BAA1133

Mechanics of Materials
 STRESS STUDIES

1. Explain of the important principles of statics

2. To determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body
3. Describe the concepts of normal and
shear stress
4. Analysis of members subjected to an
axial load or direct shear
STATICS REVIEWS
 EXTERNAL LOADS
1.Surface Forces caused
by direct contact of
other body’s surface. In
all cases these forces are
distributed over the area
of contact between
the bodies
2.Body Forces other body exerts a
force without direct contact
 EXTERNAL LOADS
1. Concentrated Forces
acts at a point. Any
load over a relatively
small area compared
with the size of the
loaded member
2.Distributed Load resultant forces having
a magnitude equal to the area under the
load diagram, and having a location that
passes through the centroid of this area
 SUPPORT REACTIONS
• Surface forces
develop at the
supports or point of
contact between
bodies are called
reactions
• If the support prevent
translation in a give
direction, a force must
be developed on the
member in the same
direction. Likewise if
rotation is prevented
a moment must be
exerted
 EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM

• Equilibrium of a body requires a balance

of forces and a balance of moments
F  0 M O 0
• For a body with x, y, z coordinate system
with origin O,
F x 0,  0, Fz 0
Fy
M x 0, 0, Mz 0
My
• Best way to account for these forces is to draw
the body’s free-body diagram
 INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS
1. Used method of
section to
determine the
internal resultant
loadings acting on
the surface
2. It is requires that an
imaginary section or
‘cut’ be made
through the region
where the internal
loadings are to be
determined
3. These resultants consists of a normal force, shear
force, torsional moment and bending moment
 INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS
Torsional Moment.
Normal force acts
This effect is developed
perpendicular to the area.
when the external
It is developed whenever
loads tend to twist one
the external loads tend to
segment of the body
push or pull on the two
with respect to the
segments of the body
other

The shear force lies in the

plane of the area and is
developed when the
The bending moment is external loads tend to
caused by the external cause the two segments of
loads that tend to bend the body to slide over one
the body about an axis another
lying within the plane of
the area
 INTERNAL RESULTANT LOADINGS

If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of

forces, then only normal force, shear and
bending moment components will exist at the
section
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
1- Support Reactions
Decide – segment to be considered
Draw FBD
Apply static equation

2- Free Body Diagram

Draw FBD and indicate the unknown resultants N, V, M and T –
normally placed at geometric center or centroid
If coplanar system only N, V and M act at the centroid
Established x, y and axes

3- Equations of Equilibrium
Moment should be summed at the section about each of the
coordinate axes where the resultant act
 EXAMPLE 1

Determine the resultant internal loadings

acting on the cross section at C of the beam
shown in figure.
 SOLUTION
Free body Diagram
Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,
w  270  w  180 N m
6 9
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,
F  12 1806  540N

which acts 1
3
6  from C
2m

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

   Fx  0; NC  0
NC  0 (Ans)
   Fy  0; VC  540  0
  M C  0; VC  540 (Ans)
 M C  5402  0
M C  1080 N m (Ans)
 EXAMPLE 2
5 kN • Determine the resultant
internal normal force acting on
the cross section through point
A in each
3m 200 mm
column. In (a), segment BC
3 kN 3 kN
weighs 300 kg/m and segment
CD weighs 400kg/m. In (b), the
1.2 m
column has a mass of 200 kg/m.
1.2 m
 SOLUTION

1. Reaction and FBD

2. Apply equilibrium
  0;
Fy

3. with g = 9.81 m/s2

   Fy  0;
FA - (wBC.g)LBC - (wCA.g)LCA - FB - 2FC 
0 FA  24.5 kN
DISCUSSION
 STRESS,
CONCEPT AND
PRINCIPAL
 CONCEPT

• When a body subjected to an

external load is sectioned, there is
a distribution of force acting over
the sectioned area which holds
each segment of the body in
equilibrium
 CONCEPT

Simply describes as the intensity of the

internal force on a specific plane (area) passing
through a point.
 CONCEPT
1. A cut out cubic
volume element
can represent
the state of
stress acting
around the
chosen point in
the body.
2. The magnitude of these components depends
upon the type of loading acting on the body,
and
the orientation of the element at the point
 NORMAL STRESS

1. The most fundamental types of stress exists

is the normal stress σ (sigma)
2. The intensity of force acts perpendicular
or normal to the cross section of the load-
carrying member

 lim Fz
z
A0 A
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
1. Prismatic bar made
homogenous and
isotropic material
2. Subjected to axial load acts
through the centroid of
cross sectioned area

3. Material within the bar

is subjected only to
normal stress
4. Assumed to be uniform
or averaged
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
force(F ) Unit:

stress,ave
area A
N/mm2 or MPa


One that
tends to
stretch
(elongate)
the member
and pull the
material
apart
 One that
tends to crush
thematerial oftheload- carrying memberand to shorten the member
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
EXAMPLE
Question:
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine
the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC  30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is
  
PBC 30103
BC  
A 35 10
 85.7 MPa
(Ans)
 SHEAR STRESS

1. The intensity of force or force per unit area

acts tangent to the cross section of the load-
carrying member
2. Called shear stress, τ (tau)
 lim Fx
 zx
A0 A

 lim Fy
 zy
A0 A
 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• Average shear stress
(τavg ) distributed over
each sectioned area
that developed a shear
Internal
force load, V

V
 avg Unit:
N/mm2 or MPa
A Stress, 
SINGLE SHEAR STRESS
 DOUBLE SHEAR STRESS

• This type of joint is construct so that

two shear surfaces must be considered.
• Its lowered applied shear stresses on the
bolt. Consequently , V = F/2 must be
V
considered when applying
 avg
A
 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
EXAMPLE
Question:
The wooden strut shown in figure is
suspended from a 10-mm diameter
steel rod that is fastened to the
wall. With the loading as in figure,
compute the average shear stress in
the rod and along the two shaded
planes of the strut, one of which
is indicated as abcd.
 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
Solution:
With free-body diagram method, equilibrium of static was applied
so that we come with shear force applied on material plane.
AVERAGE ON PLANE STRESS
AVERAGE ON PLANE STRESS
 ALLOWABLE STRESS

1. A factor of safety is needed to obtained

allowable load
F.S  Ffail
Fallow

2. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of

the failure load divided by the allowable
load
F.S   fail F.S   fail
 allow  allow
 ALLOWABLE STRESS
EXAMPLE
Question:
The two members are pinned together at B as shown in Fig 1-31a.
If the pin have an allowable shear stress  allowable  90 and the
of MPa
allowable tensile stress of th rod CB is  t   115 MPa , determine
allow

to the nearest mm the smallest diameter of pins A and Band the

diameter of road CB necessary to support the load.
 ALLOWABLE STRESS
Solution:
With free-body diagram method, equilibrium of static was applied
so that we can computed the reaction at A and B as shown in fig.
 ALLOWABLE STRESS

Double shear VA  (5.68 / 2)kN  31.56 106 m2

A allowable
A
 90 103 kPA
2

dA  31.56 mm2

 2  d 6.3 mm
A
 
Single shear VB 6.67kN
A   74.11106 m2
B

allowable
90 103 kPA
2

  dB   74.11 mm2
 2  d 9.7 mm
B
 

d A  7 mm d B  10 mm
 ALLOWABLE STRESS
Diameter of rod is required throughout its mid section

P 6.67kN
A   58 106 m2
BC
( )tallowable 115 103 kPA
2

 d BC 
   58 mm2d BC  8.59 mm
 2 
d BC  9 mm
 BEARING STRESS

b  P P
A td
Bolts, rivets, and 1.
pins create stresses on the points of contact or bearing surface
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
Two horinzontal 20 kN
pin of 20 mm is used at each connection, determine the maximum
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE
Solution:
With free-body diagram.
 PROBLEM EXAMPLE

VA  (34.8 / 2)kN  193.33106 m2

c) A allowable
A
 90 103 kPA
2

dA  193.33 mm2

 2  d 15.68 mm
A
 
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