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International
Advanced Level

Thursday 21 May 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH12/01

Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes and
Alcohols
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Data Booklet
Ruler

Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball‑point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• ability
In the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
to structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make
are related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• There is a Periodic Table on the back cover of this paper.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.

Turn over

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P62588A
©2020 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/

SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer
with a cross .

1 The bond enthalpy for the Cl Cl bond is +243.0 kJ mol–1.

What is the enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine in kJ mol–1?
A +243.0
B –243.0
C +121.5
D –121.5

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation for the reaction between

sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid is –56 kJ mol–1.
Which row in the table is correct for this neutralisation?

Reaction type Temperature

A exothermic increases

B exothermic decreases

C endothermic increases

D endothermic decreases

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

3 Which of the following statements about water is not due to hydrogen bonding?
A water has a less open structure than ice
B ice cubes float in a glass of iced water
C when water freezes its volume increases
D water is a good solvent for ionic compounds

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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4 The skeletal formulae of three isomers are shown.

X Y Z

Which series shows the correct order of increasing boiling temperatures?

A Y, X, Z
B X, Y, Z
C Y, Z, X
D X, Z, Y

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

5 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of a catalyst.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(a) What type of reaction occurs?

(1)
A displacement
B disproportionation
C elimination
D hydrolysis

(b) In an experiment, the volume of oxygen produced by the decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide was measured at various times as the reaction progressed and
a graph was plotted.
The initial gradient of the graph was 0.50 cm3 s−1.
What is the initial rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in mol s–1?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 dm3 mol–1]
(1)
A 2.1 × 10–2 mol s–1
B 4.2 × 10–5 mol s–1
C 2.1 × 10–5 mol s–1
D 1.0 × 10–5 mol s–1

(Total for Question 5 = 2 marks)

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6 Dichromate(VI) ions may be reduced in acidic solution.

Cr2O72–(aq) + x H+(aq) + y e– → 2Cr3+(aq) + z H2O(l)

The coefficients in this half‑equation are

x y z

A 14 6 7

B 14 3 7

C 7 6 3.5

D 7 3 3.5

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

7 In an oxide of potassium, the oxidation number of oxygen is –½.

What is the formula of this oxide?
A K2O
B K2O2
C K2O3
D KO2

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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8 Compound Q gives off nitrogen dioxide when heated, and produces a red colour in a
flame test.

(a) Which of these compounds could be Q?

(1)
A barium nitrate
B lithium nitrate
C magnesium nitrate
D rubidium nitrate

(b) Which colour and test results are correct for nitrogen dioxide gas?
(1)
Colour of Colour change of
nitrogen dioxide damp litmus paper
A brown blue to red

B brown red to blue

C colourless blue to red

D colourless red to blue

(Total for Question 8 = 2 marks)

9 The products of the reaction of sodium fluoride with concentrated sulfuric acid can

be predicted by considering the trends for the other sodium halides.
Which gas or gases form when sodium fluoride reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?

A hydrogen fluoride only
B hydrogen fluoride and fluorine only
C hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide only
D hydrogen fluoride, fluorine and sulfur dioxide only

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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10 The diagram shows a reaction profile for a reversible reaction.

R  P

w
P
Energy u

v x
R
Progress of reaction

(a) Which symbol represents the enthalpy change for the reaction R → P?
(1)
A u
B v
C w
D x

(b) Which symbol represents the activation energy of the reaction P → R?

(1)
A u
B v
C w
D x

(c) Hess’s Law can be applied to this system.

Which expression is correct?
(1)
A v+x=u+w
B w+x=u
C u–w=v
D u–v=x

(Total for Question 10 = 3 marks)

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11 A solution containing 0.100 mol of hydrochloric acid is added to

8.43 g of magnesium carbonate.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(a) What is the total volume (at r.t.p.) of carbon dioxide formed?
[Mr(MgCO3) = 84.3 Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol–1]
(1)
A 2.40 dm3
B 1.20 dm3
C 2400 dm3
D 1200 dm3

(b) Which sketch graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide (y‑axis) plotted against
time (x‑axis) during the reaction?
(1)

A B

C D

(c) Which sketch graph shows the rate of the reaction (y‑axis) plotted against
time (x‑axis) during the reaction?
(1)

A B

C D

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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12 (a) What is the name of compound L?

OH
L

(1)
A Z‑oct‑3‑en‑3‑ol
B E‑oct‑3‑en‑3‑ol
C Z‑oct‑5‑en‑3‑ol
D E‑oct‑5‑en‑3‑ol

(b) Compound L can be converted into compound M.

OH Cl
M

Cl

Which reagent should be used?

(1)
A Cl2(g)
B HCl(g)
C PCl5(s)
D KCl(aq)

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(c) Compound L can also be converted into compound N.

Cl
N

Which reagent should be used?

(1)
A Cl2(g)
B HCl(g)
C PCl5(s)
D KCl(aq)

(Total for Question 12 = 3 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

13 Enthalpy changes of formation are often difficult to determine directly.

Some enthalpy data are shown.

Standard enthalpy change of

Compound
formation, Δf H / kJ mol–1

H2O(l) –285.8

CO2(g) –393.5

Standard enthalpy change of combustion of propane (Δc H (C3H8)) = –2219 kJ mol–1.

(a) (i) Add arrowheads and stoichiometric coefficients to the Hess’s Law diagram.
(1)

3C(s) + 4H2(g) C3H8(g)

. . . . . .... CO2(g) + ......... H2O(l)

(ii) Use the data at the start of the question and your Hess’s Law diagram to
calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of propane.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)

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(b) The values for the boiling temperatures and the standard enthalpies of
combustion of a series of straight‑chain alkanes are shown in the table.

Standard enthalpy
Boiling temperature
Alkane change of combustion, Increase in Δc H / kJ mol–1
/ °C
Δc H / kJ mol–1
C2H6 –88.5 –1560 –
C3H8 –42.0 –2219 659
C4H10 –0.5 –2877 658
C5H12 36.1 –3509 632
C6H14 68.8 –4163 654
C7H16 98.4 –4817 654

(i) Explain why the increases in the values of Δc H are similar.

(2)

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(ii) The increase in the value of Δc H from butane to pentane is smaller than any
other increase.

Suggest an explanation for this.

(2)

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(iii) Explain, with reference to their intermolecular forces, why the boiling temperatures
of alkanes increase as the number of carbon atoms increases. A detailed
description of the intermolecular forces is not required.
(3)

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(Total for Question 13 = 10 marks)

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14 Limewater is a solution of calcium hydroxide used in the laboratory to test for

carbon dioxide.
(a) Write the equation for the formation of the white precipitate in this test.
Include state symbols.
(2)

(b) The concentration of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide can be

determined by titration.
cm3 portions of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide were titrated with
25.0 
0.0500 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein indicator.
The mean titre was 23.40 cm3.
Calculate the concentration of calcium hydroxide in g dm–3.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[Mr(Ca(OH)2) = 74.1]
(4)

(c) The experiment was repeated using the same hydrochloric acid with a saturated
solution of magnesium hydroxide.
Explain the difference (if any) in the mean titre.
(2)

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(Total for Question 14 = 8 marks)

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15 (a) Silver ions have anti‑microbial properties and are used in some wound dressings.
Silver nitrate can be made by warming a mixture of silver metal and
concentrated nitric acid.

Ag(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → AgNO3(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l)

Show, by reference to oxidation numbers, that this is a redox reaction.

(2)

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(b) Two students used different methods to determine the concentration of a

silver nitrate solution.
(i) Student A used a calorimetric method, reacting a 50.0 cm3 sample of the
solution with excess powdered zinc.

AgNO3(aq) + ½Zn(s) → ½Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s) ΔrH = –36.1 kJ mol–1

The student recorded a maximum rise in temperature of 5.2 °C.

Calculate the concentration of the silver nitrate solution in mol dm–3.
[Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g–1  °C–1 and the
density of the solution is 1.00 g cm–3.]
(3)

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(ii) Student B used a gravimetric method, which involved weighing a product of

a reaction.
cm3 sample of the same silver nitrate solution was mixed with excess
A 50.0 
potassium bromide solution. The precipitate was filtered and weighed.

AgNO3(aq) + KBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + KNO3(aq)

The mass of the precipitate was found to be 5.96 g.

Calculate the concentration of the silver nitrate solution, in mol dm–3, from this
gravimetric method.
(2)

(iii) The students’ values were different from the data book value.
Student A’s value was lower and student B’s value was higher.
Give a possible reason for each difference.
(2)

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(Total for Question 15 = 9 marks)

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16 Halogenoalkanes are useful reagents in organic synthesis.
Some reactions of 1‑bromopropane are shown.

C3H7OH

Reaction 1

Reaction 2 Reaction 3
C3H7NH2 C3H7Br C3H7CN

Reaction 4

C3H6

(a) Complete the table about these reactions.

(4)

Reaction Reagent Solvent Type of reaction

1 potassium hydroxide

2 ammonia

3 ethanol

4 elimination

(b) Give the IUPAC name of the product of Reaction 3.

(1)

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16
*P62588A01624*


(c) Complete the mechanism for Reaction 2.

Show the formation of the intermediate F and of the product.
Include curly arrows, and any relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(3)

H H H H H H H

H C C C Br H C C C N+ H intermediate F

H H H H H H H

17
*P62588A01724* Turn over

*(d) The relative rates of hydrolysis of a series of halogenoalkanes were determined
using the following method:
 five test tubes, each containing 2 cm3 of ethanol and 2 cm3 of aqueous
silver nitrate, were placed in a water bath at 50 °C
 four drops of a different halogenoalkane were added to each test tube
 the time taken for a precipitate to appear in each test tube was recorded.
The results are shown.

Halogenoalkane Time for ppt to appear / s

2‑bromobutane 29

2‑chlorobutane 75

2‑iodobutane <1

1‑bromobutane 41

2‑bromo‑2‑methylbutane 13

Explain these results by considering:

 the chemical reaction occurring
 the structures of the halogenoalkanes
 the strengths of the carbon-halogen bonds.
(6)

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18
*P62588A01824*


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(Total for Question 16 = 14 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 41 MARKS

19
*P62588A01924* Turn over

SECTION C

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

17 (a) The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is at its highest level for 800 000 years.
Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) uses waste carbon dioxide from industrial
processes to make green fuels, methanol, plastics or pharmaceuticals.
One method uses the reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen to make methanol.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g)  CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ΔrH = −49.5 kJ mol−1

The conditions for this industrial reaction are a pressure of 50 atm, a temperature
of 250 °C and a copper catalyst.
(i) Explain why high pressure is used.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Discuss the factors leading to a choice of 250 °C in this process.

(3)

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20
*P62588A02024*


(iii) Give a reason why using a catalyst to increase the rate makes the process
more sustainable.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Methanol can be oxidised to produce methanoic acid.

(i) State the reagents and reaction conditions for this oxidation in the laboratory.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the equation to show the products of this oxidation.

State symbols are not required.
(1)

CH3OH + ................ [O] →

(iii) Give a chemical test, and its positive result, that could be used to confirm the
functional group in methanoic acid.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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21
*P62588A02124* Turn over

(iv) The infrared spectra of methanol and methanoic acid are shown.
Explain how these could be used to show that all the methanol has been
converted to methanoic acid, quoting relevant bonds and wavenumbers.
Use your Data Booklet.
(3)
methanol
infrared spectrum

0.8
Transmittance

0.6

0.4

0.2
3000 2000 1000
Wavenumber / cm−1

methanoic acid
infrared spectrum

0.8
Transmittance

0.6

0.4

0.2

3000 2000 1000

Wavenumber / cm−1

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22
*P62588A02224*


(c) (i) Methanol produced from petrol by CCU may be mixed with petrol derived from
fossil fuels. A concentration of 5% by mass of methanol is used.
Explain how the use of this fuel would affect the increase in global temperatures.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide released when 1 mol of octane (C8H18) is
burned completely.
(1)

(iii) A motorist who uses 1200 kg of fuel each year in a car changes to a fuel
with 5% of the mass of petrol replaced by methanol produced by CCU.
Calculate the annual reduction, in kg, of carbon dioxide released by the car.
[Assume petrol has the same molecular formula as octane and the added
methanol does not contribute any additional carbon dioxide when burned.]
(2)

(Total for Question 17 = 19 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 19 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

23
*P62588A02324*


24
*P62588A02424*