jo. 2.14 SEISMOMETER Sekie waves (oe Sa. 1-14) teael through the Barth Sd ave recorded op scoters. A etamomelr is type dovees tht are mounted onthe ground and me ‘Ste the placement of the ground with respect 0 ‘Saticaary rerence point. Since «odamoneter wally ‘rons motion in aly one orthogonal direction, three ‘Siomowetre ate tel to roord all camponets of (Sound motion. Figure 22 Hstrotee © piel sc ‘Somoter ene, Kvn at setamosram Appendix P the actual sngram of the 1 El Cet eat wake Notice hat while slic activity wally contin for oe tne afer the start of the earthquko, the major Tween! ont faa concetrated period Know 62 {he irong phase. ‘The lnger the eartnqul shake, ‘he more sen energy labored by bung; ns, the duration etongpcesasing greatly aess the atage nfs "The eaumed duration of strong tinking forthe current design cathquake inthe UBC- ‘Ffr soon As 10020 se ‘Seiomcier ecrd the varying amplitde of ground ‘nalatons beneath the istramentSetiv stso- Steere peatly mngify dase ground tine and ea ‘tect song eatiquaioscopurting anywhere inthe ‘jmp tention ati bom aad pa ‘sey er ai ale Rewer te ae ‘SiN tran tccoritooe Mowe be teat ‘Sltew the steno eae gue ovo peti ‘Toa pend nt oo Sate "pu exapl, t 108 Chie atu (mane 18) had tities pound mtn The mee spose o'eeof one pe tan he 08 ener (Goce Datta ete onda sist Sat ca dtm "hy compton to nea ‘Shs ast Cs sr upte7)ed Ha Tae ne eng e nd oeeo TE STC eos earn Cao ‘et. The te, ction, ani magnicade ofan earth (qnle can be detrined fem th data roared by ‘talean, Since a ssmomete is spring mas-datpae device, it sil magnify o distort carthal with Foquncies in Certain ranges. The rai of tal damping to exits ‘lzping can be change to minimize such distortion (Good simometer design eal for « damping ratio of ‘twos 06 apd 07 with astral period of vibeation sulle than tho sallot period tobe ensued (See ‘Sec 7 fr damping rain) 2.45 ACCELEROMETER An acaleromeer (acsersaph) Is a seismometer ‘Routed in bilding forthe purpose of recording large ‘Sevlrations® For this renon, they ar also koown ‘strong motion simamatrs The large sings 2 ‘erates record tplallycxcnd the wale lini of iow seimometer. An acalerometer Jocatod in a ‘ling door aot run continually. Tels tigger by 1 Povo ose Sv. I-14) and rane fora Bed pero of tine aiding: acta in eam 00s 3 and over ten sto- ‘ie i eight or over sx stor and total or areas of (000 (5574) ox more ate required by the UBC- 1 [Se 1619, App. Chap. 8, Dresion I] to ave at nat tree approved recording eclronraphs 2.36 OTHER Sk SMIC INSTRUMENTS A. Meter ital a Ye roe works on the same Prine ar aearpectr's eel. Tho lightest movement ffs bubble Noting ine epbereal dome i elcteonially etc a reveal ing of he ground ‘The strain (eration) of dk under presse can be Tieaure by © magactometer Such stain ngs the ‘mgpaie permeability ofthe oak, resting fn Toe ‘change in the magni eld ofthe Barth. ‘Strin gauges meazre how much the earth deforms ‘Diltorsters nena the eth iations. A dltome. {exis closed, filed tab approximately 101 (8) patos ct td holon ie ‘SGy inet sti) set's cua patio tn Ten uno 18H SE SSESNS qoeay rn wminmaly ad rcrd spl ‘Siac ctor ae ped Pua a et PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS NC.tong that brid the round. Changes inthe ees “es” are dened nd measured bya pressure ste ‘et gag at tho topo the tae, ‘Scitation counters 0 calle nell to measure {hemor of eedngtive radon gas in the water. Mi- tne amount of radon ate lsd into well water By rocks under ses Changes inthe rsstance of rock can be measured by (resetity gouge ad ae indications of deni at ‘eter content change. Both enity and water content ‘Saige daring pais of aczunting ste. | crepmeteriesares inate dual movement song anit the part atch ater ellod on are Sheed ecros ful Movement of the fal Ine reno: the tension the wie Current ceepneters te ae ecology: A. gravimeter eons to vration in the oe foes ‘or grey. Such raations ae the Feu of change in ‘ondergound rock density ‘taser can measae the ond rp teal ime of ight tra bette pints. When the relative poston- Ing of tie oo pois change a a diet result of a Crcbquae, the ave te ab changes 2.17 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION ite reliable long-term earthquake preston remains ‘hairs, short-term peodieions based on the obser ioe or meus of various preci (premoniory ju) em posible Moo of the measuring deviow: {nestoned in Sec. 24 through 216 can be adapted to {hstananeous reporting. Hama bo publ to correlate olden and unexpesed change in betvoe (Lo. creep ‘hte ty acumaacing cain elevation, id pressure, trai wave speed, sleet conductivity, aed tag ‘was sunt) wth the petty of an per ing. Thor ar, however, no relabio indicat bave bao found. (One propose preter telat by the ssc ay ‘amos, tae the larga volume ofthe sock an As rock mane along fault doveop stress, they cred and increase in vlume. The volume cease is ot constantly detectable, Dut in vrne exes. the ‘lume Increase ca be observed * ‘Another precrsr ea derean nthe rato of velocities Gr the eno major seme wave types Normal. the forint wloie ofthe and -vavesisapproximetely ‘te Pama ble ug tb nap tise 1.7, bat eis et decrees a the alt roc bres ‘Alter tne groundwater cope in and is the Bssures (Comming snc buy"), an the voc enti returns {LT According eo ehe hypothe, a earthquake can then occ Another posible pracuror may be the emision of tra roqney (ULE ratio waves Before a earth (qeake™ Addison rear nus aren i reget 2.18 OTHER PARTHQUAKE, CHARACTERISTICS In ation tothe po ground ucelration. evo other Characteristics that contribs gna to the fests an cathqua ares draon fet baking (oti) sod fequency conten. Rous speaking {he longer the durin of tong shaking. the eater the enor tha cn be impart to a structure, Since ‘aris part of structure can abo on aiid “unto elastic strain ener lenge earthquake has ‘Tuten hance of desing sttoral performance ato inlaie bebo “The taking in the 1989 Loma Fit earthquake sted ppronimate 10 to 18-26. (is generally believed {hte longs duration ances 20 ee) woul have ena sgaeanly grate damage The UBC-97 [ross at intended fo aomodate earths With dartons of 10 £030 Sa “The ees of resonance on all pet of machinery and FHrwtares ae rll known Basalt equa = ferbing force applied atthe same frequency a the ‘ature fequency one Sa. 4), he oelation ofthe ‘Grocers canbe etly magne. tn wach cas, the ‘Gicsofdompng are tsa While erthquabes are fever coment nodal waveform, thee ste {ips pear waveform tat roughly rel" iterate Sera ci es ame ghee ira aoe hing tthe rca tint eae oogenesis eee ae SnG aT ADRmne ice ae my doe Tat pole =o oo oe ee ee eo ko oe eb ooam i } 3 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON STRUCTURES 31 SEISMIC DAMAGE. Structural dnage de oan earthqake ot solely function of the erthquale round motion, The peimary factors afetng the ext of damage are © earthquate characteris sch ax) psk ground ‘Scleaton, (9 daratonofstrong shang (f= ‘guney cones. and (Q lengt off ruptare 2 te characteristic, euch a () tance between ‘he cpceter and wrote, (0) gology bates Ue loner apd sracare,() sll oitions at ‘hes, sod (2) natural pevod ofthe ste strata charactors, mach a (3) natural pee lod and damping of the stractre, (D) agp and ostrction seth ofthe etrctre, and ese fie poviions (hey, etaing)docadod Inthe eign ‘92 SEISMIC RISK ZONES Tnorde to design atrutare to withstand the eflets of ‘cabin ri oecmmary to deer expend ‘Sethiqnie maguitade, While ecenive mathematical ‘models could be developed #6 each location, sic ‘Seer hae evolied # simpled model Daal on sti Sones ‘The seni tone tap referenced by the 1007 ‘Uniform Budding Code shown in Fig 31? ‘Thor areccverl tds of ealatng the significance (tthe esa ek aonee One method isto eotelate ‘he anes wih he apprnimateacslatons and ma ‘itd, ar Tate 1 de. tae mop aura Fg 21 hag ne eet a scertration magni o og 43 1 oss 47 2 ose 88 28 o2e 39 3 (oot near eat fault) 030g 66 ‘A (ocaraggeat foul) Mg 72 "NOM nterisy VIL 3 imjor damage comsponding to NO ivensiy VIE 4 ajoe damage cortsponding to damage ‘Mi intent VI and ihe= = a a =e u [EPPEOTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON STRUCTURES. 19 ‘88 RISK MICROZONES ‘Cerin iid ars, refered to a microns, consi tently experince higher ground accelerations than do (urounding aren? This teodency i pial ati. ‘tad 0 the te (Le, ol) condns inthe microzone, ‘Sta woll profile apts the pak ound aceraton, frequency content, and duration of song motion. Tas ‘much arsenic damage lsat last partly related fo ground aceration, knowledge of ich micros fallen fe seontial. "The micosonifation concept, however, has nt been explicly inorporatd in the ‘Uniform Building Code tough es implicit in the design proces. ‘Mexico City as incorporated microzones into is re Iraiing plan fling the devastating eartiqeke i M6, Considering the sgicant versions in damage {in diforent aru of th San Franco Bay Aon dur cher portion ult on firmer ol dd ot.) 34 PROBABLE AND MAXIMUM ‘CONSIDERED BARTHQUAKE GROUND ‘MOTIONS 1A maxima probable sarthyuate ground motion at a ‘Sue the laget cargo shaking that has 9 ge riicantprobaity of oncuring within the Utne of ‘ucture de to earthqalae fom all sources. Sie {he poteotial les of property and ear very great, the probably dow not have to be vry Tag to be signa. ‘The masinem considered earthyuske rou motion at {sls the maximom pombe earthquake ground ino tion based on the mapped spectral response acceler toa, odie by stool profile fess. The maximum. ‘onideredenrhake dic to ealte 2h mah 1 om Pa ce a oan 125 BEFECTIVE PEAK GROUND ‘ACCELERATION ‘The efective pak ground ecaleration, EPA (ot Aas ii aed in sme document), nomaly equal the maui ground acolerton associated with the ‘sgn arthqese, but ie mere of contved desi parameter st by code than ature of en ctl ert ‘Guske™ Ava cide proviso, ‘he EPA depends on the Teron and comesponde names i grave Wo the "Zeon (oe See. 6-12) inthe UBCT. ‘A explained inthe 1600 Be Book commenters, the [BPA i derived frm the logiparie raph given it ‘ATC 305 scaled downward om the spectral ace ‘tion by ceding it by spel smpliction fcr {Go See. 3.0 for spectral seoeation.) The value of ‘heapectralamplifatio face depends onthe amo ‘of dasping pest the bling and the probabil ‘ofthe earthqiat's socurene. For exaiple oe °° ‘sping sd a haa level (roby of eorrrence) Le n'a Hbyear perio, the spectral ampligeation factor 25, “The mtd of deriving the HPA i abject to contin Ing otady and anal 6 SITE PERIOD "The sil (sail) prind snow regu 6 a sini. {Setr sabitngt stron damage When ste These neural gency of ation that coresponde 1 pti the egy, te mre ‘an be ely magufiol The known a resonance (Gee See 413), the ould can experince ‘pound mation maid ester than would be predicted from only the sli ener sea Since the ste parod ean be computed posal fom ‘ely sable fms and til be gray aac {hte such determinations are bet lett expr fal fae with ee son Other sil characteristics, ieing density, beang sSrenth, woisee cone, compres (te ‘dong > see), and sony (Le, tendency to ig), ace adional fates nt adreed by the Suet eo pak rnd eatin (EPA) and es ee Ne a ta tye mae inn arma oth 188 Mase hy sr (snl Coma a ct ems episini ote, Those factor, novrthales, must be con. ‘Slee in erctoral design 3:7 SOIL LIQUEFACTION Lufton acs i os, partiulaey in sls of st- ened coon parties uch a8 sand, and iso ‘an cae ore war pes ‘Scene the ftv sear and sear srngth® Whe, tie sar strengts drops to wo, to and qui. Condition moe iy to contribute too indicate pox ‘otal for bqueation nlad (1) aig toded std lupe mtn 4 tof (15 to 20m) f the surface, 2) ‘form parties of maim sn, (9) aaturatad eon tion below a water table, and (@) low penetration tot vale, 18 BUILDING PERIOD Wena igh dpe eng lace aera by Sitoal enh espe pei ing pr Should pee cea He te peed eon SP3EE 3 ee pened ofthe etngate) ‘The stil pated of moder bling can sed, Per, be cicalel Fou ape Winsor Fw oles stds Mea bw, can be aed woh nowndr es bine pt boda. 1. Ansytl modes don le leer cay SEGA) an ce sang ches canbe 2A eal model of he bing can bo constusiod ‘od the natal period extapelatd fom mea fesouna onthe del (Thi i edo dow, Rowerer) 2 Ifthe bing ha bows constructed, actual mos surement oa be tle “Drama amp of cs cue ath 19 eth ‘cumin a cd Mg, oa 4, Empirical eatons (eich at ate toeorporatod tn the UBC Soe, 163022} canbe sed. (Soe See 620) 5, Regighs mithod can be wn 2.9 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS Despite some inhoret rua, earthquake sci. ‘a are qi “noiy” Tell o determine ow 1 buling bbs al tines doing an earthquake siting ofan random plas Its abo unoeeesary {Rmany eases to know the entire ine story response tf the building, nce the masini some fre ot (God, hence, dasinge i) structure depends patall tn the elective pak acnleration xpatinced, not on Tower acelertians at might have oncured daring the eantaai “ae sium ca! tht ape by + eel vitesse om Se, 2) sow a the spc eceketon, 5 Stay, the maximum displaces an vlc are kw 2s ‘he apc placenta, 08 spc! velo, Sy repel 5:10 SEISMIC FORCE, "The theoretical ann sam for (rfred os ‘thaws shee” in the UBC), V, ona structre of mas (igh) gen by Nowa secon lw (P= ma)? epg cn ih a acta oe: en ie. for nou, oe od inde weet dag at exe ct ct ot tt tatters (eordes ew) ae ww ew woe oo oe oe 2 63,03 6S oo aeEFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON S7RUCTURES ws} 40) oo) Baution 3:2 indicates that the special displacement, ‘elo, and sclration can be derived from cx a ‘ther if the natural roquncy (rade) of wibeation, 22 korn Equation 22 ie erat fo the case of fn endampe, agi dgre of eeatoe eotr fs plcharmonic motion but i approximate others (Le, ] 's approximate with damping and for multiple degree. ‘freon estas). (Soe Se. 42). q 1sa~[&|-[$5] oman s0or) (33 cea Daag ennabeti pee cpt) ate accion cae SSS ers a ‘oo est ee™m 2 &2 SS om 6 =f em eS Mm of = = es es es oe oe oh os oe] 4 VIBRATION THEORY 41 TWO APPROACHES TO SEISMIC Desi ‘There are tro greatly dices approsces to scien ‘ecg, both of hich are “ores in tht own ways Ine dyeomic satis the cal building ood sary ‘tillnss and rigidities ae eaeuated. (Sue Soe 4) ‘A spec design earthquake, neuding magnitude and Toading Story odectad and applind to 4 mato: ‘matical modal consi of lumped mas, damping, ‘hd spring sine) ofthe bling. The solution ay ‘ot heavily oa vibes theory, iit element analy {Se and other advanced stra techniques tet {ng compoter anit. The sespone of the sysem (Gecduding the dslooomeat and seceration fonctions) ‘scat and sel to determin the fret in each ‘member asa fancton of ine. This method inom al ‘most always ast for ered structures such dams fd power plant ‘There ae a mur of fcr tat can render the dy ‘aie approach inspropite, The building elf may ‘erto simple orton stndardined to warrant the ig" rons approach ofthe dag analysis Convery, the ating maybe oo comple: and have io many degree: ‘offreedom to model mathematically Ale, nthe tial (Sage pane, the tether ale and leon ay Bo ‘Delowa, making it dict to etimate stiflanes and "ptine The dynamic approach is inappropite too, ‘when the design earthquake nat known. Aasioaly, the anal may bo beyond tbe fancier computa ‘Sonal siti ofthe engncering fm performing the ‘Sgn. And, Bolly uals the building ie pater auaah he te eral San papa met en ‘romans acy soos pega tae he tat Ee ecates a tr at hance oe ‘ergulr ae dfn in UBC" See. 120.53 hae my ‘Dono code reurenest to peor a dyuamic suas. ‘The sternativ oa dynamic analy fa satis analy sis Tho opiaent ater! (cic) force sealed ‘simply some action of the dead ight Chapter 16 ‘tthe UBC ender this ena no that there no ‘oad to know the design ertuako. Inthe chapters and sections that fallow, these wo meth: fo are at tines darued separately and. a other times, espace of ech method ae combined. Although ciderably diferent in approach, the state metbod Is Dated on eginerng lg ht ean, in man caves be ‘ced bar to btn thos 42 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION? Meal vibeatonal systems tt conse of springs ant ‘maces and that ar not acadupen by exteral dah {ng tres (alter an nal uplacmem) are own 82 {inple harmonic coclators. Ding stendsate ror ‘don, such cnclltoe move In a reptiive sims Dette known at spe hermonic motion Spe het Towle motion ls dareclaan by the abonce of ¢ com ‘Goued darting force and «belo ftional damping, ‘Examples of simple harmon crllators ate 8 ass hanging on an ideal eping (Pg. 41a), « pendula ‘on fetionlas pot, ab + slab supported ox two tats cantilever springs (Pe 4100) ae nd ty te eh in ont casing Heer enPy SEISMIC DESIGN oF BUILDING STRUCTURES “eum of sabe nde postion of ‘ipa efacyam known a te ders 0 ato Tribe cesar consti’ to mone tone enenion tly or alteration incr raga ae a Silent to deri the potion of the wilt, he ‘ort i tnown at» sgledoe a fel (SLOP) race, Te mag masta an SOG stem owl ‘Becta a ne pu aad own no 8 mgd, ‘Ozilation ofthe SDOP sats shonm in Fig. 42 fe Ititinted by dpa and sleasng the mas. ‘The d= placer le reanered rom the oqulibiam post ‘lon, Once the eysem has ber diplaoed and lone, bo further extra for ats ont. Bocase Ure i "ho feeion one ee acim min, the mss Fras totonindetiay Figure 4.2. Tine Response ofan Undamped ‘Bigs Harmonie Ovlloe 4-9 STIFFNESS AND FLEXIBILITY ‘When free, F ton an idea nor spring, Hook's lew predicts the magne of the spring deteton, 2 Inq 1, Bie the sfc r spring contain Bl (ifn). Te tne isthe free that mst be ali {a oeder to dalct the spring adstano= of one wat, “eel ee any Referring to the maseepring systers shown in Fig 44i(a), the spring te wadofectad uel the mass te attached to it, Aer the mie stacked, the spring (i deflect an atmoune known a the lec deflection, (0s) 16.240] 1 420) ‘Theses, kof beam can becatelated a theratio tepid foes to defection fom the beam daection {aes that are tpialy in very mecha of materials \Exthooke Table 1 summaran ome of thon terms Compliance exit is the reproca f stiffs. It the detection obtained when aunt rc applied. ‘Therefore, ie ut are f/f (8). 44 RIGIDITY Sey peaking ri Rite resi of de fection. To bllings where ail mebers cons ofthe Sen mate aod Sl als have he ne tense or ‘amples sosacy-valld ung oro allconcrece ula), the docson trata caelatod wi ‘bittar wlue of splind en nolo atts fa wall kes. Ths is pemited when dibuting the pled lateral ds to verte! rembes becase ‘hela takes” beach meet proportions tote mee relate rit. Re ws} [4300] asa Re (s1 (4309) Both moment and shear contrite t the deletion xperencd by m vet tember (es shear wall)? ‘Goce the wal shown a Fig 43()- This wal fed {te top and bottom and bends in double earaare (Seer the tap and bottom mt rain steal Such» trallie Known aa fd per Thedteton doe to both Shear and fears of feel per given by By. Pe LPH ened = phy + GEM toed ied (a And 13) mi he Some am atin ain mah a ae pee in ‘Ran Ti ely deat aol ae ono, ae ‘ino tie che the agi ao maa a doc sold tbe need, sls Saw www www eo oe oe es us es (63etn and Stine for Various Systems (Dee to Bending Mowent Alene) Detection (e)_ Sines (b) ‘vnnation spony 25 ‘Awa thai sed at he atom bat front rota at {he top bead In sinplecarare and Haown at fantler per. The deft of canter wall de {both eects Pee | 124 oT Seattene = FE 4 MES fatter pi] (67) Pe a5 aE ® ee Sr 3ET * Pe ner ner = wit SEL aT B pu Bb) I» ine +) 861 oe Sut suer malo Fe met ma wit sun ssieT ra =o. ex ‘ae aleve Figure 43. Fiz end Cantlever Pars Per comerete,B 3x 10°p (2. 10° kPa) and @ = (O40, For sonny, Bet 10 (69% 10 KPa) and Gs 0b Bored, B= 3x0" pa 21 % 1 RP) Gad C= 12 x 10" pel (G3 «107 kPa} Por wood. Em 110 pito 18% 10" pet (69x10 HPa to 1210" KPa) However, since Ue shear thts dstibaod to cach ve {ea member (each pier in proportion to the lve gdity and doer nt depend on tbe actual gly, {he denon canbe elit with arbirary sluee ‘of tatal teary and mall snow, uations 68 Sed 9 use P= 100000 IY (44500 N)- = 10 (G5 am), B= 210 pat (9% 10" Pa, aod abirary ks) ‘Tee tine far complet ey foils an SOF ‘tenis Tos the patrol pera Taal exe rowed im seconds The rejrcal of stra period hae ter nat fe J wun led ae fl foun Fo frequency sod is expressed ln He (Gey efter per sncond)- Te important detinguh ‘etween the naturel equency of sytem. (bulding ‘sllstor, etc) and the fecomney ofa applied for ‘The natura requncy, fn Ba. 4.10 hs pothing todo ‘wih an external oor tok (41g)“The natural feaquncy can abo be express in radi- (ins por sccnd (r/o) in which ea ts ko as {he eed open, angele natal quency, ott angular femency, apo% wen sy oie maa ny tat hop ttn ens! fora naa a, we fE “ ‘Satettting fom Hooke’ lew (Ba, 41) and rene ‘izing that tho saat can be calculated from the ‘eight, Wan expenon ie derive forthe natralfe- (rey in bart of he otatedaesion, 2, clelated ise 4 tus} jac) 420) 2. Fe. [Fe wea fFE- ZR vss wa) oF oF CO) Sine Ba 4.19 canbe wan to calealate the natural pe iad iv tmptng to oubeteute the masa allow [bk code dat (ke, 25% of the al bulling bolts ow Sx 6-10) forthe static ection inorder to eles Inte the natural building poiod® Such a sutton oul requis no strctral analysis a all but implies, {inthe building wil hve maxima exit perm {nd by the code Tho prblom with his appro is Ua fal toues, though the Roxby acealy depends (u the aoe nce exible is aft by te bling's ‘Sami estan. Th, wile the ater orcs on the aang die, the masiaum drift and, thus, the po od, donot, Obvious, the buding period cannot be Calelated inthis way i gy my i aa me ‘resid Gat per Sitcom be tated by bom re eagle 4 [Asbo (2.27-k) mass bangs fom two ea pings as Shown. (Assume the blok i estrainad so Catt docs fotrolate) What is the natural period of wets? es osin 700 4-810 75) any oth oping st def node forth mass to mov "The total compete sping coustant is rom Foe 41 and 412, che tural pid ram fe Si "Gea BBS) (io Teta?) (1° 085.0 St Seti. et sping alin be ma tm OEP Seer a — oma Bae 1 and 412, the acral period for vested tenlaton ie 0185s ao mw eo oo on ww ea cs ou i J a 8= a = 1900 ts 8 oon 8 83 19m E230 ge 207 1 Mad costmary US. Seaton Consider the water tower obo a canttver beam. The fife tthe Toner rogied to defect the tank 1 inter. Fron Tile, coer 20 enna mo 5 cau (ui) eer ‘rom Bae. 41 and 4.12, the period is roa 7,607 3500 Consider the water tomer to be cateer bean. The Sits the fre requled to deoct the tank 1m Inca rom Table 4, 3B (aera 1-49 Lr tata rom Bge. 411 end 4:12, he pid i . (ae i ee oa. 46 DAMPING Damping i the ipation ef nergy from an onl ing sytem. primarily though ition. The Kiete en. ‘rye rasfore into beat structures have thei ‘Gon unig wage of diatig neti energy, and I eval deg, medina tems koown os dampers (Gee Sec. nt) can be ital to incre the damping Figure 44 Obelitor with Damping ‘theca siverl sures of damping, Biter wie ‘ue damping eased hy the strctare moving rough ‘Srroundig lr or water, i ome ese). Tels genet ‘ly smal comparion to other soures of damping, Iiucrnal wacoes damping, eommony the only pa of ‘stoping actually mode, related to the viscosity fe sracturd ntti Is proportona wo vl iis (Gee Bg. 14) Body frtion damping, lo Known 1 Cont ction, rls tom ction bnewee men Teein contact. I include fiction at conection pints Sections o opposed craked saoary walle rubbing back Sl forth agaist one ante ro very effective bod~ {ction damper: Another sures of damping, radiation famping, tus asa stocare vibrates sn becomes & ‘ues of meray elt Some of the energy irradiated A peri nip orned en (rice nee mang tong po ens Bal In ie ete cote souLtvough te foundation bac ato the ground. Fsall, hysteresis damping occurs when the stucture Yills ‘Sing severe of the lad (Soe So. 67) Tor internal vicour danping, the fictional damping fe oppsing eaton we gin by Eq 414 The fxpooest nin Bq 14 waa taken as 1.0 for slow ‘boving spent and 20 fr fat moving estes How ‘rece the ras are slztins: The oan Bin by 41s known a the damping coeficient Famine = BX faa 47 DAMPING RATIO ‘As ceclating system wth «aml noun of damping ‘nlconins to cc, atough the amplitude ofthe ‘rls wl doa. Many ees and a long ie ay ‘lap before the sytem eventually rach tbe maton- Ire quite potion. This ype of pete is known, sean wnderdampal sistem (Geer enone & Figure 4.5. Underdamped Motion (ederate Damping) Comveroy, syst may havea large amount of mn "When placed, mach an overdamped stom ts ‘ova in spacn” tg nen ee ‘tra othe stole eubriam potion” a fo igure 46 Overdamped Motion hy map om rupee door ih Lyne uti wt peran te oa etd, ‘aon ly cnn pon ly ‘oth th nderdampe and overdamped acs bing the fystem tack to the equim postion only ater & long ime. Tete fone prtielr amount of damping. wn ae rt damping eat ngs the sytem £0 uli in amin ie witout enilation. this can, the damping coofcen, By is known t the ‘iia damping cient Bas Figure 47 Gritally Damped Motion Most aysems are not ely damped. The ratio of the actual danipngcoofsiet tthe etc damping ‘leet orn a he damping Poi, Boss fas) 448 DECAY ENVELOPE or small and moderate amount of damping (he ‘indrdampod eas), the oxo wil be Bounded by Soy emelope a8 wan usted fn Pg. 45. The union ofthe decay envelope b gen by Ba, 16. seat kaas} “The rao of oat cyl’ amplitude to the subsequent {eles ample the deny deorenent The nate [Bitngerti she day derament tho Touritimic (erent 8 S10 (2)- as, fan Fou) IB 49 DAMPING RATIO OF BUILDINGS “The exact damping rai, fo an actual structure is Aico deerme. Furthrmor, the damping ratio Irons daring lege swings Available data on staat ‘ractre suggest the vals ge in Table 42. There Bite evidence to support daming ratios in rea struc fares tat enced 19% = oo oo oe om oo oe os ee a oe es ee we oe = =