SCORE DATE COLLECTION

(..................................) (13-December-2020)

PRACTICUM REPORT
BASIC GEOMORPHOLOGY

AGENDA : ORGANIC LANDFORM

By :

Name : Fidelya Bunga Maudina

NIM : 3211420080
Lecturer Name :1. Andi Irwan Benardi ,S.Pd.,M.Pd
:2. Dr. Erni Suharini,M.Si
Assistant Name :1. Kemal Dzikri Maulana

GEOGRAPHY LABORATORY
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG
2020
A. TITLE
ORGANIC LANDFORM

B. OBSERVATION
1. Studemt abe to understand the definition of organic landform
2. Student able to know kinds of organic landform (coral reefs & mangrove forest)
3. Student can know the benefits of organic landform
4. Student able to know the common problem that occurs to organic landform and the
solution and the solution problem
5. Student able to identify and and analysis organic landform on satellite image

C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

ALAT
- Citra satelit
- Laptop
- Stationary
- Etc
MATERIALS
- Internet quota
- Etc
D. BASIC THEORY
1. Definition of Organic Landform
Organic land forms are land forms which are naturally formed from the activities
of living things, for example, are coral reefs and mangrove.
According to Verstappen (1983), organic land forms are naturally land form
formed by the vigorous influence that alive creatures play a role in building
communities and colonies in habitats such as mangrove, peat, coral, atoll, and fringe
Coral reefs are a period of limestone (CaCO3) where these limestone deposits are
formed from the secretion of lime-secreting marine life coral)
Coral itself is a colony of marine life called polyp. This animal is characterized as
having a tube-like body shape with a mouth located at the top and surrounded by
tentacles. Polyps optimal life in oceans with temperatures ranging from 20 degrees
Celsius to a depth of more than 150 feet or 45 meters.
Mangrove is a type of dicot plant that lives in brackish water and seawater
habitats. Mangroves are plants resulting from cultivation activities or taken from
nature. Mangrove plants are not protected / prohibited from utilizing these plant parts,
for example being used as raw material for cosmetics / pharmaceuticals or textile
additives (Dirjen P2HP, 2015).
2. The Kind of Organic Landforms
The organic land form is divided into two kinds, coral reefs and mangrove forests.
a. Coral Reefs
Coral reef is a massive limestone structure where hard coral species consisting
of calcium carbonate are the main constituents of this structure. Coral reef
ecosystems can form over hundreds to thousands of years. Various types of plants
and animals make coral reefs a place to find food sources and shelter.
 Fringing reefs
 Fringing reefs are reefs that grow very close to the shore on mainland or
high island (continental shelf or volcanic mid-ocean island) coasts. They are
generally shore-attached, although back-reef areas can be shallowly
submerged.
 Barrier reefs

In general, barrier reefs resemble fringing reefs, but these species live
further away from the shore.
The barrier reef lies about 0.52 kilometers to the high seas, bordered by
waters up to 75 meters deep. Sometimes it forms a lagoon (water column) or
water gap that is tens of kilometers wide.
Generally, barrier reefs grow around very large islands or continents, and
form intermittent clusters of coral islands.
 Atoll
 Atoll is a group of coral reefs that are circular or approaching in a circle
resembling a ring that surrounds a lagoon in it. So we can see this atoll as a
ring covering the lagoon. The existence of this atoll itself initially surrounded
a volcanic island that was dead or no longer active.
 Patch reefs

Patch Reefs are isolated outcroppings (patches) of coral that are in close
proximity to each other but are physically separated by sand rings. They are
typically found in shallow lagoons within a larger collective reef, or atoll.
b. Mangrove
Mangrove is a type of dicot plant that lives in brackish water and seawater
habitats. Mangroves are plants resulting from cultivation activities or taken from
nature. Mangrove plants are not protected / prohibited from utilizing these plant
parts, for example being used as raw material for cosmetics / pharmaceuticals or
textile additives (Dirjen P2HP, 2015).
Mangrove forest is one type of forest that is commonly found in estuary
areas with swampy and / or dense soil structures. Mangroves are one of the most
important solutions to overcome various types of environmental problems,
especially to overcome environmental damage caused by the destruction of
habitat for animals. This damage affects not only animals but also humans.
Mangroves have become a very big environmental protector (Ana, 2015).
 Avicennia

Avicennia is a true mangrove species that is most often found on the

coasts of tropical countries including Indonesia.
Avicenna tree is a pioneer / early plant in mangrove swamp habitat with
various ecological functions such as wave resistance and coastal abrasion, as
well as habitat for various animals such as fish and crabs.
 Bruguiera

Bruguiera is one of the most important and widely distributed mangrove

species in the Pacific. These mangroves are found in the tidal regions of the
tropical Pacific from Southeast Asia to the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan.
These large leafy mangroves thrive in a variety of intertidal conditions,
including low to high salinity levels, and tolerate flood conditions and other
soil types. Most of these mangroves are located in the middle and above the
tidal zone.
 Ceriops

Ceriops tagal Ceriops decandra

Ceriops is mangrove vegetation characterized by pencil roots with
elongated fruit, which in Indonesia are commonly found two kinds, there are
decandra and tagal.
 Rhizopora

This type is characterized chiefly by a rooting form that plunges into the
ground or is known as a still root. Still roots are roots that grow above the soil.
These roots protrude from the trunk of the lower tree and bough and extend
outward and toward the surface of the ground.
 Sonneratia
 Types of species that are often encountered are Sonneratia alba and
Sonneratia caseolaris and generally this tree is tinnginya up to 15 m. Leaf
shape in Sonneratia round and paired on branches, about 7 cm long. On the tip
of the leaf slightly curved downward (Bengen, 2002)
3. Factors that Formed The Organic Landform
a. Coral Reef
Coral reef ecosystems are greatly influenced by marine environmental
factors such as water clarity, currents, salinity and temperature.
 The level of clarity of water is influenced by suspended particles due to,
among others, the result of silting and this will affect the amount of light that
enters the sea, while light is indispensable for photosynthetic zooxanthella and
lives in the body tissues of coral reef-forming animals.
 The currents carry the oxygen that coral reef animals need. The strength of the
currents affects the amount of food carried and thus the growth rate of coral
animals.
 The optimum sea temperature for coral reef life is between 26 °-28 ° C, an
increase or decrease in temperature in a relatively long time can result in the
death of coral animals.
b. Mangrove
Several environmental factors that influence mangrove growth in a
location are: coastal physiography (topography), pairs (duration, duration, range),
waves and currents, climate (light, bulk rain, temperature, wind), salinity, oxygen
dissolved, soil, and nutrients.
Environmental factors described as follows:
  Coastal physiography can affect composition, distribution mangrove forest
species and width. On a sloping beach, composition mangrove ecosystem is
more diverse when compared to that beach steep. This is caused by Sloping
beaches provide a space wider for mangrove growth so that the distribution
of the species becomes getting wider and wider. On the beach the steep
composition, distribution and the width of the mangrove forest is smaller
because of the difficult contours mangrove trees to grow.
 The tide is happening in the area mangroves determine zoning plant and
animal communities are associated with the ecosystem mangroves.
 Tide range (tide height):
 Supported roots owned Rhizophora mucronata becomes higher at that
location have high tide and otherwise.
 Pneumatophora Sonneratia sp become stronger and longer at a location
with high tide
 Waves and currents can change structure and function mangrove ecosystem.
At locations that have waves and a sizable current usually mangrove forest
experiencing abrasion so it occurs reduction of forest area.
 Climate influences development plants and changes in physical factors
(substrate and water). Climate influence on mangrove growth through light,
rainfall, temperature and wind.
 Temperature plays an important role in physiological processes
(photosynthesis and respiration). New leaf production Avicennia marina
occurs at 18-20°C and if the temperature is higher then production is
reduced.
 Salinity directly can affect the growth rate and mangrove zoning, this related
to frequency inundation.
4. Benefits of Organic Lanform
a. Coral Reefs
Here are some benefits of Coral Reefs:
  Coral reefs are useful as habitat and food source for various types of living
creatures in the sea. There are many different kinds of living things that live,
forage, take shelter, and reproduce.
 Coral reefs are a source of high biodiversity. With the high biodiversity in it,
these coral reefs are a source of genetic diversity and species are found to
have higher survival.
 Coral reefs can be useful as protection for the ecosystems that are around
them, for example in the ecosystem of mangrove forest functions, and also
protect beaches and coastal areas from big waves. Coral reefs can reduce the
energy of waves that go ashore which can cause coastal abrasion and damage
to the surrounding area.
 Coral reefs can cause global warming that occurs with chemical processes
carried out by coral reefs and zooxanthellae. This chemical process is the
process of converting CO2 gas into limestone which is the building block for
reefs.
 Because of the beauty produced by the coral reef ecosystem, this ecosystem
can be used as an attractive tourist attraction so that it can increase the income
of the people who live around it.
 Various types of fish, sea cucumbers and seaweed that live on coral reefs can
also be used as seeds for cultivation.
b. Mangrove
Here are some benefits of mangrove:
 Preventing Seawater Intrusion, the function of this mangrove forest is to
deposit mud on the roots of mangrove trees so as to prevent seawater intrusion
into the land.
 Prevent beach erosion and abrasion, as a protective coastal area with very
efficient roots. This will protect soil erosion caused by water.
 As a place of life and a source of food,
 Mangrove forests are also a suitable residence for many animals such as
monitor lizards, turtles, monkeys, birds, snakes, and so on. It is not uncommon
for ravines of marine animals such as fish, shrimp, crabs and snails to live in
 this area. It has stick roots in mangrove trees, provides nutrients and is a
nursery area for fish and invertebrates that live around it. Various types of
land animals take shelter or stop perching and foraging in this mangrove
forest.
 As a Natural Prevent and Filter, the mangrove forest is filled with mangrove
roots and muddy trees. Well, the function of mangrove forests from their roots
can accelerate the breakdown of organic waste that is carried to coastal areas.
Apart from helping to break down organic waste, the function of mangrove
forests can also help speed up the process of breaking down chemicals that
pollute the sea such as oil and detergents. It is also a natural barrier against
strong winds during certain seasons.
 As the Formation of Islands and Stabilizing Coastal Areas, mangrove forests
are often said to form land. This is because the sediment and soil it holds
fosters the development of the coastline over time.
E. WORK STEP
1. Students and practicum assistants enter the zoom room.
2. Students listen to and pay attention to explanations from practice assistants.
3. Students ask questions about things that are not understood by the practicum assistant
4. Students record the explanation from the practical assistant
5. Students then move to the whatsapp chat group to download the format, material, and
examples that have been provided by practicum assistant.
6. Students prepare tools and materials to compile practicum reports.
7. Students begin to compile practicum reports
8. Students look for data and other information to complete practice reports.
9. Students review the practicum reports that have been compiled
10. Students submit practicum reports to practicum assistants via Gmail.
F. DISCUSSION
1. Observation Result
a. Organic land form of coral reefs satellite image (attached)
b. Organic land form of mangrove satellite image (attached)
2. Analysis
Organic land forms are land forms which are naturally formed from the activities
of living things, for example, are coral reefs and mangrove. Coral reefs are a period of
limestone (CaCO3) where these limestone deposits are formed from the secretion of
lime-secreting marine life (coral). Mangrove is a type of dicot plant that lives in
brackish water and seawater habitats. Mangroves are plants resulting from cultivation
activities or taken from nature. In this practicum, students observe, identify, and
analyze organic land forms in the form of coral reefs and mangroves on satellite
images. Students analyze the use of organic land forms benefits of organic landform,
common problems that occur in organic land forms, as well as solutions to these
problems. In the attached satellite image, there are two types of organic land forms
were identified, namely coral reefs and mangroves.
According to the observation result, in the first satellite image taht showing
organic land forms (coral reefs), there are two types of coral reefs identified, namely
fringing reefs and atolls. There were five identified fringing reefs, while two atolls
were identified. Of course the two coral reefs have different characteristics. Fringing
reefs are reefs that grow very close to the shore on mainland or high island
(continental shelf or volcanic mid-ocean island) coasts. They are generally shore-
attached, although back-reef areas can be shallowly submerged. Meanwhile, Atoll is
a group of coral reefs that are circular or approaching in a circle resembling a ring
that surrounds a lagoon in it. So we can see this atoll as a ring covering the lagoon.
The existence of this atoll itself initially surrounded a volcanic island that was dead or
no longer active.
Coral reefs are useful as habitat and food source for various types of living
creatures in the sea. There are many different kinds of living things that live, forage,
take shelter, and reproduce. Coral reefs are a source of high biodiversity. With the
high biodiversity in it, these coral reefs are a source of genetic diversity and species
are found to have higher survival. Coral reefs can be useful as protection for the
ecosystems that are around them, for example in the ecosystem of mangrove forest
functions, and also protect beaches and coastal areas from big waves. Coral reefs can
reduce the energy of waves that go ashore which can cause coastal abrasion and
damage to the surrounding area.
Then the problem that often occurs on coral reefs, both fringing reefs and atolls, is
the problem of damage to coral reefs. This problem occurs because the rapid
development in coastal areas and oceans, on the other hand, causes excesses in the
form of unbalanced utilization of natural resources and the environment. One of the
resources in coastal marine areas that is under considerable pressure is coral reef
ecosystems with a tendency for the level of damage to coral reefs to be heavier.
Evaluation of the damage that occurs is the accumulation of negative impacts from
human activities, either directly or indirectly in the coastal area (internal impact), and
outside the coastal area (external impact). Besides that, the damage is caused by
pollution, especially garbage and sediment pollution. Damage to coral reefs has broad
implications, such as a decrease in biodiversity, a reduction in the natural protection
system of coastal land due to erosion and abrasion hazards, a deterioration in the
quality of tourism objects and attractions, and so on.
Conservation solution for coral reef ecosystems are necessary. The approach is
through the application of the principles of integrated coastal and marine area
management. This approach is very relevant to be applied in the management of coral
reef resources given the complexity of the resource system and its problems. One of
the important aspects in coral reef management is the availability of data and
information. Data and information regarding the wealth, potential, condition and
status of coral reefs must be disseminated and published in a balanced manner to
provide a good understanding to the community, and determine measures to control
and restore damage to coral reefs so that these resources can be used sustainably.
Authority in the sea area consists of: (a) exploration, exploitation, conservation and
management of marine resources within the said marine area; (b) administrative
interest arrangements; (c) spatial arrangement; (d) law enforcement of regulations
issued by regions or those delegated by the Government; and (e) assistance to enforce
state security and sovereignty. This authority includes the management of coral reef
resources. With these efforts, it is hoped that it can minimize the problems that often
occur on coral reefs.
Then in the second satellite image, it is located at the village of Lubuk Kertang
district of Langkat, Northern Sumatra, there is mangrove forest. Mangrove forest land
form on satellite images can be identified through dense, dark-green trees and their
being situated between streams of great rivers. The mangrove forest itself is known to
grow around places with lubrication and an accumulation of organic materials.
Satellite images show that mangrove forests grow thickly around the river estuary,
which when viewed through the Google map of the river forms meanders. This means
that river waters have begun to slow down and precipitate sludge from upstream.
Mangrove forests have an important role in coastal planning. Mangrove forests
have roles, among others, as a damper for waves and storm winds, purify water, retain
mud and trap sediment, prevent abrasion and erosion, and many other roles.
However, currently the condition of mangrove forests on the coast of Indonesia is
in a dire state. There are 2 major factors that cause the destruction of mangrove
forests in Indonesia, namely human factors and natural factors. The human factor is
the most dominant factor causing the destruction of mangrove forests.
Overexploitation by cutting down mangrove forests is often done by the community.
In addition, in terms of excessive land use, it often occurs to open new land by
utilizing land overgrown with mangrove forests. Lack of strong, overlapping and
unsynchronized regulations make mangrove forests threatened by its sustainability. In
addition, natural factors have an impact on mangrove forest damage, which is caused
by abrasion and plant pests.
Efforts that need to be made to overcome these problems include replanting
mangrove forests (reforestation), rearranging the spatial layout of coastal areas:
settlements, vegetation, etc., coastal areas can be arranged into ecological cities as
well as being used as coastal tourism (ecotourism). in the form of natural tourism or
other forms, increasing community motivation and awareness to protect and use
mangroves in a responsible manner, business permits and others should pay attention
to conservation aspects, especially in coastal areas, improvement of coastal
ecosystems in an integrated and community-based manner. This means that in
improving the ecosystem of coastal communities it is very important to be involved
which can then improve the welfare of coastal communities. In addition, it also
implies that local concepts (local wisdom) regarding ecosystems and their
conservation need to be developed again as far as they can support the program.
G. CONCLUSION
Organic land forms are land forms which are naturally formed from the activities
of living things. The organic land form is divided into two kinds, coral reefs and
mangrove forests. Coral reefs includes fringing reefs, atoll, barrier reefs, and patch reef.
Mangrove forest includes avicennia, bruguiera, ceriops, rhizopora, dan sonneratia. Coral
reef ecosystems are greatly influenced by marine environmental factors such as water
clarity, currents, salinity and temperature. Several environmental factors that influence
mangrove growth in a location are: coastal physiography (topography), pairs (duration,
duration, range), waves and currents, climate (light, bulk rain, temperature, wind),
salinity, oxygen dissolved, soil, and nutrients.
In this practicum, students observe, identify, and analyze organic land forms in
the form of coral reefs and mangroves on satellite images. Students analyze the use of
organic land forms benefits of organic landform, common problems that occur in organic
land forms, as well as solutions to these problems. In the attached satellite image, there
are two types of organic land forms were identified, namely coral reefs and mangroves.
In the first satellite image taht showing organic land forms (coral reefs), there are two
types of coral reefs identified, namely fringing reefs and atolls. There were five identified
fringing reefs, while two atolls were identified. Then in the second satellite image, it is
located at the village of Lubuk Kertang district of Langkat, Northern Sumatra, there is
mangrove forest. The organic land form of both coral reefs and mangrove forests has
various benefits to living things and their surroundings environment. The organic land
form of coral reefs has many benefits whether they are extractive or non- extractive
benefits to humans and life at sea. Extractive use of this organic field can be the coral
rock collecting. Coral rock, according to sources, has economic value for coastal
communities, some of which could be used as a building material for homes, bridges, and
so forth. Mangrove forests have an important role in coastal planning. Mangrove forests
have roles, among others, as a damper for waves and storm winds, purify water, retain
mud and trap sediment, prevent abrasion and erosion, and many other roles.
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Attached Files

a. Organic Land Form of Coral Reefs Satellite Image

Fringing Reefs

Atoll

b. Organic land form of mangrove satellite image