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Human Anatomy Study Guide: Chapter 9: Articulations

The document provides an overview of human joint anatomy and classification. It discusses the three main types of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial - and their characteristics. It also describes the different types of joint movement including uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, and non-axial joints. Common joint diseases like arthritis are explained. Specific details are given about intervertebral joints, the knee joint, and common knee injuries.

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44 views5 pages

Human Anatomy Study Guide: Chapter 9: Articulations

The document provides an overview of human joint anatomy and classification. It discusses the three main types of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial - and their characteristics. It also describes the different types of joint movement including uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, and non-axial joints. Common joint diseases like arthritis are explained. Specific details are given about intervertebral joints, the knee joint, and common knee injuries.

Uploaded by

Superjunior8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Anatomy Study Guide

Chapter 9: Articulations
Articulation: a joint, any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate) to
form a connection

Arthrology: the study of anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment of joints/articulations

Classification of Articulations:

- Structural
o Fibrous: adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
 Ex: Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (between ulna and radius), gomphoses (root of
teeth)
o Cartilaginous: bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
 Ex: Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, joints between ribs and sternum),
symphyses (contains fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs)
o Synovial: articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, comes into
contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid
 Most common type of joints in the body
 Ex: ligaments, joint capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane), joint cavity,
articular cartilage
- Functional:
o Synarthrosis: immobile joint
 Fibrous and cartilaginous joints
o Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable joint
 Fibrous and cartilaginous joints
o Diarthrosis: freely moveable joint
 All synovial joints

Types of Movement (also learn scapula movement mainly adduct abduct, hand stuff?)

Uniaxial Joint: motion in a single plane

- Ex: hinge, elbow joint can only bend or straighten

Biaxial Joint: motion within two planes

- Ex: condyle, metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint) can bend or straighten finger (one axis)
and spread fingers away from each other and bringing them back together (second axis)

Multiaxial Joint: motion within three planes

- Ex: ball and socket, shoulder and hip joints allow for movement in an anterior-posterior
direction (one axis), medial-lateral direction (second axis), and rotated around its long axis (third
axis)
Non-Axial Joint: produces gliding movements, one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar
surface

- Ex: carpals and tarsals, between articular processes of vertebrae

Arthritis: inflammation of the joints

- Gouty Arthritis: sudden joint inflammation (usually singular), caused by deposition of needle-
like crystals of uric acid in a joint
- Osteoarthritis: wear and tear arthritis, most common form. Occurs when the cushioning
protective cartilage on the end of bones wear down over time and usage
o Primarily affects joints in the hands, knees, hips, and spine
- Rheumatoid Arthritis: chronic autoimmune disease, on top of joint inflammation, can also cause
bone erosion and joint deformity

Intervertebral Joint Specifics

- Intervertebral synovial joints (plane, gliding movement): found between superior and inferior
facets of adjoining vertebral arches
- Intervertebral cartilaginous joints: intervertebral discs located in between adjected vertebral
bodies
- Herniated Disc: occurs when the gelatinous inner portion (nucleus) of the intervertebral disc
ruptures through the thicker outer ring (annulus)
o Symptoms include numbness or pain in your back/lower extremities because the
nucleus pushing out of the annulus can compress a spinal nerve, causing irritation and
spinal nerve inflammation
Knee Joint Specifics

- Made up of two joints: tibiofemoral and patellofemoral


o Largest and most complex joint in the body
- Knee Supporting Structures
o Extracapsular Ligaments
 Lateral (fibular) collateral
 Medial (tibial) collateral
 Patellar tendon
 Popliteal ligaments
o Intrascapular
 Anterior cruciate (ACL)
 Posterior cruciate (PCL)
o Menisci
 Medial meniscus
 Lateral meniscus
- The “Unhappy Triad”: most commonly injured components of the knee
o Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
o Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
o Medial Meniscus

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