Tutorial 1

(T1)
Your TA: Today’s rundown:
LIN, Chuanjing (林川靖) 30-35 min: Solving the questions
Email: [email protected] 15-20 min: Q&A
WhatsApp: 54660147
Office: Room 4030

1st Tutorial

2nd Tutorial
 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Knowledge review: Volume of mixture
 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Knowledge review: Volume of mixture

✓ Ideal Gas Law:

✓ The relationship between mg/m3 and ppmv for non-STP conditions:

 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Approach 1:
Volume of mixture

mg 22.4 288.15 K 1 atm

1 = ppmv × × = 0.600 ppmv
m3 48 273.15 K 0.82 atm

0.08 ppmv 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜. 𝐨𝐟 𝑶𝟑 mg 103 μg

= → 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜. 𝐨𝐟 𝑶𝟑 = 0.133 3 = 0.133 × = 133 μg/𝑚3
0.6 ppmv 1 mg/𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚3

Approach 2:
V(O3)
= 0.08 ppmv = 0.08 × 10−6
Vmix V(O3) m(O3) RT
m(O3) = = 0.08ppmv = 0.08 × 10−6
nRT RT Vmix Vmix MP
V(O3) = = M
P P
g
m(O3) MP 48 × 0.82 atm
= 0.08ppmv × −6
= 0.08 × 10 × mol = 0.133 × 10−6 gΤL = 133μg/m3
Vtotal RT L ∙ atm
0.082056 × 288.15 K
K ∙ mol
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Knowledge review:

Standard procedures to solve this kind of questions:

Step I: Select your system boundary, i.e. generally at junctions, or when dealing with
mixtures of fluids, or over a lake/box, etc.
Step II: Write down the mass balance equation

Step III: Look for key words:

1) conservative, non-reactive
2) non-conservative
3) steady-state, after long time, and/or uniformly distributed
Step IV: Apply simplified mass balance to system boundary
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Determination of order of the reaction (n)

Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?
Solutions:
KVCn
Step 1: Qin = 0.1 m3/s Decay K = 0.2 /day Qout = ? m3/s
Cin = 30 mg/L V= ? Cout = 10 mg/L
C system= ? mg/L
Step 2:
Mass cumulation rate = Mass input rate – Mass output rate + Reaction rate
Step 3: key words
a) Steady-state: Mass cumulation rate = 0
b) Non-conservative: Reaction rate =KVCn ≠ 0
c) Complete mixing: Csystem = Cout
d) Determine n:

Step 4: Apply simplified mass balance to system boundary

Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Specific grading rubrics:

• Identified n from the unit of rate constant (1’)
• Steady-state and non-conservative (1’)
• Complete mixing = perfect mixing = well mixing or “Csystem = Cout” (1’)
• Simplified mass balance (1’)
• Calculation (1’)
Q&A
Tutorial 1
(T2)
Your TA: Today’s rundown:
LIN, Chuanjing (林川靖) 30-35 min: Solving the questions
Email: [email protected] 15-20 min: Q&A
WhatsApp: 54660147
Office: Room 4030

1st Tutorial

2nd Tutorial
 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Knowledge review: Volume of mixture
 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Knowledge review: Volume of mixture

✓ Ideal Gas Law:

✓ The relationship between mg/m3 and ppmv for non-STP conditions:

 Volume of O3
Unit Volume of mixture
Q1. The proposed air quality standard for ozone (O3) is 0.08 ppmv. The
molecular weight of O3 is 48 g/mol. Please express that standard in μg/m3
at 0.82 atm of pressure and 15℃.
Mass of O3
Approach 1:
Volume of mixture

mg 22.4 288.15 K 1 atm

1 = ppmv × × = 0.600 ppmv
m3 48 273.15 K 0.82 atm

0.08 ppmv 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜. 𝐨𝐟 𝑶𝟑 mg 103 μg

= → 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜. 𝐨𝐟 𝑶𝟑 = 0.133 3 = 0.133 × = 133 μg/𝑚3
0.6 ppmv 1 mg/𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚3

Approach 2:
V(O3)
= 0.08 ppmv = 0.08 × 10−6
Vmix V(O3) m(O3) RT
m(O3) = = 0.08ppmv = 0.08 × 10−6
nRT RT Vmix Vmix MP
V(O3) = = M
P P
g
m(O3) MP 48 × 0.82 atm
= 0.08ppmv × −6
= 0.08 × 10 × mol = 0.133 × 10−6 gΤL = 133μg/m3
Vtotal RT L ∙ atm
0.082056 × 288.15 K
K ∙ mol
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Knowledge review:

Standard procedures to solve this kind of questions:

Step I: Select your system boundary, i.e. generally at junctions, or when dealing with
mixtures of fluids, or over a lake/box, etc.
Step II: Write down the mass balance equation

Step III: Look for key words:

1) conservative, non-reactive
2) non-conservative
3) steady-state, after long time, and/or uniformly distributed
Step IV: Apply simplified mass balance to system boundary
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Determination of order of the reaction (n)

Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?
Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?
Solutions:
KVCn
Step 1: Qin = 0.1 m3/s Decay K = 0.2 /day Qout = ? m3/s
Cin = 30 mg/L V= ? Cout = 10 mg/L
C system= ? mg/L
Step 2:
Mass cumulation rate = Mass input rate – Mass output rate + Reaction rate
Step 3: key words
a) Steady-state: Mass cumulation rate = 0
b) Non-conservative: Reaction rate =KVCn ≠ 0
c) Complete mixing: Csystem = Cout
d) Determine n:

Step 4: Apply simplified mass balance to system boundary

Mass balance
Q2. A lagoon is to be designed to accommodate an input flow of 0.10 m3/s
of non-conservative pollutant with concentration 30 mg/L and reaction
rate constant 0.20/day. The effluent from the lagoon must have pollutant
concentration of less than 10 mg/L. Assuming complete mixing and
steady-state, how large must the lagoon be?

Specific grading rubrics:

• Identified n from the unit of rate constant (1’)
• Steady-state and non-conservative (1’)
• Complete mixing = perfect mixing = well mixing or “Csystem = Cout” (1’)
• Simplified mass balance (1’)
• Calculation (1’)
Q&A
Your TA: Today’s rundown:
WANG, Kun (王昆) 30-35 min: Solving the questions
Email: [email protected] 15-20 min: Q&A
Office: Room 5570
Whatsapp: (+44)7762058679

2nd Tutorial
Acid-based reactions
Q1. Water is frequently disinfected with chlorine gas, forming hypochlorous acid
(HOCl), which partially ionizes to hypochlorite and hydrogen ions as follows:
HOCl ↔ H+ + OCl- with Ka = 2.9 × 10-8
The amount of [HOCl], which is the desired disinfectant, depends on the pH. Find
the fraction that is hypochlorous acid—that is, [HOCl]/{[HOCl] + [OCl-]}—as a
function of pH. What would the hypochlorous fraction be for pH = 6, 8 and 10?

Knowledge review:
Acid-based reactions
Q1. Water is frequently disinfected with chlorine gas, forming hypochlorous acid
(HOCl), which partially ionizes to hypochlorite and hydrogen ions as follows:
HOCl ↔ H+ + OCl- with Ka = 2.9 × 10-8
The amount of [HOCl], which is the desired disinfectant, depends on the pH. Find
the fraction that is hypochlorous acid—that is, [HOCl]/{[HOCl] + [OCl-]}—as a
function of pH. What would the hypochlorous fraction be for pH = 6, 8 and 10?
Solutions:
H+ ∙ OCl− OCl− Ka
Ka = = 2.9 × 10−8 mol/L = +
HOCl HOCl H
HOCl 1 1 1
Fraction = = = =
HOCl + OCl− OCl− Ka Ka
1+ 1+ + 1 + −pH
HOCl H 10
1
1 When pH = 6, Fraction = = 0.97
2.9 × 10−8
1+
10−6
1
2 When pH = 8, Fraction = = 0.256
2.9 × 10−8
1+
10−8
1
3 When pH = 10, Fraction = = 0.003
2.9 × 10−8
1+
10−10
Precipitation reactions
Q2. If 50 mg of CO32- and 50 mg Ca2+ are present in 1 L of water at 25℃, what
will be the final (equilibrium) concentration of Ca2+. The molecular weight of
Ca2+ is 40 g/mol and that of CO32 is 60 g/mol, Ksp of CaCO3 is 5×10-9 at that
temperature.

Knowledge review:
Precipitation reactions
Q2. If 50 mg of CO32- and 50 mg Ca2+ are presented in 1 L of water at 25℃,
what will be the final (equilibrium) concentration of Ca2+. The molecular
weight of Ca2+ is 40 g/mol and that of CO32 is 60 g/mol, Ksp of CaCO3 is 5×10-9
at that temperature.

Solutions:

0.05 g/L 0.05 g/L

Initial 0
40 g/mol 60g/mol

0.05 g/L 0.05 g/L

Equilibrium 0+s −s −s
40 g/mol 60 g/mol

0.05 g/L 0.05 g/L

𝐾𝑠𝑝 = 𝐶𝑎2+ 𝐶𝑂3 2− = −s ∙ − s = 5 × 10−9
40 g/mol 60 g/mol

s = 0.83 × 10−3 mol/L

0.05 g/L mol

Ca2+ eq = − 0.83 × 10−3 = 0.42 × 10−3 mol/L
40 g/mol L
Carbonate System
Q3. Suppose the gas above the soda in a bottle of soft drink is pure CO2 at a pressure
of 2 atm.
a) Calculate [CO2] at 25°C.
b) Calculate the pH of the soft drink. Start with the following chemical reaction and
realize the solution will be somewhat acidic (negligible carbonate):
CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-

Knowledge review for (a):

Carbonate System
Q3. Suppose the gas above the soda in a bottle of soft drink is pure CO2 at a pressure
of 2 atm.
a) Calculate [CO2] at 25°C.
b) Calculate the pH of the soft drink. Start with the following chemical reaction and
realize the solution will be somewhat acidic (negligible carbonate):
CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-

Knowledge review for (b):

Carbonate System
Q3. Suppose the gas above the soda in a bottle of soft drink is pure CO2 at a pressure
of 2 atm.
a) Calculate [CO2] at 25°C.
b) Calculate the pH of the soft drink. Start with the following chemical reaction and
realize the solution will be somewhat acidic (negligible carbonate):
CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-
Solutions:
(a) PCO2 = 2 atm and KH = 0.033363 mol·L-1·atm-1 at 25℃
[CO2] = KH· PCO2 = 2 atm × 0.033363 mol·L-1·atm-1 = 0.066676 mol/L
(b) CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-
H+ ∙ HCO3 − K a,1 ∙ CO2 (aq)
= K a,1 = 4.47 × 10−7 mol/L HCO3 − =
CO2 (aq) H+

Charge balance: H+ = HCO3 − + OH − Kw

H+ = HCO3 − +
Dissociation of water: K w = H + OH − H+

K a,1 ∙ CO2 (aq) Kw

H +
= + + H+ 2
= K a,1 ∙ CO2 (aq) + K w
H+ H
H + = 0.000173 mol/L
pH = −log 0.000173 = 3.76
Q&A
03/03/2021

T3 Tutorial Session
Your TA: Today’s rundown
CASSOL, Gabriela (Gabi) 20-25 min: review + solving questions
Email: [email protected] 5 min: Q&A
Office: Room 4029
Whastapp: +5554999757717
Knowledge review

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen

needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material
present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific
time period.

• 5-day BOD (BOD5) is the total amount of oxygen consumed in the

biodegradation process in the first five days. Grade of pollution

• Ultimate BOD is the total amount of oxygen consumed in the

biodegradation process if allowed to proceed to completion.

• Units: mg/L or mg O2/L or mg/L as O2

Knowledge review

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen

needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material
present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific
time period.

• 5-day BOD (BOD5) is the total amount of oxygen consumed in the

biodegradation process in the first five days. Grade of pollution

• Ultimate BOD is the total amount of oxygen consumed in the

biodegradation process if allowed to proceed to completion.

• Units: mg/L or mg O2/L or mg/L as O2

Knowledge review
• BOD5 of an unseeded diluted sample

𝑉$ + 𝑉%$ DO" − DO#

BOD! = DO" − DO# × =
𝑉$ 𝑃
DOi = Initial DO concentration of diluted wastewater
DOf = Final DO concentration of diluted wastewater
VW = Volume of wastewater
VdW = Volume of water added for dilution
P = Dilution factor, volume of wastewater over total volume
Knowledge review
• BOD5 of a seeded diluted sample

𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑉! = 𝐵𝑂𝐷" 𝑉" + 𝐵𝑂𝐷# 𝑉#

BODm = BOD5 of the mixture
BODW = BOD5 of undiluted wastewater
BODD = BOD5 of seed dilution water (without mixing)
Vm = Volume of mixture
VW = Volume of undiluted wastewater
VD = Volume of seeded dilution water in mixture
 Modeling BOD as a 1st-Order Reaction
• Oxygen demand decreases as biodegradable
Organic matter (remaining)

organic matter degrades/decay. Thus, oxygen

demand can be modeled as a decay reaction.
• 1st-order decay assumed
• Lt - BOD remaining at time t

𝑑𝐿
= −𝑘 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐿
= −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝐿
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑘 𝑡
𝐿!
𝑳𝒕 = 𝑳𝟎 𝒆𝒙𝒑(−𝒌 𝒕)
Modeling BOD as a 1st-Order Reaction
• L0 = BODt + Lt
• L0 – Lt = BODt
• L0 = Ultimate BOD = BOD∞
Modeling BOD as a 1st-Order Reaction
• L0 = BODt + Lt
• L0 – Lt = BODt
• L0 = Ultimate BOD = BOD∞
Example 1
A standard BOD test is run using seeded dilution water. In one bottle, the wastewater sample is mixed
with seeded dilution water giving a dilution of 1:30. Another bottle, the blank, contains just seeded
dilution water. Both bottles begin the test with DO at the saturation value of 9.2 mg/L. After five days,
the bottle containing waste has DO equal to 2.0 mg/L, while that containing just seeded dilution water
has DO equal to 8.0 mg/L

(a) Find the five-day BOD of wastewater.

(b) If the reaction rate constant of BOD decay at 20oC is 0.25/day, find the ultimate BOD of the
wastewater.
Example 1 - Solution
(a) Find the five-day BOD of the wastewater
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 1 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 29
𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑉! = 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑾 𝑉# + 𝐵𝑂𝐷$ 𝑉$ 9.2 −2 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷# × + 9.2 −8 ×
𝐿 𝐿 30 𝐿 𝐿 30
𝑉# 𝑉$ 𝒎𝒈
𝐵𝑂𝐷! = 𝐵𝑂𝐷# + 𝐵𝑂𝐷$ 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟓,𝑾 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟑
𝑉! 𝑉! 𝑳
Example 1 - Solution
(a) Find the five-day BOD of the wastewater
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 1 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 29
𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑉! = 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑾 𝑉# + 𝐵𝑂𝐷$ 𝑉$ 9.2 −2 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷# × + 9.2 −8 ×
𝐿 𝐿 30 𝐿 𝐿 30
𝑉# 𝑉$ 𝒎𝒈
𝐵𝑂𝐷! = 𝐵𝑂𝐷# + 𝐵𝑂𝐷$ 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟓,𝑾 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟑
𝑉! 𝑉! 𝑳

(b) If the reaction rate constant of BOD decay at 20oC is 0.25/day, find the ultimate BOD of the
wastewater.

𝐿$ = 𝐿% = 𝑳𝟎 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑘 𝑡) 𝐵𝑂𝐷' = 𝐿( − 𝐿' → 𝐿' = 𝐿( - 𝐵𝑂𝐷'

𝐿! − 𝐵𝑂𝐷% = 𝑳𝟎 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−0.25 𝑑𝑎𝑦 &' ×5 𝑑𝑎𝑦)

𝐵𝑂𝐷% = 𝐿! (1 − 𝑒𝑥 𝑝 −0.25 𝑑𝑎𝑦 &' ×5 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) 𝑳𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟒 𝒎𝒈/𝑳
Q&A
Your TA: Today’s rundown:
WANG, Kun (王昆) 30-35 min: Solving the questions
Email: [email protected] 15-20 min: Q&A
Office: Room 5570
Whatsapp: (+44)7762058679

3rdTutorial
 Q1. Suppose a 70-kg individual drinks 2 L/day of water containing 0.1 mg/L of 1, 1-
dichloroethylene for 20 years.
a) Find the hazard quotient for this exposure. (RfD = 0.05 mg/(kg·d)), You can find
the updated RfD in the USEPA website:
(https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=39)
b) Find the cancer risk. (Potency factor (PF) = (0.6 mg/kg-d)-1)
c) If the individual drinks this water for 10 years instead of 20, recompute the
hazard quotient and the cancer risk.
Knowledge review for (a):

Conc. of pollutant × daily intake

ADD =
Body weight
 Q1. Suppose a 70-kg individual drinks 2 L/day of water containing 0.1 mg/L of 1, 1-
dichloroethylene for 20 years.
a) Find the hazard quotient for this exposure. (RfD = 0.05 mg/(kg·d)), You can find
the updated RfD in the USEPA website:
(https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=39)
b) Find the cancer risk. (Potency factor (PF) = (0.6 mg/kg-d)-1)
c) If the individual drinks this water for 10 years instead of 20, recompute the
hazard quotient and the cancer risk.
Knowledge review for (a):
 Q1. Suppose a 70-kg individual drinks 2 L/day of water containing 0.1 mg/L of 1, 1-
dichloroethylene for 20 years.
a) Find the hazard quotient for this exposure. (RfD = 0.05 mg/(kg·d)), You can find
the updated RfD in the USEPA website:
(https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=39)
b) Find the cancer risk. (Potency factor (PF) = (0.6 mg/kg-d)-1)
c) If the individual drinks this water for 10 years instead of 20, recompute the
hazard quotient and the cancer risk.
Knowledge review for (b):

Chronic Daily Intake (CDI). Exposure expressed as mass of a substance contacted

per unit body weight per unit time, averaged over a long period of time (lifetime).
 Q1. Suppose a 70-kg individual drinks 2 L/day of water containing 0.1 mg/L of 1, 1-
dichloroethylene for 20 years.
a) Find the hazard quotient for this exposure. (RfD = 0.05 mg/(kg·d)), You can find
the updated RfD in the USEPA website:
(https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=39)
b) Find the cancer risk. (Potency factor (PF) = (0.6 mg/kg-d)-1)
c) If the individual drinks this water for 10 years instead of just 20, recompute the
hazard quotient and the cancer risk.
Solutions:
(a)

(b)
−1
mg mg
Lifetime risk = CDI × PF = 0.000816 × 0.6 = 4.896 x 10−4
kg ∙ d kg ∙ d

(c) Hazard quotient = 0.057

−1
mg mg
Lifetime risk = CDI × PF = 0.000408 × 0.6 = 2.448 x10−4
kg ∙ d kg ∙ d
12/03/2021

T4 Tutorial session
Your TA: Today’s rundown
CASSOL, Gabriela (Gabi) 30-35 min: solving questions
Email: [email protected] 15-20 min: Q&A
Office: Room 4029
Whastapp: +5554999757717
Knowledge review
• Deoxygenation & Rearation 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘! 𝐿" = 𝑘! 𝐿# exp(- 𝑘! t)

Deoxygenation (removal of oxygen): o kd – deoxygenation constant (day-1)

o The rate – proportional to BOD

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘$ 𝐷 = 𝑘$ (𝐷𝑂% − 𝐷𝑂)
concentration
o D – DO deficit
Rearation o kr – rearation rate constant

o Replenishment of oxygen from the 𝑢&/(

atmosphere 𝑘$ = 3.9 )/(
𝐻
o Depends on DO saturation point o u – average stream velocity (m/s)
(temperature, pressure) o H – average stream depht (m)
Knowledge review
• Deoxygenation & Rearation 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘! 𝐿" = 𝑘! 𝐿# exp(- 𝑘! t)

Deoxygenation (removal of oxygen): o kd – deoxygenation constant (day-1)

o The rate – proportional to BOD

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘$ 𝐷 = 𝑘$ (𝐷𝑂% − 𝐷𝑂)
concentration
o D – DO deficit
Rearation o kr – rearation rate constant

o Replenishment of oxygen from the 𝑢&/(

atmosphere 𝑘$ = 3.9 )/(
𝐻
o Depends on DO saturation point o u – average stream velocity (m/s)
(temperature, pressure) o H – average stream depht (m)
 Knowledge review
• Oxygen Sag Curve
Ø DO concentration is a function of (i) the
rate of deoxygenation caused by BOD
decay, and (ii) then rate of reaeration.
!*
= 𝑘! 𝐿" - 𝑘$ D
!"

+ ! ,"
𝐷 𝑡 = (𝑒 -+!" − 𝑒 -+#" ) + 𝐷. 𝑒 -+#"
+# -+!

𝐷 𝑡 = (𝑘! 𝐿# 𝑡+𝐷. )𝑒 -+!" 𝑘! = 𝑘$

Ø The critical point is the location of minimum dissolved
& +# *" oxygen, or maximum oxygen deficit.
𝑡/ = + ln 1−+ (𝑘$ − 𝑘! )
# -+! +! ! ,"
 𝑢&/(
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘$ 𝐷 = 𝑘$ (𝐷𝑂% − 𝐷𝑂) 𝑘$ = 3.9 )/(
Example 1 𝐻

A stream containing no biochemical oxygen demand (this is a hypothetical situation and rarely occurs) has
a DO of 5.0 mg/L and a flow rate of 8.7 m3/s. The temperature of the stream is 20oC. The average velocity
in the stream is 0.174 m/s. The average of the stream is 5 m.

(a) Determine the reaeration rate constant and the rate of reaeration.
Example 1 - Solution
(a) Determine the reaeration rate constant and the rate of reaeration.
𝑢&/(
𝑘$ = 3.9 )/(
𝐻
0.174&/(
𝑘$ = 3.9
5)/(

𝒌𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚-𝟏

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑘$ 𝐷 = 𝑘$ (𝐷𝑂% − 𝐷𝑂)

23 23
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.146 𝑑𝑎𝑦 -& ×(9.1 −5 )
, ,

𝒎𝒈
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟗
𝑳 × 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Example 2
A city of 200,000 people deposits 1.05 m3/s of sewage having a BOD of 28.0 mg/L and DO of 1.8 mg/L into
a river that has a flow rate of 7.1 m3/s and a flow speed of 0.36 m/s. Just upstream of the release point,
the river has a BOD of 3.6 mg/L and a DO of 7.6 mg/L. The saturation value of DO is 8.5 mg/L. The
deoxygenation coefficient kd is 0.61 day-1, and the reaeration coefficient kr is 0.76 day-1.

(a) What is the initial oxygen deficit and ultimate BOD of the stream just downstream from the effluent
discharge?
(b) What is the time and distance in km to reach the minimum DO?
(c) What is the minimum DO?
Example 2 – Solution
(a) What is the initial oxygen deficit and ultimate BOD of the stream just downstream from the effluent
discharge?

𝐷𝑂245 ×(𝑄6 + 𝑄7 ) = 𝐷𝑂6 𝑄6 + 𝐷𝑂7 𝑄7 Deaicit = 𝐷# = 𝐷𝑂% − 𝐷𝑂

2$ 2$ 23 2$ 23 2$ 𝐷# = 8.5 − 6.85
𝐷𝑂245 ×(1.05 + 7.1 ) = 1.8 ×1.05 +7.6 ×7.1
% % , % , %
𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈
𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟓 𝑫𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓
𝑳 𝑳

𝐿#,245 ×(𝑄6 + 𝑄7 ) = 𝐿#,6 𝑄6 + 𝐿#,7 𝑄7

2$ 2$ 23 2$ 23 2$ 𝒎𝒈
𝐿#,245 ×(1.05 + 7.1 ) = 28 ×1.05 +3.6 ×7.1 𝑳𝟎,𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟒
% % , % , % 𝑳
Example 2 – Solution
(b) What is the time and distance in km to reach the minimum DO?

& +# *" Critical Point

𝑡/ = ln 1− (𝑘$ − 𝑘! )
+# -+! +! + ! ,"

1 0.76 1.65
𝑡= = ln 1− 0.76 − 0.61 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚
0.76 − 0.61 0.61 0.61𝑥6.74

𝑋= = 𝑡/ × 𝑢/
24 ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 𝑚
𝑋= = 1.05 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × × × ×0.36
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1ℎ 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠
𝑿𝑪 = ~𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝒎
Example 2 – Solution
(c) What is the minimum DO?

𝑫 𝒕𝒄 = 𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙

+ ! ,"
𝐷 𝑡 = (𝑒 -+!" − 𝑒 -+#" ) + 𝐷. 𝑒 -+#"
+# -+!

0.61×6.74 -#.@&×&.#B
𝐷 1.05 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 -#.C@×&.#B + 1.65× 𝑒 -#.C@×&.#B
0.76 − 0.61
𝒎𝒈 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒈
𝑫 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚 = 𝑫 𝒕𝒄 = 𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟒 𝐷𝑂24F = 8.5 − 2.84 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓 >𝟓
𝑳 𝐿 𝐿 𝑳 𝑳
Q&A
T5 tutorial session
Email: [email protected]
TA: Ting Hsi Lee (Tim)
Date: 10/3/2021

1
Rundown
• 5 min: Knowledge review
• 15-20 min: Solving questions
• Q&A

2 questions

2
Knowledge review 1—Path of a Settling Particle

Stoke’s Law

% remove of particles

3
Knowledge review 2—Critical Settling Velocity

4
Example 1

5
Example 1 —solution

(a)

% remove of particles

(b)

6
Example 2

7
Example 2—solution

(b)

(a)

8
Q&A

9
 TA for this section: Today’s rundown
WANG Ruixuan (Debbie) 5-10 min: Knowledge review
Email: [email protected] 25 min: Exercise
Office: Room 2209A Q&A
Whatsapp: (+852) 6609 9335

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE
5 2-3-21 Water quality modelling (6.2) Chii
4-3-21 Water supply (6.3) Chii
6 9-3-21 Wastewater treatment (6.4) Chii

Homework 2
11-3-21 Noise pollution and control (7.1) (Due on 11/3) Yingying
3 exercise questions
7 16-3-21 Noise pollution and control (7.1) Yingying

18-3-21 Land contamination and solid waste management (8.1) Yingying

Homework 3
8 23-3-21 Subsurface contamination and control (8.2) (Due on 23/3) Yingying

25-3-21 Air quality and pollution (9.1) Yingying

Homework 4
9 30-3-21 Air pollution modeling (9.2) (Due on 30/3) Yingying
8-4-21 Air pollution control (9.3) Yingying
Homework 5
(Due on 13/4)
 Knowledge review
Noise pollution and control

Part I. The key properties of

sound?

Part II. The description of

2 exercise questions
sound loudness?

Part III. The propagation of 1 exercise question

sound? 1 more exercise question next week—basic point source model
 Knowledge review
Amplitude, A
Period, P
Sound wave
Frequency, f
Wavelength, λ

W
Noise pollution and control

Part I. The key properties

I=
of sound? A

Sound power, W, W A: area normal to the direction of

Sound energy Sound intensity, I, W/m2 propagation
Sound pressure, prms, Pa
(prms )2
I=
ρc

ρ: density of the medium, kg/m3

At 1 atm and 298 K,
!!! The conversion between sound power (W), sound intensity (I) and
ρ = 1.185 kg/m3
sound pressure (prms).
c: speed of sound in the medium
At 298 K,
c = 20.05 T=346 m/s
 Knowledge review W
Q=W LW = 10 log , 𝑊0 = 10−12 𝑊
W0
𝐐 I
L, dB 𝐋 = 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠( ) Q=I LI = 10 log , 𝐼0 = 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐐𝟎 I0
2
Q = prms2 L = 10 log prms = 20log( prms ) , 𝑃 −6
p 2 𝑟𝑚𝑠,0 = 20 × 10 Pa
prms,0 prms,0
Noise pollution and control

Part II. The 𝐋

𝐐= 𝐐𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
description of Adjusted by frequency dependent weighting
sound loudness? values, L in dB → L in dBA, dBC, dBZ
LN
Rating
system 𝐢=𝐧
1 t L(t) 𝐋𝐢
Leq 𝐋𝐞𝐪 = 10log න 10 10 dt = 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 ෍(𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 )(𝐭 𝐢 )
t 0
𝐢=𝐭
!!!
① Addition/subtraction/average of L n = the total number of samples taken
Li = the noise level in dBA of the ith sample
They should be done using sound power (W), sound intensity (I) or
ti = the time fraction of ith sample in total time
sound pressure (p) instead of using L (Lw, LI or Lp).
② L should be reported in the nearest whole number.
e.g.
70.□: If □ = 1, 2, 3 or 4 → 70; If □ = 6, 7, 8 or 9 → 71
7□.5: □ =2, 4, 6, 8 or 0 → 7□, □ = 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 →7□ + 1
Exercise 1
A sound power level reading of 133 dB (re: 10-12 W) was taken near a construction site where chippers were being
used. When all except one of the chippers stopped working, the sound power level reading was 126 dB. Estimate
the number of chippers in operation when the reading of 133 was obtained. You may assume that the sources may
be treated as ideal point sources located at the same point. (3 min)
Q
Equation: L = 10log( )
Q0

…
= 133 dB

How many?

= 126 dB
Exercise 1
A sound power level reading of 133 dB (re: 10-12 W) was taken near a construction site where chippers were being
used. When all except one of the chippers stopped working, the sound power level reading was 126 dB. Estimate
the number of chippers in operation when the reading of 133 was obtained. You may assume that the sources may
be treated as ideal point sources located at the same point.
Solution:
As we know, LW,Total
LW,Total 133
WTotal −12
LW,Total = 133 dB ⇒ LW,Total = 10 log ⇒ WTotal = W0 10 10 WTotal = W0 10 10 = 10 × 10 10 = 19.95 watt
W0
LW,1 LW,1 126
W
LW,1 = 126 dB ⇒ LW,1 = 10 log( 1 ) ⇒ W1 = W0 10 10 W1 = W0 10 10 = 10 −12
× 10 10 = 3.98 watt
W0

Assume there were x chippers working in operation before.

WTotal = xW1

LW,Total
WTotal W0 10 10 LW,Total −LW,1 133−126 WTotal 19.95
x= = = 10 10 = 10 10 =5 x= = =5
W1 LW,1 W1 3.98
W0 10 10

Thus, there were 5 chippers working in operation before.

✓ Suggestion: It’s better NOT to calculate the exact value
of sound power value at first but at the end if
necessary.
Exercise 2

The following noise record at 500 Hz was obtained at a noise sensitive receiver near an airport with jet aircrafts flying
overhead all day.
(a) Determine Leq,24h in dBA. (3 min)
(b) Compare Leq,5min in dBA or LAeq,5min to the noise standard values on weekdays in HK. (2 min)
𝐢=𝐧
𝐋𝐢
Equation: Leq = 𝟏𝟎𝐥𝐨𝐠 ෍(𝟏𝟎 )(𝐭 𝐢 )
𝟏𝟎
𝐢=𝐭

Table 2-1. Noise record at a noise sensitive receiver near

Table 10-1. Sound level meter network weighting values.
an airport.
Frequency (Hz) Curve A (dB)
Time Sound level (dB)
500 -3.2
00:00 – 07:30 35
07:30 – 09:00 64
09:00 – 15:00 104
15:00 – 17:30 98 Table 2-2. Noise standard of type C area on weekdays.
17:30 – 22:00 79 Evening (19:00 – 23:00) Night (23:00 – 07:00)
22:00 – 24:00 53 70 dBA 55 dBA
Exercise 2

The following noise record at 500 Hz was obtained at a noise sensitive receiver near an airport with jet aircrafts
flying overhead all day.
(a) Determine Leq,24h in dBA.
(b) Compare Leq,5min in dBA or LAeq,5min to the noise standard values on weekdays in HK.
Time Duration (h) Sound level (dB)
Solution:
00:00 – 07:30 7.5 35
(a) As we know, 07:30 – 09:00 1.5 64
TTotal = 24 h 09:00 – 15:00 6 104
15:00 – 17:30 2.5 98
Duration (h)
ti = 17:30 – 22:00 4.5 79
24 22:00 – 24:00 2 53
Take all the values into the equation, and then we get,
i=n
Li 35 7.5 64 1.5 104 6 98 2.5 79 4.5 53 2
Leq = 10log ෍(10 )
10 ti = 10log(1010 × + 10 ×
10 + 10 10 × +10 ×
10 + 10 ×
10 + 10 × )
10
24 24 24 24 24 24
i=t

= 10 log 6.95 × 109

= 98.42 dB
According to Table 10-1,
Leq = 98.42 − 3.2 = 95.22 dBA ≈ 95 dBA
Thus, Leq,24h is 95 dBA. ! Remember to report it in the nearest whole number.
Exercise 2

The following noise record at 500 Hz was obtained at a noise sensitive receiver near an airport with jet aircrafts
flying overhead all day.
(a) Determine Leq,24h in dBA.
(b) Compare Leq,5min in dBA or LAeq,5min to the noise standard values on weekdays in HK.
What if we convert the sound levels to A-weighted sound levels first and take them into the equation?
Solution:
(a) Convert all the sound levels in Table 2-1 into A-weighted sound levels.
Time Duration (h) Sound level (dB) Sound level (dBA)
00:00 – 07:30 7.5 35 31.8
07:30 – 09:00 1.5 64 60.8
09:00 – 15:00 6 104 100.8
15:00 – 17:30 2.5 98 94.8
17:30 – 22:00 4.5 79 75.8
22:00 – 24:00 2 53 49.8

Take all the values into the equation, and then we get,
i=n
Li 31.8 7.5 60.8 1.5 100.8 6 94.8 2.5 75.8 4.5 49.8 2
Leq = 10log ෍(10 )
10 ti = 10log(10 10 × + 10 10 × + 10 10 × +10 ×
10 + 10 10 × + 10 10 × )
24 24 24 24 24 24
i=t

= 10 log 3.33 × 109 = 95.22 dBA ≈ 95 dBA ✓ Suggestion: Conversion to A-weighted sound levels can be
done at anytime during Leq determination.
Exercise 2

The following noise record at 500 Hz was obtained at a noise sensitive receiver near an airport with jet aircrafts
flying overhead all day.
(a) Determine Leq,24h in dBA.
(b) Compare Leq,5min in dBA or LAeq,5min to the noise standard values on weekdays in HK.
Solution:
(b) Leq,5min should be a considered in worst case scenario for comparison with standard values.
Therefore, we need to find out the maximum value of Leq,5min in corresponding period.
Time Duration (h) Sound level (dB) Sound level (dBA)
00:00 – 07:30 7.5 35 31.8
07:30 – 09:00 1.5 64 60.8
09:00 – 15:00 6 104 100.8
15:00 – 17:30 2.5 98 94.8
17:30 – 22:00 4.5 79 75.8
22:00 – 24:00 2 53 49.8
From 19:00 to 23:00,
Maximum Leq,5min = 75.8 dBA ≈ 76 dBA > 70 dBA standard
From 23:00 to 07:00,
Maximum Leq,5min = 49.8 dBA ≈ 50 dBA < 55 dBA standard
 Knowledge review
Inverse square law (in ideal condition)
r2
Lp ≅ LW − 20 log r − 11 ⇒ Lp,2 ≅ Lp,1 − 10 log( )2
r1
Sound power of a
Noise pollution and control

spherical source, Lw r: distance from the source, m

Part III. The Lp: sound pressure level, dB
LW: sound power level, dB
propagation of
In all direction, 𝐐 = 𝟏
sound source?
To 1/2 of a sphere, 𝐐 = 𝟐 Iθ
Sound pressure Q=
IS
at distance r, Lp To 1/4 of a sphere, 𝑸 = 𝟒 Lp,θ ≅ 10logQ + LW − 20 log r − 11

To 1/8 of a sphere, 𝑸 = 𝟖

Basic point source model (in non-ideal condition)

Lp = LW − 20 log r − 11 − Ae
Ae = Ae1 + Ae2 + Ae3 + Ae4 + Ae5 αd
Ae1: attenuation by absorption in air, dB Ae1 =
Ae2: attenuation by the ground, dB
1000 m/km
Ae3: attenuation by barriers, dB α: air attenuation coefficient, dB/km
Ae4: attenuation by foliage, dB d: distance, m
Ae5: attenuation by houses, dB
 Exercise 3

Three oil-fired boilers power plant produce sound power levels of 141, 139 and 150 dB (re: 10-12 W), respectively, at
500 Hz, from the induced draft. The height of the boilers is 25 m and receiver A is right below the boilers. The height
of the receiver A and receiver B are both 2.0 m. You may assume that the sources may be treated as ideal point
sources located at the same point.
(a) Determine 1-pB/pA in an ideal condition. (1-5 min)
(b) In non-ideal condition, determine the sound pressure level 350 m downwind at receiver B on a clear winter night
when the temperature is 10 °C, the relative humidity is 30.0 percent, and the barometric pressure is 1 atm. (5 min)
Q
Equation: L = 10 log
Q0
Lp = LW − 20 log r − 11 − Ae
r2
Lp,2 ≅ Lp,1 − 10 log( )2
r1
Table 3-1. Air attenuation coefficient, dB/km, for an ambient
pressure of 101.3 kPa for sound propagation in open air.
Boilers Temperature Relative humidity (%) Frequency (Hz)
250 500 1000
25 m Receiver B
Receiver A 10 °C 20 1.2 3.3 11
2.0 m 30 1.1 2.3 6.8
50 1.1 1.9 4.3
350 m
Exercise 3

(a) Determine 1-pB/pA in an ideal condition.

Solution:
(a) In an ideal condition, attenuation is neglected. Another way to understand
So we can use the following equation, As it is known,
r𝐴
Lp,𝐴 ≅ Lp,𝐵 − 10 log( )2 W W (p)2
r𝐵 I= = =
A 4πr 2 ρc
We also know, Then we can get,
Lp,A
𝑝 𝑝 (pA )2 W (pB )2 W
Lp,A = 10 log( 𝐴 )2 ⇒ ( 𝐴 )2 = 10 10 = 2
and =
p0 p0 ρc 4πrA ρc 4πrB 2
Lp,𝐵
𝑝 𝑝
Lp,𝐵 = 10 log( 𝐵 )2 ⇒ ( 𝐵 )2 = 10 10
p0 p0 Finally,
Therefore, we can get, W
Lp,𝐵 𝑝𝐵 2 4πrB 2 𝑟𝐴
𝑝𝐵 10 10 𝐿𝑝,𝐵 −𝐿𝑝,𝐴 𝑟
(𝑟𝐴 )2 𝑟𝐴 ( ) = = ( )2
𝑝𝐴 W 𝑟𝐵
( )2 = Lp,𝐴
= 10 10 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐵
= ( )2 4πrA 2
𝑝𝐴 𝑟𝐵
10 10
Thus,
𝑝𝐵 𝑟𝐴
1− =1−
𝑝𝐴 𝑟𝐵

As rA = 25 − 2 = 23 m and rB = 3502 + (23)2 = 350.75 m,

𝑝𝐵 23
1− =1− = 0.93
𝑝𝐴 350.75
Exercise 3

(b) In non-ideal condition, determine the sound pressure level 350 m downwind at receiver B on a clear winter night
when the temperature is 10 °C, the relative humidity is 30.0 percent, and the barometric pressure is 1 atm.
Solution:
(b) To determine LW,Total
LW,1
W
LW,1 = 141 dB ⇒ LW,1 = 10 log( 1 ) ⇒ W1 = W0 10 10
W0 LW,2
W
LW,2 = 139 dB ⇒ LW,2 = 10 log( 2 ) ⇒ W2 = W0 10 10
W0 LW,3
W
LW,3 = 150 dB ⇒ LW,3 = 10 log( 3 ) ⇒ W3 = W0 10 10
W0
And we know,
LW,1 LW,2 LW,3
WTotal = W1 + W2 +W3 = W0 (10 10 +10 10 +10 10 )

WTotal LW,1 LW,2 LW,3 141 139 150

LW,Total = 10 log( ) = 10log(10 10 +10 10 +10 10 ) = 10log(10 10 + 10 10 + 10 10 )
W0
= 10 log 1.21 × 1015 = 150.83 dB
To determine Ae1,
From Table 3-1, α = 2.3 dB/km
𝑑 = rB = 350.75 𝑚
Therefore,
αd 2.3 dB/km × 350.75 m Next page→
Ae1 = = = 0.81 dB
1000 m/km 1000 m/km
Exercise 3

(b) In non-ideal condition, determine the sound pressure level 350 m downwind at receiver B on a clear winter night
when the temperature is 10 °C, the relative humidity is 30.0 percent, and the barometric pressure is 1 atm.

Solution:

Neglecting the other attenuation factors, Ae2, Ae3, Ae4 and Ae5.

Ae = Ae1 = 0.81 dB

To determine sound pressure level,

Lp,B = LW,Total − 20 log rB − 11 − Ae = 150.83 − 20log 350.75 − 11 − 0.81 = 88.12 dB ≈ 88 dB

Thus, the sound pressure level is 88 dB.

Thank you for attention!
 Table 10-1. Sound level meter network weighting values.
Frequency (Hz) Curve A (dB) Curve C (dB)
10 -70.4 -14.3
There are three weighting networks: A, C and Z. 12.5 -63.4 -11.2
16 -56.7 -8.5
Network A is the most common one which is used in case of 20 -50.5 -6.2
environmental and industrial noise. 25 -44.7 -4.4
31.5 -39.4 -3.0
40 -34.6 -2.0
50 -30.2 -1.3
63 -26.2 -0.8
80 -22.5 -0.55
100 -19.1 -0.3
125 -16.1 -0.2
160 -13.4 -0.1
200 -10.9 0
250 -8.6 0
315 -6.6 0
400 -4.8 0
500 -3.2 0
630 -1.9 0
800 -0.8 0
1000 0 0
 TA for this section: Today’s rundown
WANG Ruixuan (Debbie) 1 min: Knowledge review
Email: [email protected] 8-10 min: Exercise
Office: Room 2209A
Whatsapp: (+852) 6609 9335

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE
5 2-3-21 Water quality modelling (6.2) Chii
4-3-21 Water supply (6.3) Chii
6 9-3-21 Wastewater treatment (6.4) Chii

Homework 2
11-3-21 Noise pollution and control (7.1) (Due on 11/3) Yingying
1 exercise question
7 16-3-21 Noise pollution and control (7.1) Yingying

18-3-21 Land contamination and solid waste management (8.1) Yingying

Homework 3
8 23-3-21 Subsurface contamination and control (8.2) (Due on 23/3) Yingying

25-3-21 Air quality and pollution (9.1) Yingying

Homework 4
9 30-3-21 Air pollution modeling (9.2) (Due on 30/3) Yingying
8-4-21 Air pollution control (9.3) Yingying
Homework 5
(Due on 13/4)
 Knowledge review

Sound power of a
Noise pollution and control

spherical source, Lw
Part III. The
propagation of
In all direction, 𝐐 = 𝟏
sound source?
To 1/2 of a sphere, 𝐐 = 𝟐
Sound pressure
at distance r, Lp To 1/4 of a sphere, 𝑸 = 𝟒

To 1/8 of a sphere, 𝑸 = 𝟖

Basic point source model (in non-ideal condition)

Lp = 10logQ + LW − 20 log r − 11 − Ae
Ae = Ae1
Ae1: attenuation by absorption in air, dB
Exercise 1
There are major activities involved during construction of Hotel A on the side of a hill. The construction activities in general,
will be carried out in non-restricted hours (07:00-19:00) with details shown in the figure. The noise levels of different
powered mechanical equipment at the hotel are shown in Table 1. The distance between the Hotel A and the residential
estate B is 2430 m. Given that air attenuation coefficient is 2.8 dB/km, neglect other attenuation factors and obstruction of
ground. As the sound can not penetrate through the mountain, you may assume the sources may be treated as a point
source on a flat surface.
(a) There is another residential estate C which is 1000 m further away from Hotel A, calculate Lp,B-Lp,C and 1-pC/pB. (3 min)
(b) Calculate max Leq,30min dB of sound pressure level in non-restricted hours received at residential estate B. (3 min)
Q
Equation: L = 10 log
Q0
i=n
11:00____________________15:30
Li
Leq = 10log ෍(1010 ) t i 3 Pan scrapers
i=1
Lp = 10logQ + LW − 20 log r − 11 − Ae
9 Tower cranes 3 Compressors
07:00_________________________12:30 15:15_________________19:00

Table 1. Sound power level of different equipment used in construction

of Hotel A
A Powered mechanical equipment
SWL (dB)
B C (PME)
Pan Scraper 119
Tower crane 95
Compressor 105
2430 m 1000 m
(a) Calculate Lp,B-Lp,C and 1-pC/pB.
Solution:
(a) By considering the obstruction effect of mountain, we introduce DIθ (10logQ) into the basic point source model.
Then we get,
Lp = 10logQ + LW − 20 log r − 11 − Ae
We also know, by neglecting other attenuation factors, we can get
αd αr
Ae = Ae1 = =
1000 m/km 1000 m/km
Therefore,
αr
Lp = 10logQ + LW − 20 log r − 11 −
1000 m/km
By taking into the variables at estate B and c, we can get,
αrB
Lp,B = 10logQ + LW − 20 log rB − 11 −
1000 m/km
αrC
Lp,C = 10logQ + LW − 20 log rC − 11 −
1000 m/km
Finally,
αrC αrB rC α(rC −rB )
Lp,B − Lp,C = 20 log rC + − 20 log rB − = 20 log +
1000 m/km 1000 m/km rB 1000 m/km
As r𝐵 = 2430 m and r𝑐 = 3430 m, we take these values and α of 2.8 dB/km into the equation.
3430 2.8 dB/km × 3430 m − 2430 m
Lp,B − Lp,C = 20 log + = 5.79 dB
2430 1000 m/km
(a) Calculate Lp,B-Lp,C and 1-pC/pB.
Solution:
(a) According to the definition of sound pressure level, we know, For two points B and C away from sound source
Lp
p p (𝑟𝐵 < 𝑟𝐶 )
Lp = 10 log(p )2 ⇒ p = 10 20
0 0
By taking into the variables at estate B and c, we can get, In non-ideal condition (Ae ≠ 0),
Lp,B Lp,C
pB p rC α(rC −rB )
= 10 20 and pC = 10 20 Lp,C = Lp,B − 20 log −
p0 0 rB 1000 m/km
Therefore, we can get, pC −
α(rC −rB ) r
Lp,C −Lp,B = [10 20×1000 m/km ] B
pC pB rC
= 10 20
pB
Lp,C −Lp,B
pC In ideal condition (Ae = 0),
1− = 1 − 10 20
pB rC
Lp,C = Lp,B − 20 log
rB
By taking into the result of Lp,B-Lp,C from the previous step, finally, pC rB
=
we get, pB rC
− Lp,B −Lp,C −5.79
pC
1− = 1 − 10 20 = 1 − 10 20 = 0.49
pB
(b) Calculate max Leq,30min dB of sound pressure level in non-restricted hours received at a residential estate B.
Solution:
(b)
To choose the 30-min period for max LWeq,30min
11:00____________________15:30

3 Pan scrapers

9 Tower cranes 3 Compressors

10:00_________________________12:30 15:15_________________17:00
Session I Session II

As the sound power level of 3 pan scrapers are higher than the one of 3 compressors, two sessions of 30-min are
chosen as below for comparison.
Session I: Any 30-min period from 11:00 to 12:30
9 tower cranes and 3 pan scrapers are powered on over the whole period
Session II: From 15:00 to 15:30
3 pan scrapers are powered on from 15:00 to 15:30
3 compressors are powered on from 15:15 to 15:30
(b) Calculate max Leq,30min dB of sound pressure level in non-restricted hours received at residential estate B.
Solution:
(b) As we know,
Duration (min)
TTotal = 30 min and t i =
30
To calculate Lweq,30min for session I
Session I: Any 30-min period from 11:00 to 12:30
9 tower cranes and 3 pan scrapers are powered on over the whole period

Take all the values into the equation, and then we get,
i=n
L𝑊,i 95 30 119 30
LWeq,30min = 10log ෍(10 10 ) t i = 10log(9 × 10 10 × + 3 × 10 10 × ) = 10 log 2.41 × 1012 = 123.82 𝑑𝐵
30 30
i=1

To calculate Lweq,30min for session II

Session II: From 15:00 to 15:30
3 pan scrapers are powered from 15:00 to 15:30
3 compressors are powered on from 15:15 to 15:30
Take all the values into the equation, and then we get,
i=n
L𝑊,i 119 30 105 15
LWeq,30𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10log ෍(10 10 ) t i = 10log(3 × 10 10 × + 3 × 10 10 × ) = 10 log 2.43 × 1012 = 123.86 𝑑𝐵
30 30
i=1
 (b) Calculate max Leq,30min dB of sound pressure level in non-restricted hours received at residential estate B.
Solution:
(b)
To determine max LWeq,30min
max LWeq,30min = 123.86 dB
To determine Ae1,
rB = 𝑑 = 2430 𝑚
Therefore,
αd 2.8 dB/km × 2430 m
Ae1 = = = 6.80 dB
1000 m/km 1000 m/km

Neglecting the other attenuation factors (Ae2, Ae3, Ae4 and Ae5).

Ae = Ae1 = 6.80 dB

To calculate max Leq,30min of sound pressure level at estate B

Leq,30min = 10logQ + LWeq,30min − 20 log rB − 11 − Ae = 10log(2) + 123.86 − 20log 2430 − 11 − 6.80 = 41.36 dB ≈ 41 dB

Thus, max Leq,30min is 41 dB.

(b) Calculate max Leq,30min dB of sound pressure level in non-restricted hours received at residential estate B.
Solution:
(b)
To choose the 30-min period for max LWeq,30min
11:00____________________15:30

3 Pan scrapers

9 Tower cranes 3 Compressors

10:00_________________________12:30 15:15_________________17:00
Session I Session II

As the sound power level of 3 pan scrapers are higher than the one of 3 compressors, two sessions of 30-min are
chosen as below for comparison.
Session I: Any 30-min period from 11:00 to 12:30 L𝑝 = 10logQ + L𝑊 − 20 log rB − 11 − Ae ⇒ 𝐋𝐞𝐪,𝟑𝟎𝐦𝐢𝐧
9 tower cranes and 3 pan scrapers are powered on over the whole period
Session II: From 15:00 to 15:30
3 pan scrapers are powered from 15:00 to 15:30 L𝑝,1 = 10logQ + L𝑊 − 20 log rB − 11 − Ae ⇒ 𝐋𝐞𝐪,𝟑𝟎𝐦𝐢𝐧
3 compressors are powered on from 15:15 to 15:30 L𝑝,2 = 10logQ + L𝑊 − 20 log rB − 11 − Ae

∆ We can calculate the corresponding Lp,i for each period in Session I and Session II and then calculate the
time-averaged value Leq,30min. Both are correct.
Thank you for attention!
Your TA:
WANG, Kun (王昆)
Email: [email protected]
Office: Room 5570
Whatsapp: (+44)7762058679

Environmental risk combined with EIA.

Q1: Calculate overall cancer risk for the workers working on the site A. Consider all
routes of exposure: ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. Chemical analysis
(concentration of metals) of the soil samples is given in the Table 1.
*Cancer Risk = (INTAKE-C * Slop Factor).
*Exposure point concentration is the lower value selected from the maximum
concentrations of metals in soil and the corresponding UCL95.
 Table 1 Metal concentrations in soil
All Concentration Units mg/kg

SITE ID ANALYSIS SAMPLE ID DEPTH (m) PARAMETER CONCENTRATION UCL95

B-B08 Metals B-B8/0.15-0.30m/1 0.3 Hexavalent Chromium 92.9

AB-14 Metals AB-14/0.05-0.30m/1 0.3 Hexavalent Chromium 392.0

50.2
B-B23 Metals B-B23/0.13-0.29m/1 0.29 Hexavalent Chromium 32.2

AB-14 Metals AB-14/0.68-0.83m/3 0.83 Hexavalent Chromium 288.0

AB-15 Metals AB15/0.78-0.93m/3 0.93 Copper 4960.00

AB-25 Metals AB-25/0.08-0.23m/2 0.23 Copper 7680.00

168
B-B20 Metals B-B20/0.11-0.25 0.26 Copper 130.00

B-B02 Metals B-B2/0.15-0.30m/1 0.3 Copper 103.00

B-B23A Metals B-B23a/2.85-3.10m/1 3.1 Nickel 297.00

B-B23 Metals B-B23/0.65-Q.81 m/3 0.81 Nickel 380.00

44.9
B-B24 Metals B-B24/0.68-0.83m/3 0.83 Nickel 1780.00

AB-15 Metals AB15/0.78-0.93m/3 0.93 Nickel 228.00

USEPA (1992):
States that: “because of the uncertainly associated with estimating the true average
concentration at a site, the 95 percent upper confidence limit (UCL) of the arithmetic
mean should be used.”
 TABLE C-l
EXPOSURE PARAMETERS FOR PARK WORKERS VALUES USED FOR SOIL INTAKE CALCULATIONS
RME (reasonable RME
Exposure
Parameter Code Parameter Definition Units maximum Rationale/ Intake Equation/ Model Name
Route
exposure) Value Reference
Exposure point
EPC mg/kg - -
concentration in Soil
IR-S Ingestion Rate of Soil mg/day 50 USEPA 1991
EF Exposure Frequency days/year 250 USEPA 1991
ED Exposure Duration years 25 USEPA 1991
Incidental CF Conversion Factor kg/mg 1.0E-06 -
Ingestion For evaluating carcinogens (LADD, Intake-
BW Body Weight kilograms 70 USEPA 1989
C):
= EPC x IR-S x EF x ED X CF x 1/BW x
AT-C Averaging Time (Cancer) days 25,550 USEPA 1989
1/AT-C
Averaging Time (Non-
AT-N days ED x 365 USEPA 1989
cancer)
Exposure point
EPC mg/kg - -
concentration in Soil
Surface Area Available
SA cm2/day 3.300 USEPA 2000
for Contact
EF Exposure Frequency days/year 250 USEPA 1991
ED Exposure Duration years 25 USEPA 1991
AF Adherence Factor mg/cm2 0.2 USEPA 2000
Dermal
For evaluating carcinogens (LADD, Intake-
Contact AbsD Dermal Absorption unitless chemical-specific USEPA 2000
C):
= EPC x SA x EF x ED x AF x AbsD x CF
CF Conversion Factor kg/mg 1.0E-06 -
x 1/BW x 1/AT-C
BW Body Weight kilograms 70 USEPA 1989
AT-C Averaging Time (Cancer) days 25,550 USEPA 1989
Averaging Time (Non-
AT-N days ED X 365 USEPA 1989
cancer)
Exposure point
EPC mg/kg - -
concentration in Soil
Chemical Concentration
CA mg/m3 CS x NAAQS CalEPA 1994
In Outdoor Air
National Ambient Air
NAAQS kg/m3 5.0E-08 CalEPA 1994 CA = EPC x 5.0E-08 kg/m3
Quality Standard
IR-A Inhalation Rate m3/day 20 USEPA 1991
Inhalation
EF Exposure Frequency days/year 250 USEPA 1991
ED Exposure Duration years 25 USEPA 1991
For evaluating carcinogens (LADD, Intake-
BW Body Weight kilograms 70 USEPA 1989
C):
AT-C Averaging Time (Cancer) days 25,550 USEPA 1989 = CA x IR-A x EF x ED x 1/BW x 1/AT-C
Averaging Time (Non-
AT-N days ED x 365 USEPA 1989
cancer)
 TABLE 1 - CHRONIC TOXICITY CRITERIA
HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT HUMAN
Ingestion/Derma Dermal
Inhalation Oral/Dermal Inhalation
l Contact Contact

Oral/Dermal Soil -to-Skin RfD

COPC Slope Slope
RfD Reference Absorption Reference Factor Factor
(chemicals of potential Dose Factor Dose
concern)
(mg/kg-d) (unitless) (mg/kg-d) (mg/kg-d)-1 (mg/kg-d)-1

Metals

Chromium VI 3.0E-03 0 - - 2.9E+02

Copper 3.7E-02 0 - - -

Nickel 2.0E-02 0 - - -
Soil ingestion is the consumption of soil. This may result from various behaviors
including, but not limited to, mouthing, contacting dirty hands, eating dropped
food, ...

Conversion factor is the conversion factor between exposure and absorbed dose.

Averaging time is different for non-carcinogens and carcinogens. The carcinogenic

intake is a prorated cumulative dose over a lifetime and the non-carcinogenic intake
is averaged only over the exposure duration.
Tutorial 7
Your TA: Today’s rundown:
PENG, Jiadong (彭嘉栋) 35 min: review + solving questions
Email: [email protected] 10 min: hints for HW 5
WhatsApp: (852) 5329 1226 5 min: Q&A
Lapse Rates vs. Plume Shape
ΔT/ΔZ

• Rising and descending air

follow adiabatic lapse rate
• Cooler air has higher density

Λ = Γ leads to neutral atmosphere

→ normal dispersion of pollutant
Lapse Rates vs. Plume Shape
Actual lapse rate (Λ) vs.
Adiabatic lapse rate (Γ)

Λ < Γ leads to unstable atmosphere

→ dispersion and dilution of pollutant

Λ > Γ leads to stable atmosphere

→ locally high concentration of pollutant
Lapse Rates vs. Plume Shape
Actual lapse rate (Λ) vs. Adiabatic lapse rate (Γ)

unstable
Lapse Rates vs. Plume Shape
Example 1. A tall stack and a nearby short stack have plumes as shown below. Which atmospheric
temperature profile would be most likely to cause that pair of plumes? (Note: the dotted lines
represent the dry adiabatic lapse rate and the solid lines represent the actual temperature profile.)
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model

Wind speed at effective height

𝑝
𝑢𝐻 𝐻 Ua – surface windspeed
=
𝑢𝑎 𝑧𝑎 Za – the height of anemometer
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.

Standard procedures:
(1)Stability class and p value
𝑝
𝑢𝐻 𝐻
(2)Wind speed at effective height =
𝑢𝑎 𝑧𝑎
(3)Dispersion coefficients
(4)To obtain the concentration

𝑄 𝐻2 𝑦2
𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 = exp − 2 exp − 2
𝜋 𝑢𝐻 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑦
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.

p for rough terrain

𝑝
𝑢𝐻 𝐻 𝑄 𝐻2 𝑦2
= 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 = exp − 2 exp − 2
𝑢𝑎 𝑧𝑎 𝜋 𝑢𝐻 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑦
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.
Solutions:
Stability class: Given the wind speed 4 m/s at 10 m and it is a cloudy day, the stability class is C,
which gives p = 0.2
p for rough terrain
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.
Solutions:
Wind speed at effective height:
𝑝
𝐻 𝑚 100+15 𝑚 0.2
𝒖𝑯 = 𝑢𝑎 = 4 × = 6.519 𝑚/𝑠
𝑧𝑎 𝑠 10 𝑚

Dispersion coefficient: x = 800 × cos 15° = 772.40 m; y = 800 × sin 15° = 207.06 m

Based on Class C and x < 1 km, a = 104, c = 61, d = 0.911 and f = 0

𝝈𝒚 = 𝑎𝑥 0.894 = 104 × 0.77240.894 = 82.56𝑚

𝝈𝒛 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑑 + 𝑓 = 61 × 0.77240.911 + 0 = 48.23 𝑚
 Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.
Solutions:
(1) Concentration: At point with coordinates (x, y) = (772.4 𝑚, 207.06 𝑚)
𝑄 𝐻2 𝑦2
𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 = exp − 2 exp − 2
𝜋 𝑢𝐻 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑦

1300 × 106 μgΤ𝑠 100+15 𝑚 2 207.06 𝑚 2

𝐶 772.4, 207.06 = exp − exp − = 40.00 μ gΤ𝑚3 > 20 μ gΤ𝑚3
𝜋 ×6.519 𝑚Τ𝑠 ×82.56 𝑚 ×48.23 𝑚 2 × 48.23 𝑚 2 2 × 82.56 𝑚 2
Point Source Gaussian Plume Model
Example 2. A playground is going to be built at 800 m east of a power plant. The power plant has a 100-m
stack emitting 1300 g/s of SO2. The plume rise is determined to be 15 m. Measurement using an
anemometer on a 10 m pole shows the wind speed is 4 m/s and the wind direction is 75° west of south. It
is a cloudy day. The air quality objective of ground-level SO2 concentration is 20 μg/m3.
(1) Will the ground-level SO2 concentration detected at the center of the playground be less than 20 μg/m3?
(2) If the answer of question (1) is no, calculate the amount of SO2 needs to be removed at the stack to
achieve a ground-level SO2 concentration of 20 μg/m3 at the center of the playground.
Solutions:
(2) Concentration: At point with coordinates (x, y) = (772.4 𝑚, 207.06 𝑚)
𝑄 𝐻2 𝑦2
𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦 = exp − 2 exp − 2
𝜋 𝑢𝐻 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑧 2𝜎𝑦

𝑄 μgΤ𝑠 100+15 𝑚 2 207.06 𝑚 2

𝐶 772.4, 207.06 = exp − 2 × 48.23 𝑚 2 exp − 2 × 82.56 𝑚 2 = 20 μ gΤ𝑚3
𝜋 ×6.519 𝑚Τ𝑠 ×82.56 𝑚 ×48.23 𝑚

𝑄 = 6.50 × 108 μ gΤ𝑠 = 650 𝑔/𝑠

𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 1300 − 650 𝑔/𝑠 = 650 𝑔/𝑠

Hints for HW5

2.81 km

• Consider the activities as 4 separate point

sources of TSP
• Distance between 2 center points: 2.81 km
• This area is considered as a rough terrain
• Pay attention to the reduction rates by
10 m
various control strategies

• For the calculation of the yearly TSP

concentration
Hints for HW5
Consider the worst situation (locally high concentration of pollutants):
• Discover Bay is always at the downwind direction of the construction area (y = 0)
• The stability class is the most stable one (Class D)

Wind direction
Q&A