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Introduction To Instrumentation System: by Prof - Bikash Mohanty

This document provides an introduction to instrumentation systems. It discusses how instrumentation acts as an extension of human senses by retrieving information from complex situations. The key components of an instrumentation system include transducers that convert inputs, signal conditioning elements, and data representation elements. Instruments can also be classified based on their application, operation method, output signal type, and other factors. Common classifications include null vs deflection types and analog vs digital types.

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Karan Deep Singh
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92 views

Introduction To Instrumentation System: by Prof - Bikash Mohanty

This document provides an introduction to instrumentation systems. It discusses how instrumentation acts as an extension of human senses by retrieving information from complex situations. The key components of an instrumentation system include transducers that convert inputs, signal conditioning elements, and data representation elements. Instruments can also be classified based on their application, operation method, output signal type, and other factors. Common classifications include null vs deflection types and analog vs digital types.

Uploaded by

Karan Deep Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

INSTRUMENTATION
SYSTEM
By Prof.Bikash Mohanty
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Typical Applications of The Instrument System

 Functional Elements of A Measurement System

 Classification of Instruments
The instrument systems act as
extension of human senses and quite
often facilitate retrieving information
from complex situation
Vision .

Smell
Test

hearing Touch
Sr. Instruments which emulate
Human Sensory Organ
No. human sensory organs
1 Eye Telescope, Camera, Microscope

2 Hearing Microphone-speaker
Pressure sensitive screens,
3 Touch
Temperature probes
Artificial nose to sense typical
4 Smell
chemicals
To some extent by Chemical
5 Test
Analyzers like GC, HPLC,
Paradigms of
Instrumentation and
Process Control

On-line
optimization

Instrumentation

On-line/Off-line
control
INTRODUCTION

• The instrument systems act as extension of human senses and


quite often facilitate retrieving information from complex
situation.

• It encompasses almost all areas of science and technology.

• It leads to tremendous savings in the time and labour involved.


USE OF INSTRUMENTATION

Power Process
Plants Industries

Automatic
Production Safety
Machines Devices

Various Control/Manipulations
TYPICAL APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENT SYSTEM

Control of Certain Experimental


Measurement of System
Process or Operation Design Studies
Parameters Information

Simulation of System Conditions


Verification of Physical
To Perform Various
Phenomena /Scientific
Manipulations
Theories Quality Control
in Industry

Testing of Materials, Maintenance of


Standards and Specification of products
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

1. Basic functional elements – These are integral parts of all


instruments.

2. Auxiliary elements – These may be incorporated in a particular


system depending on the type of requirement, nature of
measurement technique, etc.
Basic functional elements are:

Transducer element – It senses and converts


the desired input to more convenient and
practicable form to be handled by the
measurement system.

b) Signal conditioning or intermediate


modifying element – It manipulates or
processes the output of the transducer
in suitable form.

c) Data representation element – It gives


the information of the measured variable in
the quantitative form
Auxiliary elements are:

Calibration element – It provide built-in


calibration facility.

External power element – It facilitates


the working of one or more of the
elements like the transducer element,
signal conditioning element, data
processing element or the feedback
element.

Feedback element – It controls the


variation of the physical quantity that is
being measured. It is the automatic and
self balancing.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS

Instruments may be classified according to their application,


mode of operation, method of energy conservation, nature of
output signal, etc.

1. Null and Deflection Types

2. Manually Operated and Automatic Types

3. Analog and Digital Types

4. Self-Generating And Power-Operated Types

5. Contacting and Non-contacting Types


Null type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• It is provided with either a manually operated or an automatic


balancing device that generates an equivalent opposing effect to
nullify the physical effect caused by the quantity being measured.

• The equivalent null causing effect in turn provides a measure of


the quantity.

• The null type devices do not interfere with the state of measured
quantity and thus the measurements determine the exact state of
measurand.

• The manual type null devices are quite slow in operation and
consequently their dynamic response is poor.
Classification of Instruments

• The speed and dynamic response can be improved


considerably by using feedback type of auto balancing devices
such as an instrument servo mechanism.

• Example – A platform balance.


Deflection type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• The physical effect generated by the measurement quantity


produces an equivalent Opposing effect in some part of the
instrument which in turn closely related to some variables like
mechanical displacement or deflection in the instrument.

• These are simple in construction and operation.

• They have a good dynamic response.

• The deflection type devices interfere with the state of measured


quantity and a small error called loading error, may be introduced
in the measurements.

• Example – A Bourdon gage.


Classification of Instruments
Manually operated type instrument :

• It requires the services of human operator.

• The manual operation can be dispensed with by incorporating an


automatic self-balancing feedback device known as instrument
servo-mechanism.

• Example – A null type thermocouple emf measuring


potentiometric device, null-bridge resistance thermometer.
Automatic type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• The instruments become automatic if the manual operation is


replaced by an auxiliary devices incorporated in the
instrument.

• The dynamic response is fast also operational cost is


considerably lower than that of the corresponding manually
operated instrument.

• Example – A null-bridge platinum resistance thermometer.


Analog type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• It presents the physical variables of interest in the form of


continuous or stepless variations with respect to time.

• It consists of simple functional elements.

• These are generally cost less.

• These are easy to maintain and repair.

Analog
Digital type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• In this type, the physical variables are represented by digital


quantities which are discrete and vary in steps.

• Each digital number is fixed sum of equal steps which is defined


by that number.

• The relationship of digital outputs with respect to time gives the


information about the magnitude and nature of the input data.

• The main drawback is that it is unable to indicate the quantity


which is a part of the step value of the instrument.

Digital
Self-Generating type instrument : Classification of Instruments

• The energy requirement of the instrument are met entirely from


the input signal.

• Example – An exposure meter of a camera.

Power operated type instrument :

• It requires some source of auxiliary power such as compressed


air, electricity, hydraulic supply etc. for its operation.

• The input signal supplies only a small portion of the output


power.

• Example – A differential transformer.


Classification of Instruments
Contacting type instrument :

• It is kept in the measuring medium itself.

• Examples – a clinical thermometer.

Non-contacting type instrument :

• It measures the desired input even though it is not in direct


contact with the measuring medium.

• Example – an optical pyrometer.

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