MPLE, COMPLEX, AND COMP OUND SENTENCES 3.1. t Sentence Simple Complex Compound In this chapter we shall deal with the distinction beiweena Simple Sentence anda Complex Sentence, 3.2. Simple Sentence : Asimple sentence has only one subject and one predicate. It has only one clause in it, Look at the following sentences : Mohan works hard, Mr. Verma taught us last year. Ithas been raining cats and dogs since morning. Each of these sentences has only one subject and one predicate. [ Subject Predicate Mohan works hard. Mr. Verma taught us last year, It has been raining cats and dogs since morning, 3.3 Complex Sentence Study the following sentences : 1. Wedo not know when the letter will come. 36 Scanned with CamScanner2. Thisisthe boy who won the prize. 3. Youcan buy whatever youlike. Fach of the sentences given above consists of o (Principal) Clause and one Dependent (Subor: Clause as shown in the table below. Subordinate Clause when the letter will come. who won the prize. whatever you like. Principal Clause We do not know This is the boy You can buy Asentence which consists of a Main Clause (Principal Clause) and one or more Subordinate (Dependent) Clause (s) is called a Complex Sentence : 3.4. Kinds of Subordinate Clauses Noun Adjective Adverb Clause Clause Clause 3.4.1 Noun Clause A clause that performs the function of a noun is called a Noun Clause. In the following sentences, the clauses in italics are Noun Clauses: 1. She told us that she had failed. 2. We heard what your mother said. 3. Whether she can win is not certain. 4. His fear is that he may lose the match. Functions of a Noun Clause Noun Clauses can have several functions ina complex sentence. (a) As the Subject of a Verb. 1. What he did isnot known. 2. Whoever did that will be punished. 37 Scanned with CamScanneree (b) As Object of a Verb: Ib 2. 3. 4. 5. What she said was true. / Why she came late is not known. That Balbir should have lefi the company is not surprising. “row 2 Who knows what may happen tomorrow Idon’t remember what he said then. She doesn’t remember how she reached home. Do whatever you want. ; We don’t know when the session begins. (c) Asacomplement of a Verb : 6 2. 3. 4. (d) Object of a Preposition : YPRwenpe Her fear is that she may not succeed. It seems that it will rain soon. That man is not what he appears to be. Life is what you make of it. The teacher agreed to what J said. There is no truth in what he says. The house will sell for whatever it is worth. Please listen to what I say. Attend carefully to what the instructor says, (e) Case in Apposition to a Noun ora Pronoun : Ib 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. 3 () 0 1 Mt is correct that Mohan is guilty, 1 is uncertain that it will rain, Jt is known to all that you are a thief. It was unbelievable that Ram had cheated them. It is true that India is number one inkT, , bject of a Participle : Seeing that the gate was open, the thief went inside. Knowing that he could not &etajob, he started a business. He stole the scooter finding that it was unlocked. 38 Scanned with CamScanner™4, Learning that the train was late by three hours, he caught a bus. 5, _ Finding that there was no one around, he planted. a bomb there. (g) Object of an Infinitive : 1. [want to disclose whatever I know about the thefi. She wants to know why J was absent. We need to learn how she did it. She wants to make sure whether he is coming. Practice Exercises Exercise | Analyse the following sentences, selecting the Principal Clause and the Noun Clause. Also, state the function of the Noun Clause. Set-A ww That Mohan was a doctor was not known to me. Where the boys will stay is not yet known. That Mohan will stand first is certain. What cannot be cured must be endured. Why the thief did not take away the gold is a mystery. vee n a w Ask Asha if Papa has come. Can you tell me why Mohan is absent today ? Iknow that she loves music. Tell me why you hate me. Thad never thought that your brother was so lazy. URW n @ T a My fear was that Mohan would reach late. Life is what you make it. Itseems that it will rain soon. Things are not what they appear to be. My firm belief is that Harprect will stand first. 39 oe Scanned with CamScannerSet-D 1. Aren’tyou ashamed of what you have done ? 2. She must listento what her teacher says, 3. She agrees to w hatever Mohan says, 4. There is no truth in w hat is stated by Asha, 5. Your success depends on how hard you work, Set-E 1. The statement that day is not true. 2. The news that Sania Mirza has won is correct, 3. The story that Ram Nath kidn been confirmed, all students will get two rasgullas even apped his own nephew has 4. Itistruc that boys are generally taller than girls, 5. The fact that I Jarbhajan is a cricketer ig known to all, Set-F 1. Finding that the Opened fire, 2. Twentto the manag situation was getting Worse, the police ger finding that I had been cheated by the company, 3. Thinking that he Was a stranger to the city, I helped him. 4. Mohan left the meeting saying that he could not compromise with his Principles. 5. Weattacked the robber knowing that he Was desperate todo anything, Set-G 1. Twantto confirm if he has a hand in it, We asked him to explain what he had done, She wants to know how the quarrel started, T want to know for certain if you helped the thief, T want to know why he stole the money, AWD 40 Scanned with CamScanner— Oo 3.4.2 Adjective Clause A clause that functions like an adjective is called an Adjective Clause. An Adjective Clause qualifies some noun or pronoun in the Main Clause or Principal Clause. Adjective Clauses can be divided into two types as explained below. Adjective Clause Introduced by Introduced by Relative Pronoun Relative Adverb (a) Introduced by some Relative Pronoun (who, whose, whom, which, that). Sometimes a preposition precedes the relative pronoun All that glitters isnot gold. The man with whom he lived killed him. . The person whose brother won the race thanked me. People who ive in glass houses should not throw stones at others. 5. This is the box in which she keeps her jewels. RwN— (b Introduced by some Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how etc.) 1. Spring is the season when nature appears at her best. 2. That is the reason why if rains so much there. 3. This is the place where we first met. 4. She left us on a day when it was raining. Please keep the following points in mind : Note I: There are some sentences in which the Relative Pronoun or the Relative Adverb is understood. 1. Hehas not done the work in the manner you wanted it, 2. The reason / like you is obvious. ‘why’ understood) 4] Scanned with CamScannerNotell Panmple | Pick out the 1 Phe can hee pier ae vans epennive, Cyl So LY Phe word ia dea Relative ronan Where tis iy) aftensaeh Such people ws work hand da nic in thelr fives Hxerciie 2, Adjective Channes fon the following sentences and state the functional each I, She bathe pub who helped me He latled the snake that bit his wite Thehabitithatare formed in carly ape are dil ficult to break The faritiie he pave us was worth nothing He who helps others issue to be helped by God. Such students as work hard are liked by all He who has no money has no friends, ‘This is the doctor who treated ne, This is the reason why she refused to marry Mohan, ‘There was nota single worker who did not go on strike Tpave him such advice as was very useful, ‘Time once lost is lost forever. ‘This is the school that the President visited, Fremember the villape where I was born, Heisman who displayed those magical tricks: 3.4.3 Adverb Clause An Adverb Clause is one which performs the function of an Adverb in relation to some word inthe Principal Claw an Adjvetive, oran Adverb init. [indie ¢. [modifies a Verb, 5 limic, place, reason, manner, contrast, or condition, (i) Adverb Cli wherever, cle.) 1, We know where she lives. 42 showing Place (introduced by where, sc Scanned with CamScanner“ws Where there is awill, there is a way. Wherever they go, they create a problem. ww () Adverb Clause showing Time (introduced by when, as long as, as soon as, just as, until, till, whenever, while, since before, etc.) : ‘ 1. Make hay while the sun shines. 2. They will not trouble you as long as you pay your taxes on time. 3. [met her when she was with the Star T.V. (c) AdverbC lause showing Condition (introduced by if, unless, provided, etc.) : 1. Uf she wins the match, she will get a lot of money. 2. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. 3. [will notallowyou to come inside-wrless you apologize. (d) Adverb Clause showing Reason or Cause or Purpose (introduced by that, because, since, as, $0 that, etc.) : 1. He is working hard so that he may become a doctor. 2. She was happy because she had won a lottery. 3. Weare afraid that the police may trouble us. (c) Adverb Clause of Concession or Contrast (introduced by though, although, even if, whatever, however, etc.) : 1. She cannot become a first-rate player, however hard she tries. 2. We must start even if it rains heavily. 3. Although he has a lot of money, he borrows the newspaper from his neighbour every day. (f) Adverb Clause showing Manner or Extent (introduced by as if, though, so far as, than etc) : 1. She behaves as if she were the queen. 2. You can’t run faster (han can. 3. She works as hard as her father does. 43 Scanned with CamScannerExercise 3 cand the Adverb ¢ ‘lause from cach of Al Claus ; : function of h Adverb yces and state the Pick out the Princip: the following sentet Clause. Look before you led No sooner did the train stop than the boy | 2 3... Suike the iron while ; 4. The plane had landed before [reached the airport. 5 as you work hard, we will not throw you oul. As long Set-B ‘The boat sailed where the wind took it, ame from. Send the scooter where it 2. 3. I'll go with you wherever you go. 4, He gets into trouble wherever he goes. 5. Buy this book wherever you find it. Set-C 1. Since youare late. | cannot Ict you in, 2. You will pass the examination because you are working hard. 3. Trespect her because she is kind to me. 4. Lam glad that you have acted honestly. 5. He isafraid that he may be punished, Set-D I. [help her provided she works hard, 2. If Mohan comes late, the teacher will punish him. 3. He won't get the book unless he comes to me. 4. If itrains, we shall stay indoors. 5. If the busis late, we will take a taxi, 44 Scanned with CamScannerSet-E . . 1. Mohan isas active as he is hard-working. 2. As you sow, so shall you reap. 3. Dressas you like, 4, I know French better than you do. 5. Hebehavesas if he was mad. Set-F 1, Nomatter how hard up she is, she cannot be mean. 2. We shall go ahead with this business even if we suffer a great loss. 3. Although he tried hard, he did not succeed, 4. You cannot pass however hard you may try. 5. Papa did not agree though I requested him time and again. 3.5 Compound Sentence Acompound sentence is made up of at least two clauses. All its clauses are of equal rank, and are called Co-ordinate Clauses, The following sentences are compound sentences. 1. Mohan likes Maths but his sister hates it. 2. He had a bath and (he) watched T.V. In Sentence 1, two Co-ordinate Clauses Mohan likes Maths and His sister hates it are joined by the co-ordinating conjunction bu. In sentence 2, two Coordinate Clauses He had a bath and (he) watched T.V. ate joined by the co-ordinating conjunction and. 45 Scanned with CamScannerre Ng! 3.5.1 Difference between the Complex Sentence a ay 3.5. * the Compound Sentence Both the complex sentence and the compound Sette, are made up of al least two clauses. Then, whatis the ditfreng, between them ? The clauses ofa compound sentence areof oe importance. whereas this is not so in the case of 8 comple sentence. Ina complex sentence, one clause is more IMportay, than the other (s). Study the following carefully : Compound Sentence He worked hard but he did no! Co-ordinate Clause Co-ordinate Clause Co-ordinating Conjunction Here the two clauses are of equal importance Complex Sentence Hedidnotsucceed though he worked hard Principal Clause Subordinate Clause Subordinating Conjunction Here the Principal Clause is more important than the Subordinate Clause. Exercise 4 Combine the following sets of simple sentences using the conjunctions given in the brackets. 1. Ramis very rich. He isa miser, [use although] 2. Itrains. We shall stay indoors. [use if] 3. He broke three windows. He did not get punishment. : [use but] 46 Scanned with CamScanner4, Mohan came late. Ram came late. [use and] 5, He js the boy. He broke the window. [use who] 6. The box is too heavy. No one can liftit. [use soo ..to] 7. Thesumis very difficult. We cannot solve it. [use so....... that] g. _ Thisis the house. Ramesh built it. [use that] 9. Helefi the job. fell.me the reason. [use why] 10, Agrammiarian isa person. Hemakes simple things difficult. . [use who] I. The beggar sits there. The two roads meet there. [use where] 12. She is good. She is beautiful. [use as .2...... as] Exercise 5 Without changing the meaning, transform the following sentences as per instruction given in the brackets in cach case. 1. Ishall not help youif you do not work hard. [Use unless] 2. No sooner did it stop raining than we went out fora walk. [Use as soon as} 3. Mohan behaves like the director. [Use as if’... was] 4. You say something. Lagree to it. [Use what] 5. He found the door open and stepped inside. [Use finding] 6. The magistrate saw the situation getting worse and ordered the police to open fire. [Use secing| 7. like those boys who are obedient. [Use such...... as] 8. Boysare generally taller than girls. [Use notas tall as] 9. He wrote this essay at the age of ten. [Use when| 10. Walk fast lest you should miss the train. [Use if you do nol] ~~ = Scanned with CamScanner