Discovering

Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Communications

• Computer communications describes a process in

which two or more computers or devices transfer
data, instructions, and information

Communications
Sending device Receiving device
channel

Page 460 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2

Chapter 9
Uses of Computer Communications

Blogs Chat rooms E-mail Fax

Instant
FTP Internet Newsgroups
messaging

Video
RSS VoIP Web
conferencing

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click Chapter 9, Click Web Web 2.0 Web folders Wikis
Link from left navigation,
then click Wikis
below Chapter 9
Page 462 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
Chapter 9
Networks

• A network is a collection of computers and

devices connected together via communications
devices and transmission media
• Advantages of a network include:
Facilitating Sharing Sharing data
communications hardware and information

Sharing Transferring
software funds

Pages 470 - 471 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4

Chapter 9
Networks and the Internet

• A network is a
collection of computers
and devices connected
together, often
wirelessly, via
communications
devices and
transmission media

Pages 10 - 11 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 5

Figure 1-6 Chapter 1
Networks

• The design of computers, devices, and media on a

network is sometimes called the network architecture
Client/server network Peer-to-peer network

Pages 473 – 474 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6

Figures 9-13 – 9-14 Chapter 9
Networks

• A local area network

(LAN) is a network that
connects computers
and devices in a limited
geographical area
• A wireless LAN (WLAN)
is a LAN that uses no
physical wires

Page 472 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7

Figures 9-10 – 9-11 Chapter 9
Networks

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects

LANs in a metropolitan area
• A wide area network (WAN)
is a network that covers a
large geographical area

Page 473 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 8

Figure 9-12 Chapter 9
Networks

• A network topology refers to the layout of the computers

and devices in a communications network

Star network Bus network Ring network

Pages 475 – 477 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 9

Figures 9-16 – 9-18 Chapter 9
Networks and the Internet

• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that

connects millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals

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Link from left navigation,
then click The Internet
below Chapter 1
Page 11 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10
Figure 1-7 Chapter 1
Networks and the Internet

• People use the Internet for a variety of reasons:

Communicate Research and Shop Bank and Invest Online Trading

Access Information

Entertainment Download Videos Share Information Web Application

Pages 12 - 13 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 11

Figure 1-8 Chapter 1
Communications Devices

• A router connects
multiple computers or
other routers together
and transmits data to its
correct destination on a
network
• Many are protected by
a hardware firewall
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Link from left navigation,
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Page 488 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12
Figure 9-31 Chapter 9
Communications Devices

• A hub or switch connects several devices in a

network together

Pages 488 – 489 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 13

Figure 9-32 Chapter 9
Communications Devices

Page 486 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 14

Figures 9-26 – 9-27 Chapter 9
Communications Devices

• A wireless modem uses the cell phone network to

connect to the Internet wirelessly from a
notebook computer, a smart phone, or other
mobile device

Page 487 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 15

Figure 9-28 Chapter 9
Communications Devices

• A network card enables

a computer or device to
access a network
• Available in a variety of
styles
• Wireless network cards
often have an antenna

Page 487 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 16

Figure 9-29 Chapter 9
Physical Transmission Media

Page 492 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 17

Figure 9-35 Chapter 9
Physical Transmission Media
Twisted-pair cable

Fiber-optic cable

Coaxial cable

Page 493 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18

Figures 9-36 – 9-38 Chapter 9
Wireless Transmission Media

Page 494 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 19

Figure 9-39 Chapter 9
 Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology

• Networking and Communication Trends

– Convergence:
• Telephone networks and computer networks
converging into single digital network using Internet
standards
– Broadband:
• More than 74 percent U.S. Internet users have
broadband access
– Broadband wireless:
• Voice, data communication are increasingly taking place
over broadband wireless platforms
 Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology

• Computer network
– Two or more connected computers
– Major components in simple network
• Client and server computers
• Network interfaces (NICs)
• Connection medium
• Network operating system
• Hubs, switches, routers
– Software-defined networking (SDN)
• Functions of switches and routers managed by central program
 Components of a Simple Computer Network

Illustrated here is a very simple computer network, consisting of computers, a network operating system
Figure 7-1 residing on a dedicated server computer, cabling (wiring) connecting the devices, network interface cards
(NIC), switches, and a router.
 Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology

• Networks in large companies

– Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to
firmwide corporate network
– Various powerful servers
• Web site
• Corporate intranet, extranet
• Backend systems
– Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
– Videoconferencing system
– Telephone network
– Wireless cell phones
 Corporate Network Infrastructure

Today's corporate network

infrastructure is a collection of
many different networks from
the public switched telephone
network, to the Internet, to
corporate local area networks
linking workgroups,
departments, or office floors.

Figure 7-2
 Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology

• Key digital networking technologies

– Client/server computing
• Distributed computing model
• Clients linked through network controlled by network
server computer
• Server sets rules of communication for network and
provides every client with an address so others can find
it on the network
• Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing
• The Internet: largest implementation of client/server
computing
 Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology

• Key digital networking technologies (cont.)

– TCP/IP and connectivity
• Protocols: rules that govern transmission of
information between two points
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
– Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet
• Department of Defense reference model for
TCP/IP
– Four layers
» Application layer
» Transport layer
» Internet layer
» Network interface layer
 Different Types of Networks

• Signals: Digital versus analog

– Modem: translates digital signals into
analog form (and vice versa)
• Types of networks
– Local area networks (LANs)
• Ethernet
• Client/server vs. peer-to-peer
– Wide area networks (WANs)
– Metropolitan area networks (MANs)
– Campus area networks (CANs)
 Functions of the Modem

Figure 7-5 A modem is a device that translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) so that computers can transmit data over analog networks such
as telephone and cable networks.
 Different Types of Networks
• Physical transmission media
– Twisted pair wire (CAT5)
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optics cable
– Wireless transmission media and devices
• Satellites
• Cellular systems
• Transmission speed
– Bits per second (bps)
– Hertz
– Bandwidth
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• The Internet
– World’s most extensive network
– Internet service providers (ISPs)
• Provide connections
• Types of Internet connections
– Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
– Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps–40 Mbps
– Cable Internet connections: 1–50 Mbps
– Satellite
– T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbps
 Sejarah Perkembangan Internet
• Berawal proyek
ARPANET, proyek
jaringan militer AS tahun
1960an.
• Meluas ke lingkungan
akademik (NSF)
• Tahun 1995 pengaturan
aktivitas internet tidak
dibatasi & tujuan
komersial

31
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi : dari Militer
sampai Jejaring Sosial

Dikembangkan
aplikasi World Wide
Dikembangkan TCP/IP, Web (WWW) tahun
protokol untuk 1990. Berkembang
penggunaan jaringan menjadi jejaring
secara luas. Mulai sosial
dipergunakan oleh
swasta, dunia
Ditemukan teknologi perguruan tinggi dan
packet switching, usaha (1974)
dikembangkan lah
ARPANET (1960)
Thn 1957 didirikan
ARPA di Amerika
untuk keperluan
Militer
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• Internet addressing and architecture

• Each device on Internet assigned Internet Protocol (IP)
address
• 32-bit number, e.g. 207.46.250.119

• The Domain Name System (DNS)

• Converts IP addresses to domain names
• Hierarchical structure
• Top-level domains
 The Domain Name System

The Domain Name System is a

hierarchical system with a root
domain, top-level domains,
second-level domains, and
host computers at the third
level.

Figure 7-6
 Internet Network Architecture

The Internet backbone

connects to regional networks,
which in turn provide access to
Internet service providers,
large firms, and government
institutions. Network access
points (NAPs) and
metropolitan area exchanges
(MAEs) are hubs where the
backbone intersects regional
and local networks and where
backbone owners connect with
one another.

Figure 7-7
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet 2

• IPv6
• New addressing scheme for IP numbers
• Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses
• Not compatible with current IPv5 addressing
• Internet2
• Advanced networking consortium
• Universities, businesses, government agencies, other
institutions
• Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network
• Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• Internet services
– E-mail
– Chatting and instant messaging
– Newsgroups
– Telnet
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– World Wide Web
 Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Figure 7-8 Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on servers over the
Internet. These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers.
 The Internet and Internet Technology

– Voice over IP (VoIP)

• Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching
• Providers
– Cable providers
– Google, Skype
– Unified communications
• Communications systems that integrate voice, data, e-
mail, conferencing
– Virtual private network (VPN)
• Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
– PPTP
– Tunneling
 How Voice over IP Works

Figure 7-9 A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along different routes before being reassembled at the
final destination. A processor nearest the call’s destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the
telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.
 A Virtual Private Network Using the Internet

Figure 7-10 This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure “tunnel” connection over the Internet. It protects data transmitted over the public
Internet by encoding the data and “wrapping” them within the Internet Protocol (IP). By adding a wrapper around a network message to hide its
content, organizations can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet.
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• The Web
– Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• Communications standard used for transferring
Web pages
– Uniform resource locators (URLs):
• Addresses of Web pages
– http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
– Web servers
– Software for locating and managing Web pages
 The Internet and Internet Technology

• Search engines
– Started as simpler programs using keyword indexes
– Google created page ranking system
• Mobile search: 50 percent of all searches in 2014
• Search engine marketing
• Search engine optimization (SEO)
• Search engine algorithms
– Google’s Hummingbird (2013)
• Sentence evaluation
• Knowledge graph
 How Google Works

Figure 7-12 The Google search engine is continuously crawling the Web, indexing the content of each page, calculating its
popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond quickly to user requests to see a page. The entire
process takes about one-half second.
Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking

• Cellular systems
– Competing standards
• CDMA: United States only
• GSM: Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile
– Third-generation (3G) networks
• 144 Kbps
• Suitable for e-mail access, Web browsing
– Fourth-generation (4G) networks
• Up to 100 Mbps
• Suitable for Internet video
 Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking

• Wireless computer networks and

Internet access
– Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based
communication
• Useful for personal networking (PANs)
– Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11
• Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
 A Bluetooth Network (PAN)

Bluetooth enables a variety of

devices, including cell phones,
PDAs, wireless keyboards and
mice, PCs, and printers, to
interact wirelessly with one
another within a small 30-foot
(10-meter) area. In addition to
the links shown, Bluetooth can
be used to network similar
devices to send data from one
PC to another, for example.

Figure 6-15
 An 802.11 Wireless LAN

Mobile laptop computers

equipped with wireless
network interface cards link to
the wired LAN by
communicating with the access
point. The access point uses
radio waves to transmit
network signals from the wired
network to the client adapters,
which convert them into data
that the mobile device can
understand. The client adapter
then transmits the data from
the mobile device back to the
access point, which forward
the data to the wired network.
Figure 7-14
 Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking

• Wireless computer networks and Internet

access
– Wi-Fi (cont.)
• Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to
provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
• Weak security features
– WiMax (802.16)
• Wireless access range of 31 miles
• Require WiMax antennas
 Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking

• Radio frequency identification (RFID)

• Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an
item and location
• Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to special
RFID readers, which send data over network to computer for
processing
• Common uses:
• Automated toll-collection
• Tracking goods in a supply chain
• Requires companies to have special hardware and software
• Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms
Network Communications Standards

Page 481 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 51

Figure 9-21 Chapter 9
 How RFID Works

Figure 7-15 RFID uses low-powered radio transmitters to read data stored in a tag at distances ranging from 1 inch to 100
feet. The reader captures the data from the tag and sends them over a network to a host computer for
processing.
 Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking

• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

• Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices
embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points
over large spaces
• Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous substances in air, monitor
environmental changes, traffic, or military activity
• Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and
antennas
• Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field
without maintenance
• Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things”
 A Wireless Sensor Network

The small circles represent lower-level nodes and the larger circles represent high-end
nodes. Lower-level nodes forward data to each other or to higher-level nodes, which
transmit data more rapidly and speed up network performance.

Figure 7-16