TION 6.6 PRACTICE SET 187 modulates one carrier frequency; at the next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency, © The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing each data bit with n bits using a spreading code. In other words, each bit is assigned a code ofn bits, called chips. 6.6 PRACTICE SET Review Questions Describe the goals of multiplexing. List three main multiplexing techniques mentioned in this chapter. Distinguish between a link and a channel in multiplexing, Which ofthe three multiplexing techniques is (are) used to combine analog signals? Which ofthe three multiplexing techniques is (are) used to combine digital signals’ 5. Define the analog hierarchy used by telephone companies and list different levels of the hierarchy. 6. Define the digital hierarchy used by telephone companies and list different levels of the hierarehy. 7. Which of the three multiplexing techniques is common for fiber optic links? Explain the reason. 8. Distinguish between multilevel TDM, multiple slot TDM, and pulse-stuffed TDM. 9. Distinguish between synchronous and statistical TDM. 10. Define spread spectrum and its goal. List the two spread spectrum techniques dis- cussed in this chapter. 11. Define FHSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading. 12, Define DSSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading. Exercises 13. Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to multiplex 10 voice channels with guard bands of $00 Hz using FDM. Calculate the required bandwidth. 14, We need to transmit 100 digitized voice channels using a pass-band channel of 20 KHz. What should be the ratio of bits/Hz if we use no guard band? 15, In the analog hierarchy of Figure 6.9, find the overhead (extra bandwidth for guard band or control) in each hierarchy level (group, supergroup, master group, and jumbo group). 16. We need to use synchronous TDM and combine 20 digital sources, each of 100 Kbps. Each output slot carries 1 bit from each digital source, but one extra bit is added to cach frame for synchronization. Answer the following questions: a, What is the size of an output frame in bits? b. What is the output frame rate?188 CHAPTER 6 BANDWIDTH UTIUZATION: MULTIPLEXING AND SPREADING ©. What is the duration of an output frame? 4. What is the output data rate? ©. What is the efficiency of the system (ratio ofuseful bits to the total bits). 17. Repeat Exercise 16 ifeach output slot carries 2 bits from each source. 18, We have 14 sources, each creating 500 8-bit characters per second. Since only some of these sources are active at any moment, we use statistical TDM to combine these sources using character interleaving. Each frame carries 6 slots at a time, but we need to add four-bit addres a, What is the size of an output frame in bits? b. What is the output frame rate? ©. What is the duration of an output fram 4. What is the output data rate? s to each slot, Answer the following questions: 19, Ten sources, six with a bit rate of 200 kbps and four with a bit rate of 400 kbps are to be combined using multilevel TDM with no synchronizing bits. Answer the fol- lowing questions about the final stage of the multiplexing: a, What is the size of a frame in bits? b, What is the frame rate? ©. What is the duration of a frame? 4. What is the data rate? 20, Four channels, two with a bit rate of 200 kbps and two with abit rate of 150 kbps, are to be multiplexed using multiple slot TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following questions a, What is the size ofa frame in bits? b. What is the frame rate? ©. What is the duration of a frame? 4. What is the data rate? 21. Two channels, one with a bit rate of 190 kbps and another with a bit rate of 180 kbps, are to be multiplexed using pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following questions a, What is the size ofa frame in bits? b. What is the frame rate? c. What is the duration ofa frame? 4. What is the data rate? 22. Answer the following questions about a T-1 line: a. What is the duration ofa frame? b. What is the overhead (number of extra bits per second)? 23. Show the contents of the five output frames for a synchronous TDM multiplexer that combines four sources sending the following characters. Note that the characters are sent in the same order that they are typed. The third source is silent. a. Source I message: HELLO b, Source 2 message: HISE CTION6.6 PRACTICESET 189 ©. Source 3 message: d, Source 4 message: BYE 24. Figure 6.34 shows a multiplexer in a synchronous TDM system. Each output slot is only 10 bits long (3 bits taken from each input plus 1 framing bit). What is the output stream? The bits arrive at the multiplexer as shown by the arrows. Figure 6.34 Bxercise 24 101110111101—> eames | 11111110000—~> 1010000001111—> 25. Figure 6.35 shows a demultiplexer in a synchronous TDM. If the input slot is 16 bits ong (no framing bits), what is the bit stream in each output? The bits arrive at the demultiplexer as shown by the arrows. Figure 6.35. Exercise 25 26. Answer the following questions about the digital hierarchy in Figure 6.23: a. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-1 service? b. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-2 service? c, What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-3 service? 4. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-4 service? 27. What is the minimum number of bits in a PN sequence if we use FHS channel bandwidth of B =4 KHz and By, = 100 KHz? 28. An FHSS system uses a 4-bit PN sequence. If the bit rate of the PN is 64 bits per second, answer the following questions: with a a, What is the total number of possible hops? b. What is the time needed to finish a complete cycle of PN?190 CHAPTER 6 BANDWIDTH UTILIZATI 29. MULTIPLEXING AND SPRE: (DING ‘A pseudorandom number generator uses the following formula to create a random series: Nits =(6 #7N) mod 17 — In which N, defines the current random number and N+, defines the next random number. The term mod means the value of the remainder when dividing (5 + 7N) by 17. We have a digital medium with a data rate of 10 Mbps. How many 64-kbps voice channels can be carried by this medium ifwe use DSSS with the Barker sequence?