7/14/2019 11:16:36 AM/sf/mbr

Flexural Analysis

Another equation for ρb , fc′ and fy are in MPa (N/mm2):

'
fc 600
ρb=0.85 β 1 ( )(
f y 600+f y )
for tension-controlled condition,

fy

ρmax =
( 0.003+ ρ
Es b)
0.008

f 'c d' 600

ρ− ρ' =≥ 0.85 β 1 ( )( )(
fy d 600−f y )
=K

Example 1
Determine the design moment strength and the position of the neutral axis of a rectangular
section that has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, and is reinforced with five 20-mm-diameter bars.
Given fc′ = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

Solution

π 2
1. Area of five 20-mm bars is, A 20= ( 20 ) =314.16 mm2; for 5 bars, 1570.80 mm2
4
A s 1570.80
ρ= = =0.01047
bd 300 x 500

1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0035
f y 400

For fc′ = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa, �b = 0.0217 and �max = 0.01356. Note that Es = 200,000
MPa and fy/Es = 0.002. Because � < �max, it is a tension-controlled section with � = 0.9. Also � >
�min.

2. Calculate the design moment strength:

a
d−
2
(¿)
ϕ Mn=ϕ As f y ¿

1
 As f y 1570 × 400
a= '
= =123 mm
0.85 f b c
0.85× 20× 300

123
ϕ Mn=0.9 ×1570 × 400 500− ( 2 )
× 10−6 =247.8 KN ⋅m

Note that the moment was multiplied by 10−6 to get the answer in KN⋅m. The distance to the
neutral axis from the compression fibers (c) = a/�1, where �1 = 0.85 for fc′ = 30 MPa. Therefore,
c = 123/0.85 = 145 mm.

Example 2
A 2.4-m-span cantilever beam has a rectangular section with b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm, and is
reinforced with three bars, 25 mm in diameter. The beam carries a uniform dead load (including
its own weight) of 25.5 kN/m and a uniform live load of 32 kN/m. Check the adequacy of the
section if fc′ = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

Solution
1. U = 1.2D +1.6L = 1.2 × 25.5 +1.6 × 32 = 81.8 KN/m. External factored moment = Mu =
UL2/2 = 81.8(2.42)/2 = 235.6 KN⋅m.
2. Calculate the design moment strength:

2
A s =1470 mm
A 1470
ρ= s = =0.01
bd 300× 490

'
fc 600
ρb=0.85 β 1 ( )(
fy 600+f y )
=0.0325

fy
( 0.003+ ρ
)
Es b 5
ρmax =
0.008
=
8 ()
( 0.0325 ) =0.0203

1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0035
f y 400

Since � < �max but >�min, it is a tension-controlled section and � = 0.9. Let a = As fy/(0.85fc′ b)
= 1470 × 400/(0.85 × 30 × 300) = 77 mm, c = 90 mm.

Also ϕ Mn=ϕ Asfy ( d−a / 2 )=0.9 ×1470 × 400 ( 490−77 / 2 ) ×10−6=238.9 KN⋅m.

Also ε t = 0.003(dt − c)/c = 0.003(490 −90)/90 = 0.01333 > 0.005, � = 0.9 as assumed.

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 3. The internal design moment strength is greater than the external factored moment.
Therefore, the section is adequate.

Example 3
Calculate the design moment strength of a rectangular section with the following details: b =
250 mm, d = 440 mm, d′ = 60 mm, tension steel is six bars 25 mm in diameter (in two rows),
compression steel is three bars 20 mm in diameter, fc′ = 20MPa, and fy = 350 MPa.

Solution

1. Check if compression steel yields:

As = 490 × 6 = 2940 mm2 A′s = 314 × 3 = 942 mm2 As − A′s = 1998 mm2

2940
ρ= =0.0267
250 × 440
' 942
ρ= =0.00856
250× 440

'
ρ− ρ =0.01814
For compression steel to yield:

20 60 600
ρ− ρ' ≥ 0.85× 0.85 × ( 350 )( 440 )( 600 – 350 )=0.01351
'
ρ – ρ =0.01814 >0.01351 .

Therefore, compression steel yields.

2. Calculate M n :
'
As− A s 1998
a= '
= =164 mm
0.85 f c b 0.85 ×20 ×250

164
[
M n= 1998 ×350 440−( 2 ) ]
+942 ×350 ( 440−60 ) ×10−6=417.3 KN ⋅ m

3. Check � based on ε t ≥ 0.005 .

0.003 ( d t −c )
εt =
c
164
a = 164 mm c= =193 mm
0.85

3
 d t = h − 65 mm = d + 25 mm for two rows of tension bars

d t = 440 + 25 = 465 mm

Let ε t = 0.003(465 −193)/193 = 0.04228, which is less than 0.005, but greater than the 0.004
limit. Also � = 0.48 +83 × �t, = 0.831, and �Mn = 0.831 (417.3) = 346.8 KN⋅m.

Flexural Design

Example 1
Determination of the area. Find the steel area required to resist a moment of M u of 150 kN-
m. f 'c =28 MPa , f y =420 MPa , steel protective cover (spc) = 65mm.

Try a=¿ 100 mm

150 x 10 6
As= =1031 mm2
100
(
0.90 x 420 430−
2 )
check the assumed a
1031 x 420
a= =72.8 mm
0.85 x 28 x 250
Try a=¿ 70 mm
6
150 x 10
As= =992 mm2
0.90 x 420 ( 430−75 )

992 x 420
a= =70 mm
0.85 x 28 x 250

π 2 2
A 25 ϕ = ( 25 ) =490.82 mm
Use A s =992 mm2 . Using 25 mm ϕ bars 4 )
¿
992
Number of bars= =2 pcs−25 mm diameter bars
490.82

4
 2 2
Actual A s=490.82mm x 2=981.74 mm

check reinforcement ratio

A 981.74
ρ= s = =0.00903
bd 250 x 435

'
f εu 28 0.003
( )(
ρ0.005=0.85 β 1 c
)
f y ε u +0.005 ( )( 0.3003+0.005
=0.85 x 0.85 x
420 )=0.0181> ρ
therefore ϕ=0.90

Beam detail

Example 2
Determination of steel area and variable strength reduction factor. Architectural
considerations limit the height of a 6m simple span beam to 400mm and width to 300mm. The
following loads and material properties are given: wd = 11 kN/m, wl = 24 kN/m, f’c = 35 MPa,
and fy = 420 MPa. Determine the reinforcement for the beam.

Solution
1. calculate the factored loads.

kN
w u=1.2 x 11+1.6 x 24=51.6
m
wu l 2 51.6 x 6 2
M u= = =232.2kN −m
8 8

Assume a=100 mm and ϕ=0.9 . The depth is (400 – 65) = 335mm. Calculate As

5
 Mu 232.2 x 10
6
As= = =2156 mm2
( a2 )
∅ f y d− (
0.90 x 420 335−
100
2 )
Try 2-32 and 1-30mm bars, As = 2315 mm2

check the assumed a

2315 x 420
a= =109 mm>100(ok)
0.85 x 35 x 300
check moment capacity
a 109
( )
Mn=Asfy d− =2315 × 420 335−
2 ( 2 )
×10−6=273 kN −m
ϕ=0.9
ϕ Mn=ϕ Asfy ( d−a / 2 )=245.46 kN −m>232.20 kN (ok )
check the net tensile strain the validate the selection of ϕ=0.9 .
109
c=a/ β1 = =136.25mm . The c/d ratio is 136.25/335 = 0.406 > 0.375, so ε t >0.005 is
0.80
not satisfied. The corresponding net tensile strain is

335−136.25
ε t =0.003 =0.0044
136.25

Interpolating using Fig. 3.9 gives  = 0.85 and Mu = Mn = 232 kN-m which is less than the
required section capacity. Try increasing the reinforcement to 3-32mm  bars, As = 2412.74
mm2.

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recheck Mu
As f y
a=
0.85 f 'c b
2412.74 ( 420 )
¿ =113.54 mm
0.85× 35× 300
113.54
c= =142mm
0.80
a 113.54
( )
Mn=Asfy d− =2457 × 420 335−
2 2( )
×10−6=287.12 kN −m
335−142
ε t =0.003 =0.00408
142
ϕ=0.65+ ( 0.00408−0.002 ) ( 250/3 ) =0.823
M u=ϕ M n=0.823 x 287.12=236.40 kN −m

Example 3
Design a singly reinforced rectangular section to resist a factored moment of 280 kN-m using
the maximum steel percentage for tension-controlled sections. Given: fc ′ = 20N∕mm 2, fy =400
N/mm2, and b = 250 mm. Es = 200, 000 MPa .

fy 400
ε y= = =0.002
E y 200,000
f 'c εu 20 0.003
ρb=0.85 β 1
fy( )( ) ε u +ε y
=0.85 × 0.85× ×
400 0.003+0.002(=0.0217)
f 'c 600
ρb=0.85 β 1 ( )( )
fy 600+f y
20 600
ρb=0.85× 0.85 × ×
400 600+ 400 ( =0.0217 )
The maximum reinforcement ratio for a tension-controlled beam is
f 'c εu 20 0.003
ρmax =0.85 β 1 ( )(
f y ε u + 0.004
=0.85 ×0.85 ×
) ×
400 0.003+ 0.005 ( )
=0.01355

ρmax = ( 0.003+ fy/ Es

0.008 ) ρ =0.625 ρ =0.01355
b b

ϕ=0.9
ρmax f y
Ru max =ϕ ρmax f y 1−
( 1.7 f 'c )
0.01356 × 400 N
¿ 0.9 ×0.01356 × 400 1− ( 1.7 × 20
=4.1
mm2 )
( MPa )

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 2
M u=Ru b d
Mu 280 x 106
d=
√ √
Ru b
=
4.1× 250
=523 mm

2 2
A s =ρ bd=0.01356 ×250 ×523=1772 mm =17.72 cm

π 2 2
A 25 ϕ = ( 25 ) =490.82 mm
Choose four bars, Using 25 mm ϕ bars 4 ), in two rows.
¿
Provided As = 4 × 490.87 = 1963.48 mm2. Total depth is
h=d+ 25 mm+65 mm (steel protective cover)
¿ 523+25+65=613 mm say 625 mm

Check minimum width:

bmin =2 D+1 S+ 95 mm=3 × 25+95=170 mm<250 mm

Bars are placed in two rows.

Beam detail

Example

Example 4
Calculate the required reinforcement for a beam that has a section of b = 300 mm and a total
depth h = 600 mm to resist Mu = 696 kN-m. Given: fc′ = 30 N∕mm2 and fy =420 N/ mm2 .

Solution
1. Determine the design moment strength of the section using �max (for tension-
controlled section, � = 0.9):

8
 f 'c 600
ρb=0.85 β 1 ( )(
fy 600+f y )
30 600
¿ 0.85 x 0.85 x ( 400 )( 600+ f )
=0.0304
y

fy

ρmax = ( 0.003+

0.008
Es
ρb ) Es = 200, 000 MPa

¿ 0.6375 ρb=0.01938
fy
Es
=0.002 1

ρmax f y
Ru max =ϕ ρmax f y 1−
( 1.7 f 'c )
0.01938 × 420 N
¿ 0.9 ×0.01938 × 420 1− ( 1.7 × 30
=6.16)mm2
( MPa )

d=h−85 mm (assuming two rows of bars)

¿ 600−85=515 mm

ϕ M n =R u b d 2=6.16 ×300 × ( 515 )2 ×10−6=490 kN−m

This is less than the external moment; therefore, compression reinforcement is needed.

2. Calculate As1, Mu1, and Mu2:

A s 1= ρmax bd=0.01938 ×300 ×515=2994 mm 2

Mu 2=Mu−Mu 1=696−490=206 kN ⋅ m

3. Calculate As2 and A′s due to Mu2. Assume d′ = 60 mm:

Mu 2=ϕ As 2 fy ( d−d' )
206 ×106=0.9 As 2 × 420 (515−60 )
As 2=1198 mm 2

Total tension steel is 2994 + 1198 = 4192 mm2.

4. Compression steel yields if

f ' d' 600
ρ− ρ' =ρ1 ≥ 0.85 β 1 × c × × =0.020
f y d 600−f y
Because � −�′ = �max = 0.01938 < 0.020, compression steel does not yield.

5. Calculate

9
 As f y
a= '
0.85 f c b
2994 ( 420 )
¿ =164.4 mm
0.85× 30× 300

a
c= =193.4 mm
0.85

'
d =60 mm
f 's=600 ( c−dc ' )=414 N /mm 2
or using f 's=E s ε 's

'
c−d
Where ε 's= ( )c
ε cu and Es = 200,000 MPa

fy 420
A 's =A s 2
( ) ( )
'
fs
=A
s2
414
=1215 mm2

Or calculate A's from Mu2 = A’s x f’s x (d -d’)

M u2
A 's = ' '
=1215 mm2
∅ f (d −d )
s

6. Choose steel bars as follows: For tension, choose six bars 30 mm in diameter (30 M). The
As provided (4200 mm) is greater than As, as required. For compression steel, choose
three bars 25 mm in diameter (25 M):

'
A s =1500 mm 2> 1215 mm2

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