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Lecture 17+18

The document discusses boiling and heat transfer during boiling. It makes the following key points: 1. Boiling involves a phase change from liquid to vapor that occurs within a narrow region near the heated surface. This allows for much faster heat transfer rates compared to conduction or convection without a phase change. 2. During nucleate boiling, vapor bubbles form at nucleation sites on the heated surface. As bubbles grow and detach, they transfer heat rapidly from the surface. 3. In film boiling, vapor blankets the surface and inhibits direct contact between the liquid and surface. This decreases the heat transfer rate compared to nucleate boiling.

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58 views22 pages

Lecture 17+18

The document discusses boiling and heat transfer during boiling. It makes the following key points: 1. Boiling involves a phase change from liquid to vapor that occurs within a narrow region near the heated surface. This allows for much faster heat transfer rates compared to conduction or convection without a phase change. 2. During nucleate boiling, vapor bubbles form at nucleation sites on the heated surface. As bubbles grow and detach, they transfer heat rapidly from the surface. 3. In film boiling, vapor blankets the surface and inhibits direct contact between the liquid and surface. This decreases the heat transfer rate compared to nucleate boiling.

Uploaded by

Kusmakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Boiling

 Rate of heat transfer during boiling/condensation is


much faster than rate of conduction or convection
heat transfer.

 Because in conduction/convection, transport of heat


occurs from a surface or (an interface) to the bulk of
a medium.

 But in boiling or condensation, heat transfer


phenomena is often limited to a very narrow region
near the surface.

 Change of phase from liquid to vapor or vapor to


liquid occurs within this region.

 Nevertheless, convection plays a major role in heat


transfer during boiling or condensation.
 Boiling constitutes the convective heat transfer
process that involves a phase change from liquid
to vapor state.
 This is achieved through heat supplied to the
liquid & occurs when a heated surface is exposed
to the liquid & is maintained at a temp above
saturation temp of liquid, i.e., the temp of boiling
liquid remains above its true B.Pt., i.e., it has
little superheat.
 The amount of energy a liquid element possesses
because of superheat is release when vapor
bubble in contact with the element grows in size
and draws the heat of vaporization from the
superheated liquid element.
Applications

Boiling process has wide-spread applications.


Example-
i. Production of steam in nuclear or steam power
plants for generation and for industrial
processes and space heating.
ii. Absorption of heat in refrigeration and air-
conditioning system
iii. Concentration, dehydration and drying of food
and other materials
iv. Distillation & refining of liquid.
Boiling Phenomena
 When some water taken in a beaker and placed on a
heater, Heat transfer from hot bottom occurs by free
convection at the beginning.
 When water gets considerably heated, evaporation from the
free surface becomes visible.
 As heating proceeds , water eventually reaches its B.Pt.
and formation of small vapor bubbles start.
 However, at this stage most of the tiny bubbles which are
formed at the bottom surface collapse before reaching the
top.
 This means although water at the bottom is at its B.Pt. the
temp of the upper layers is still below the B.Pt.
 Cooling of upper layer occurs by evaporation heat loss at
free surface.
 After some time liquid starts boiling .
 Vapor bubble are generated at bottom, grow in size & rise
up vigorously through the liquid.
D is Leidenfrost point

Boiling Curve
Interface Evaporation (region I) with
no bubble formation
 Boiling takes place in a thin layer of liquid which
adjoins the heated surfaces.
 Liquid in the immediate vicinity of the wall
become superheated i.e,temp of liq exceeds sat
temp at a given pressure.
 The superheated liq rises to the liq –vap interface
where evaporation takes place.
 The fluid motion is determined primarily by free
convection effects.
 Heat .tr. Rate increases, but gradually ,with
growth in a temp excess.
Nucleate Boiling
 When liq overheated in relation to sat
temp, vapor bubbles are formed at certain
favorable spots called nucleation or active
sites at wall surface irregularities, air
bubbles, particles of dust.
 Bubbles grow to certain size influenced by
pressure, temp and surface tension at liq-
vap interface.
Following steps occur-
Bubbles forms & collapse on surface itself
Bubbles form but get condensed in liq after detaching
from the surface
Bubbles form, break away from heated surface with
increasing frequency and intensity. The liq is however
quite hot and bubbles donot condense in it. They rise to
the surface & are directly expelled to vapor space and
helps in rapid evaporation
Bubble growth & nucleate boiling
 Bubble formation in nucleate boiling is
greatly influenced by the nature &
condition of heating surface and surface
tension at solid-liq interface.
 Surface tension-wetting capability of
surface with liq & that influences the
angle of contact between bubble & solid
surface. Any contamination will influence
wetting characteristic.
 A second difficulty appears if bubble doesn’t
leave the surface once it is formed
 An important factor in detachment is interfacial
tension between liq & heating surface
 If interfacial tension large, bubble tends to
spread along the surface forming a blanket
 If interfacial tension low, bubble will pinch off
easily.
Pl (𝑃𝑣 −𝑃𝑙 )𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟𝜎
σ σ 2𝜎
or(𝑃𝑣 −𝑃𝑙 ) =
𝑟
To find the dependence of pressure
Pv
on equilibrium temp when 2 phase
r
coexist, Clapeyron Equation used
𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑣 λ
=
𝑑𝑇 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 2
(𝑃𝑣 −𝑃𝑙 ) 𝑃𝑣 λ
=
(𝑇𝑣 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 2

2𝜎 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 2
(𝑇𝑣 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) =
𝑟 𝑃𝑣 λ
A bubble of radius r will grow if
Tl-Tsat>Tv- Tsat
Otherwise it will collapse
Nucleate Pool Boiling is influenced by the following
factors:
I. Material, shape, condition of surface(rough
surface better than smooth)
II. Pressure: Temp diff between heating surface
and bulk and hence the rate of bubble growth
affected by pressure. Maximum allowable
heat flux for boiling liquid increases with
pressure until critical pressure is reached and
thereafter it declines.
III. Liquid property: Bubble size increase with
viscosity. With increase in bubble size the
frequency of bubble formation decreases that
results in reduced heat transfer
Film Boiling
 Bubble formation is rapid.
 Soon it forms a blanket over heating surface &
prevent the incoming fresh liquid from taking
their place.
 Insulating effect of the vapor film(low K)
overshadows the beneficial effect of liq agitation
& consequently heat flux drops with growth in
excess temp.

 50<ΔT<150….between nucleate & film boiling ,


i.e., transition boiling
 Eventually temp diff becomes so large
that radiant heat flux becomes significant,
rather than controlling factor & heat flux
begins to rise upward.

 That marks stable film boiling .


Phenomena of stable film boiling is called
Leidenfrost Effect.
Empirical Relations

 Boiling is a phase change process, the


latent heat of fluid is absorbed and it
involves changes in ρ,µ, c & k of fluid.
 The fluid behavior is difficult to describe
and no adequate analytical solution is
available.
For free Convection,
Nu=f1(Gr)f2(Pr)
𝑙 3 𝛽𝑔∆𝑇
𝐺𝑟 =
ν2
𝑄 𝑘
= 𝑐 𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟 𝑚 ∆𝑇 for laminar flow m=1/4
𝐴 𝑙
Turbulent m=1/3
0.75
𝑄
ℎ = 1.973
𝐴
Nucleate Boiling
0.25
𝑘 3 𝜌2 𝛽𝑔∆𝑇
ℎ = 0.61 (vertical plate)
𝑙𝜇
0.25 0.5
𝑄 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑙
= 0.81 ρ𝑣 λ 𝜎𝑔
𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌𝑣 2 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑙
 Film Boiling

0.5 0.25
𝑄 𝑔 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) 𝜎
= 0.09 𝜌𝑣 λ
𝐴 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑙 + 𝜌𝑣 𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
Spherical bubbles of 3mm dia are observed in the
bulk fluid boiling of water at std. atm. Press.
Assuming pure water vap in the bubble & vap press
equal to 101.325 kN/m2, calculate temp of vapor
2𝜎 𝑅𝑣 𝑇𝑣 2
 (𝑇𝑣 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) =
𝑟 𝑃𝑣 λ
 r=3/2 = 1.5mm, σ = 0.058N/m
 Rv= R/M = 8314/18 = 461
 Pv= 101.325kN/m2
 λ = 2255kJ/kg
 Tsat = 100oC
 Tv = 100.257oC
An electric wire of 1.25mm dia & 250 mm long is laid
horizontally & submerged in water at 7bar. The wire has
an applied voltage of 2.2V& carries a current of 130A. If
the surface of the wire is maintained at 200oC, make
calculations for the heat flux & boiling heat transfer
coeff. (Tsat at 7 bar = 165oC)

Energy input to wire = Q=VI = 2.2 X 130 = 286W


Surface area of wire = πdl=
π(1.25/1000)(250/1000)
=9.8x10-4m2
Heat flux q=Q/A
= 2.91 x 105 W/m2
Q=h A ΔT
286 = h x 9.8x 10-4 (200-165)
h= 8330 W/m2 oC
A 1mm dia & 300mm long Ni wire is submerged
horizontally in water at atmospheric pressure. At
burnout, the wire has a current of 195A. Cal voltage at
burnout.

0.25 0.5
𝑄 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑙
= 0.81 ρ𝑣 λ 𝜎𝑔
𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜌𝑣 2 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑙

 𝜌𝑙 =959.52kg/m3, 𝜌𝑣 = 0.597kg/m3
 λ = 2.257x 106 J/kg, 𝜎 = 0.0533N/m
𝑄
 = 1.48 x 106 J/s-m2
𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Electric Energy = V x I = 195V w

A= πdl
 = 9.42 x 10 -4 m2

 From Energy Balance,

 (195V/9.42 x 10 -4) = 1.48 x 106

 Voltage = 7.15V

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