DESIGN OF MACHINE

FOUNDATIONS
Dr. Jitendra P Singh
Topics for today

Type of machines

Types of machine foundations

Theory of vibration - basics

Design of Block foundation

Design of machine foundation on piles

Table top machine foundation

In-situ dynamic properties of soil and weighted average

References

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Type of machines

• Centrifugal (high speed machine)

• Reciprocating: mostly diesel machines (medium speed machine)

• Impact hammer (low speed machines)

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Types of foundations

Block foundation
Foundation on piles

Table top foundation

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Theory of vibration - basics

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Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System

equilibrium of these forces

Equation of motion

General Solution

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Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) systems

Equation of motion [ M ]{x}  [ D ]{x}  [ K ]{x}  {P sin n t}

General Solution Decoupled system – response spectrum analyses

Other wise time history analysis

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Design of Block foundation

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Foundation Movement

Vertical Long. Sliding

Z Y
Yawing

θ Pitching
φ
Trans. Sliding
X
Rocking

ψ
Soil Springs – Richart and Lysmer (1970)

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Soil Damping - Richart and Lysmer (1970)

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Equation of motion - Vertical Mode

Vertical motion

solution

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Equation of motion - Coupled horizontal and rocking motion

Equation of motion

solution Time history analysis as damping matrix is not

proportional to either mass or stiffness matrix

Wilson-Theta Method

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Equation of motion – torsional mode

solution
Yawing

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Limiting values of damping ratios

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Reduced Bearing capacity for continuous
vibration

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Embedment coefficients for spring constants

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Embedment coefficients for soil damping ratio

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Unbalanced force calculation (if required)

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Mass eccentricity for unbalanced force

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Weighted shear wave velocity (Vs) for 2B depth

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Vibration damage thresholds

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QMS Mathcad sheet

• QMS sheet - PEC-EN-VSS-C-4635

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 Design of machine
foundation on piles

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Single Pile Stiffness – George Gazetas

Design of Control Building for Blast loads

Single pile damping - George Gazetas

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Group and pile cap Effect

Kz Npile
KGz   Kzcap
Hence vertical group stifness z

Npile  K x
Horizontal Group stiffness in X direction K Gx   K xcap
Npile

  x
i
i  1

Npile  K y
K Gy   K xcap
Horizontal Group stiffness in Y direction Npile

  y
i
i  1

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QMS Mathcad sheet

• QMS document number PEC-EN-VSS-C-12627

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 Table Top machine foundation

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Analysis and Design

• By Finite element software

Design of Control Building for Blast loads

Soil Spring Input to finite element model

• Only vertical and horizontal (both direction) are required in FE model

• Calculate soil springs by Richart and Lysmer model discussed under design of
block foundation

• Calculate soil springs for each foundation node as per the area ratio (influenced
area)

• Also calculate stiffness due to pile cap embedment and apply appropriately in
the FE model as discussed above

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Table tops – trial sizing

• Min. mat thickness t = 0.07L4/3 , where L and t are in inches

• Column spacing ≤ 3.5m
• Beam depth  (1/5)×clear span of beam
• Beam width width of column
• Flexural stiffness of beams  2 times of flexural stiffness of
column
• Total mass of structure including mat  3 times centrifugal
machine & 5 times reciprocating machine

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Frame Type Foundations …PDO/SHELL

• Upper slab, columns and footing slab shall be of a regular shape and arranged, as far as possible,
symmetrically with respect to the vertical plane passing through the shaft of machines.
• As an empirical rule it is good practice to size the upper slab so that its weight is at least equal to the weight of
the equipment resting on it.
Upper slab weight  Weight of equipment resting on it
• The upper slab shall be as rigid as possible both in the horizontal plane and in the frames direction.
• The ratio of the maximum clear span between two adjacent pillars (in both directions) to the thickness of the
slab (or of the beams) should not be greater than 5.
( )
≤5

• Eccentric loading on girders should be avoided.
• It is advisable to avoid as far as possible overhanging cantilevered projections and where this is unavoidable
they shall be designed to ensure rigidity against vibrations.
• Upper slab should have the lower surface at the same level, so that the columns have an equal height.
• Columns should have simple shape in section, preferably rectangular type and their arrangement should be so
that the center of gravity of their stiffness lies on the line along which the resultant weight of machines, upper
slab and 2/3 of columns length act.
• Footing slabs should be sized so that the resultant force due to the weight of machines, upper deck, columns,
base slab and soil resting upon it passes through the center of gravity of the base area in contact with the soil.
• The base slabs should be as rigid as possible and, according to empirical rules, the thickness should be at
least equal to the transversal side of the column cross-section
Base slab thickness  transverse side of the column cross-section

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 In-situ dynamic properties
of soil and weighted
average

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Cross-bore hole tests

PSHA study – A Seismic Hazard Analysis

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Downhole tests

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Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)

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 REFERENCES

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Highly Recommended Reading

 ACI 351.3R 04, “Foundations for dynamic equipments” 2004

 DIN 4024 Part 2 (Rigid foundations for machinery subjected to periodic

vibration), “Machine foundations” 1991

 BSI, CP 2012: Part 1 (Foundations for reciprocating machines): 1974, “Code of

Practice for Foundations for Machinery”

 API 686, “Recommended practices for machinery installation and installation

design” 1996

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