Team members

1. Tan Au Kit 17189622/1

2. Muhammad Aiman Bin Md Sukor 17080879/2
3. Muhammad Kamal Bin Jusoh 17132190/1
4. Mohamad Arif Aiman Bin Mohammad 17100530/2
5. Farah Fadzlin binti Mohd Rasdi 17132430/2
6. Muhammad Syahid Bin Azri 17182414/2
7. Alif Syahmi Bin Zamri 17185070/1

1. What are the key advantages and disadvantages of wind energy technology? (AIMAN)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Smaller Land requirement when compared Intermittency issue.

to Solar, Hydro.

Can be built off-shore. Offshore towers more expensive.

Cheaper and fluctuates less than Solar. Cause Noise and visual pollution.

Renewable & clean source of energy. Energy Storage not viable.

It's sustainable. Can impact local wildlife such as birds.

2. What are the key differences in the requirements for a wind pump for irrigation and a wind
pump for water supply? (syahid)

Irrigation Water Supply

low in cost Minimum maintenanceand attention and to

be capable of pumping water generally from
depths of 10m or more

lower heads than are normal for water A typical farm windpump should run for over
supply duties 20 years with maintenance only once every
year

located directly over the pump, on manufactured from steel components and
reinforced concrete foundations drive piston pumps via reciprocating pump
rods

involve pumping much larger volumes of ultra-reliable, to run unattended for most of
water through a low head the time

3.For successful wind energy harnessing in any region, the imperative factor of executing
wind turbine is the readiness of durable wind. Malaysia with tropical nature is in general
identified to encounter low wind speeds, and in this way wind energy conversion technology
is definitely not a practical sustainable source of energy at the larger level. Though the wind
is capricious and gentle, there are a few territories in Malaysia have durable wind speed in
the range of 5-15 m/s during certain periods in a year.

What is the factor affecting wind turbine performances? How to improve the wind turbine
performance for operation in low wind speed environments such in Malaysia. (Aukit)

Factors affecting wind turbine performance include number of blades, length of the blade,
pitch angle, and wind speed.

To improve the wind turbine performance for operation in low wind speed environments, we
can adjust the pitch angle in order to maximize the TRS. The pitch angle can be adjusted
according to current wind velocity by using a turbine with active pitch control.

4. What are the similarities and what are the differences between solar thermal and PV?
(Kamal)

Comparison Parameter Solar Thermal Solar PV

What is the principle behind Converts solar energy into Directly converts solar
the technology? heat. energy into electricity.

What is the process Solar thermal systems Solar PV consists of arrays

involved? usually come with collectors of cells made of
that face the sun and absorb semiconductor materials
heat. This heat is then that are designed to convert
transferred to either water or sunlight into electricity.
another heating fluid.

What is the application of Solar thermal systems are Solar PV systems are used
the technology? most commonly used for for power generation as an
direct heating applications. alternative source of energy.
Solar water heater is the
most common application of
solar thermal systems.
These systems can also be
used for power generation
where a heated fluid is used
to drive a generator to
deliver electricity.

What is the efficiency of the Solar thermal systems Solar PV systems convert
technology? convert sunlight to heat sunlight to electricity
energy with efficiency typically within an efficiency
 between 70-90%, depending rate of 15-21%, though
on the type of system these numbers are expected
chosen. to rise to some extent with
advances in technology.

5. What are the four different PV technologies in use today? (Farah)

● Wafer-based crystalline silicon (C-Si) cells

Crystalline silicon technologies constitute about 85% of the current PV market. This
technology has a long history of reliable performance and operational lifetimes more
than 25 years. There are two types of wafer-based crystalline silicon PV which are
monocrystalline and multicrystalline.

● Amorphous silicon (thin-film)

Silicon film is deposited onto a substrate glass to create thin film photovoltaic cells.
When compared to mono-or polycrystalline cells, this process uses less silicon in the
manufacturing process, but this economy comes at the expense of conversion
efficiency.

● III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cell

III-V multi-junction solar cells offer extremely high efficiencies compared to traditional
solar (single layer of semiconductor material). This technology is capable of
generating approximately twice as much power under the same conditions as
traditional solar cells made of silicon.

● Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)

Since it does not contain toxic Cd and has a higher efficiency (under 20%), CIGS PV
has become a common new material for solar cells. CIGS are currently the most
effective thin-film PV technology available.s

6. What are the different services that solar thermal systems can provide? (arif)

● solar thermal power generation - Electricity power plants that utilize the energy from
the Sun to produce electrical energy.
● solar water heating - Water heater in households that heats up water by sunlight
using solar thermal collectors.
● solar space heating - Used to heat up buildings by trapping thermal energy and
releasing it passively into a building.
● solar cooling - utilize an external heat source, like a solar panel, to collect ambient
temperature and then use that heat with a refrigerant to create pressure within a
closed loop of refrigerant, thus enabling the solar cooling system to work.
● solar pond - A saltwater pond that is heated using the Sun’s thermal energy which
then can be used to generate electricity with the help of turbines and generators.
● solar crop drying - A crop drying method using thermal energy which is hygienic and
maintains the nutritional value of the crops.
 ● solar distillation - Using the Sun to evaporate water in a closed system which will
then produce distilled water.
● solar cooking - To reflect sunlight and focus it onto a pot. This will heat up the pot
and can be used for cooking. This cooking method does not require fuel and cost
nothing to operate.

7. What are the various applications associated with the different fuel states in bioenergy
production? syahmi

Biomass is one type of renewable resource that can be converted into liquid fuels for
transportation known as biofuels. Biofuels include cellulosic ethanol, biodiesel, and
renewable hydrocarbon "drop-in" fuels. Currently, the two most common types of biofuels in
use are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels can be used in aeroplanes as well as most road
vehicles. Renewable transportation fuels that are functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels
lower the carbon intensity of our vehicles and airplanes.

Ethanol

The most common blend of ethanol is E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline). Some vehicles,
called flexible fuel vehicles, are designed to run on E85 (a gasoline-ethanol blend containing
51%–83% ethanol, depending on geography and season), an alternative fuel with much
higher ethanol content than regular gasoline.

Biodiesel

Like petroleum-derived diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition (diesel)

engines. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel in any percentage, including B100
(pure biodiesel) and, the most common blend, B20 (a blend containing 20% biodiesel and
80% petroleum diesel).