Pumped Hydro energy storage

4/27/2021
technology
Thermo Fluid Design-Assessment 2

[email protected]
RMIT
Contents
1) Introduction and literature review ....................................................................................................... 2
2) Demand and supply analysis and minimum penstock pipe diameter selection................................... 3
3) Hydro power system design.................................................................................................................. 9
4) Pumping system design ...................................................................................................................... 15
5) In conclusion, what role (if any) can pump hydro energy storage can play in Australia energy
security? Also list in dot points any issues that may arise from use of sea water in pumped hydro energy
storage. ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
6) Reference ............................................................................................................................................ 22
 1) Introduction
Pumped Hydro energy storage plants is considered to be a variable energy source comparing to
chemical batteries giving its simplicity and maturity. [1] states that this Technology is ideally targets at
remote coastal town in Australia estimate around 200 residents that is still relies on diesel generator as
a main source of power due to the destination appears to be away from national electric grid.

Energy consumption is rapidly increasing while at the same time making sure that the demand and
supply must be balance. The pumped hydro system has a high potential to meet these constraints by
converts energy for peak load used on demand by having the ability to store from off peak power as
viable energy. The principle of hydro power requires two reservoirs and solar panels placed at different
altitude; Power is generated by linking the turbine between the upper transfer to lower reservoirs.
Whereas pumping occurs during off peak and the energy gathered from other system like solar panel
will be used to transport water from lower to upper reservoir, creating a closed system.

[2] summarize some limitations when working with pumped hydro storage systems:

• Targets only large-scale operation

• Seasons affects the inflow
• Appropriate landscape
• High startup cost
• Negative impact for local ecosystem.

However even with its limitation factor, the Pumped hydro facility is used for 95% of all worldwide large
scales electric storages.[3]&[4] demonstrates the advantages of choosing pumped hydro energy system
over other renewable is:

• Renewable clean resources

• Cost effective and domestic source of energy
• High lifecycle
• Quick high-power output
 2) Demand and supply analysis and minimum penstock pipe diameter
selection

Solar Energy available on the inclined surface to the

Time Electrical demand local latitude. This is the angle at which the solar PV
panels will be installed.
kW W/m2
12:00:00 AM 23.8 0
1:00:00 AM 28.6 0
2:00:00 AM 34.3 0
3:00:00 AM 41.2 0
4:00:00 AM 49.4 0
5:00:00 AM 27.1 1
6:00:00 AM 35.8 42
7:00:00 AM 69.8 163
8:00:00 AM 85.8 312
9:00:00 AM 60.8 457
10:00:00 AM 44.3 595
11:00:00 AM 53.2 727
12:00:00 PM 73.8 802
1:00:00 PM 39.1 827
2:00:00 PM 37.0 786
3:00:00 PM 61.3 694
4:00:00 PM 83.6 566
5:00:00 PM 97.2 406
6:00:00 PM 107.9 239
7:00:00 PM 118.4 80
8:00:00 PM 113.4 4
9:00:00 PM 92.1 0
10:00:00 PM 94.1 0
11:00:00 PM 72.4 0
12:00:00 AM 23.8 0

To determine the minimum surface area for solar panels to produce enough electrical power for daily
consumption with the energy conversion efficiency of 15%.

Sample calculations:

Assumed that the Panel area is 1𝑚2

𝑒. 𝑔 = 12: 00: 00 𝑎𝑚, (𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 73.8𝑘𝑊, 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 802𝑊/𝑚2

𝑘𝑗 3600
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦) ( ) = 802 ∗ 15% ∗ 1𝑚2 ∗ = 433.08𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟 1000
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟) = 73.8𝑘𝑤 ∗ 3600 = 265754.9𝑘𝑗/ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 (𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦)
5646227.56 𝑘𝑗/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3618.54𝑘𝑗/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 5646227.56 𝑘𝑗/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = = 1560.36069
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 3618.54𝑘𝑗/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Therefor minimum surface area for supply is 1560.36069m2. By substitutes the new area ratio becomes
1.
 Daily Supply(Kj/day) 5646227.57
Daily Demand (Kj/day) 5646227.56
Solar Panel Eff (%) 15%
Solar Panel Area (m2) 1560.36069
Ratio of Demand and Supply 1
Peak Power supply (pumping power) 154.482744
Peak Power Demand (Hydro turbine power) 112.463784
Over supply (KJ/day) 2964176.21
Under supply (KJ/day) 2964176.2

Based of the table above we can identify key areas to design the hydro power system using peak
maximum value of electrical power (Supply) and design the pumped system using peak maximum value
of electrical power (Demand).
 Demand and Supply Data energy
800000

700000

600000

500000
Power(Kj/hr)

400000
Electrical Demand

300000 Solar energy

200000

100000

Time (Hr)

Given Parameter:

A=1 (student number last digit)

B=5 (student number second last digit)

𝐻𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 70 + 0.4𝐴 + 0.1𝐵 = 70.9𝑚

𝐿 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒_𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 80 + 0.24𝐴 = 80.24𝑚

𝐿𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 80.24 + 2 = 82.24

𝑉𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒_𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝_𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 = 7 𝑚/𝑠

Types of Fittings K values Numbers of Fittings

(rounding to nearest
whole number)
90o Elbows 0.3 2+0.5*B=4.5≈5
45o Elbows 0.17 3+0.5*A=3.5≈4
20o Elbows 0.15 4+0.5*A=4.5≈5
Strainer 1.5 1
Globe (completely open 10 1
during turbine operation)
Outlet nozzle 0.2+(1-jet diameter ratio)=(Part load)
 =0.2 (At full load)
Sum of Turbine Penstock (0.3*5)+(0.17*4)+(0.15*5)+1.5+10+Knozzle
Fitting =14.43 (At full load)
Sum of Pump penstock (8.1+0.02*A-0.01*B) =8.07
Fitting

Sample calculation to find the minimum diameter of penstock pipe for both turbine and pump
performance:

Initial Bernoulli equations:

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡

2 2
𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝐿𝑝 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = + + +
2𝑔 𝐷𝑝 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝐻𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠

Unknown values: [f], [Dp] and [VJet]

To Find [f]

Assume Dp=0.5=500mm

Reynolds No:
𝜌𝑉𝑝 𝐷
𝑅𝐸 =
𝜇
1000 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.5
=
0.89 ∗ 10−3
= 842696.6
Colebrook equation:
𝜖
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

Sub f=0.011994

9.13096 = 9.13096
Solve [Vjet]
2 2
𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝐿𝑝 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝐻𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = + + +
2𝑔 𝐷𝑝 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
 2 2
𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡 0.011994(80.24) ∗ 1.52 14.43 ∗ 1.52 0.2 ∗ 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡
70.9 = + + +
2 ∗ 9.81 0.5 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
0.06116𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 2 + 5.10985 = 70.9

𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 33.594𝑚/𝑠
𝜋
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑝 ∗ 𝑉𝑝 = ∗ 0.52 ∗ 1.5 = 0.2945𝑚3 /𝑠
4
𝑤̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 =
𝑤̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 90 + 0.2𝐴 = 90.02% = 0.9002

𝑤̇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = max 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 112.463𝑘𝑤

112.463𝑘𝑤
𝑤̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = = 124.9311𝑘𝑤
0.9002
𝑤̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ =
𝑤̇𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 90 − 0.3𝐴 = 89.7% = 0.897
𝑤̇𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 139.2766𝑘𝑤
𝑤̇𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 =
𝑤̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

2𝜌𝑄 ∗ [1 + 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 ](𝑉1 − 𝑈)𝑈

𝜂𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
𝜌𝑄𝑉12
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡

𝑢 = 0.5𝑉1
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑟2
𝑘= = = 0.85
𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑟1
𝛽2 = 180 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(160) = 20
Simplify:

2 ∗ [1 + 0.85 cos 20](33.594 − (0.5 ∗ 33.594)) ∗ (0.5 ∗ 33.594)

=
33.5942
= 0.8993 = 89.93%
Therefore
139.2766𝑘𝑤
𝑤̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = = 154.872𝑘𝑤
0.8993
Check if 𝑤̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 that penstock can supply
2
𝜌 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 𝑣𝑗𝑒𝑡 1000𝑥0.2945 ∗ 33.5942
𝑤̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = = = 166179.994𝑤 = 166.179𝑘𝑤
2 2
166.179𝑘𝑤 ≥ 154.872𝑘𝑤

According to AS 1477 Table 4.1 series 1 selecting Nominal size of 500 to check if the pipe is suitable to
satisfy to diameter (500m) requirement:

561 − 2 ∗ 11.3 = 538.4𝑚𝑚 > 500𝑚𝑚

The new diameter value will now be replacing the assume diameter and will be used in for turbine
design and pumped

Other calculations with new diameter pipe for turbine:

𝑓𝐿𝑝 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑉𝑝2

𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐻𝑔 − −
𝐷𝑝2 ∗ 2𝑔 2𝑔

0.011841(80.24)1.52 14.43 ∗ 1.52

= 70.9 − − = 68.869
0.53842 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
 3) Hydro power system design

Turbine design calculation for peak power demands:

Pelton runner diameter:

𝑈 = 𝑅𝜔
2𝜋
𝜔= ∗ 1500 = 157.08𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60
𝑈 = 0.5𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 0.5 ∗ 33.1511 = 16.5756𝑚/𝑠

𝑈 16.5756
𝐷𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 2𝑅 = 2 ( ) = 2 ( ) = 0.21105𝑚
𝜔 157.08
Inlet Velocity Triangle:

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡

𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 0.5𝑉1 = 0.5 ∗ 33.151 = 16.5756𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑈1 = 33.1511 − 16.5756 = 16.5756
Outlet Velocity Triangle:
 𝑉𝑟2 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑉𝑟1 = 0.85 ∗ 16.5756 = 14.0892𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 = 180 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (160) = 20 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑈2 = 16.5756𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = (𝑉𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽2 − 𝑈2 ) = 14.0892 cos(20) − 16.5756 = −3.336𝑚/𝑠

2
𝑉𝑓2 = √𝑉𝑟2 + (𝑉𝑤2 + 𝑢2 )2 = √14.08922 + (−3.336 + 16.5756)2 = 22.0087𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓2 22.0087
𝛼2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )= = −81.381𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑉𝑤2 −3.336

Up until now the turbine is under peak load however to design any dynamic system requires turbine and
nozzle geometry to estimate the performance of the system under part load conditions to help
determine the total storage of water need to be stored in the upper reservoir.
For the first iteration the Part load Electric (under supply), U2 and rotor power will be always constant
however V1=Vjet, Hydraulic efficient will be only used for peak condition afterward the value will
change under part load operations.

Sample Calculations for 12:00:00 AM (1st iter):

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 23.84
𝑤̇𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 = = 29.52397𝑘𝑤
0.9002
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 0.8902
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 33.1511𝑚/𝑠

𝑈2 = 16.5755𝑚/𝑠
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 89.93%

𝑤̇𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 29.52397
𝑊̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = = = 32.82995𝑘𝑤
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 0.8993

𝑚3 𝑊̇𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∗ 2 32.82995 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2

𝑄( )= 2 = = 0.059745𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 1000 ∗ 33.15112

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄( ) = 𝑄 ( ) ∗ 3600 = 0.059745𝑚/𝑠 ∗ 3600 = 215.0834𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟 𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑄 ( ) = 7427.437 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟
 𝑚3
𝑄( 𝑠 )∗4 0.059745 ∗ 4
𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟: √ =√ = 0.059371𝑚
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 ∗ 𝜋 33.1511 ∗ 𝜋

𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.059371

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑡 : = = 0.460413
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.104042
𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 0.2 + (1 − jet diameter ratio) = 0.2 + (1 − 0.460413) = 0.739587

Using nozzle modify and sub it back in bernoulii equation to find new modify jet velocity

(Iterations sections)
2 2
𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑓𝐿𝑝 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑
𝐻𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = + + +
2𝑔 𝐷𝑝 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
2 2
𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 0.011841 ∗ 80.24 ∗ 1.52 14.43 ∗ 1.52 Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑
70.9 = + + +
2 ∗ 9.81 0.5384 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81
2 2
(0.5384 ∗ 𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 ) + 2.13777 + 17.4805 + (0.5384 ∗ Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 )
70.9 =
0.5384 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81
2 2
748.9456 = 0.5𝑉𝐽𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 + 19.6183 + 0.5Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑
2
729.327 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 (0.5384 + 0.5384Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 )

729.327
√ = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑
(0.5384 + 0.5384Σ𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 )

729.327
√ = 27.90523𝑚/𝑠
(0.5384 + 0.5384 ∗ 0.739587)

𝑢 𝑢
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 2[1 + 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽2 )] [1 − ][ ]
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑
16.5755 16.5755
2[1 + 0.85𝑐𝑜𝑠(20)] [1 − ][ ] = 89.94%
27.90523 27.90523
The 𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑 will now replace Hydraulic efficiency and 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑑 replace V1=jet. Repeat this step till
Qtotal converges within ±5𝑚3
 8332.361 − 8328.812 = 3.549
The last two calculated total storage values are 8332.361 at iteration 8th and 8328.812 at iteration 9th.
 4) Pumping system design

Pump design calculation for peak excess power supply:

𝑓𝐿𝑝 𝑉𝑝2 Σ𝐾𝑉𝑝2 0.009212 ∗ 82.24 ∗ 72 8.07 ∗ 72

𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐻𝑔 + + = 70.9 + + = 94.5688𝑚
𝐷𝑝2 ∗ 2𝑔 2𝑔 0.53842 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81

𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 80 + 0.1 ∗ 𝐵 = 80 + 0.1 ∗ 5 = 80.50%

𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 = 77 + 0.1 ∗ 𝐵 = 77 + 0.1 ∗ 5 = 77.05%
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 75 − 0.1 ∗ 𝐵 = 75 − 0.1 ∗ 5 = 74.50%
𝑤̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗ 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 80.50% ∗ 154.4827 = 124.358𝑘𝑊

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1
Inlet Velocity Triangle:

𝑉𝑤1 = 0 (𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑙)

𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟_𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 210 + 0.1 ∗ 𝐵 = 210 + 0.1 ∗ 5 = 210.5𝑚𝑚 = 0.2105𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟_𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 2 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 2 ∗ 0.2105 = 0.421𝑚

 1000 ∗ 𝑤̇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 1000 ∗ 124.358 ∗ 77.05% ∗ 74.50%
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =
𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 94.5688
= 0.07740𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 1000 = 77.3956𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.07740
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋 2
=𝜋 = 2.22239𝑚/𝑠
( ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ) ∗ 0.2105
4 4
1500
𝑈1 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ = 16.53 𝑚/𝑠
60
𝑉𝑓1 2.2239
𝛽1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 7.6613 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑈1 16.53
Outlet Velocity Triangle

𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓1
𝑔 ∗ 𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 9.81 ∗ 94.5688
𝑉𝑤2 ∗ 𝑈2 = = = 1197.0584𝑚2 /𝑠 2
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 77.05%
1500
𝑈2 = 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟_𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ = 33.07𝑚/𝑠
60
𝑉𝑤2 ∗ 𝑈2
𝑉𝑤2 = = 36.2029𝑚/𝑠
𝑈2
𝑉𝑓2
𝛽2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −35.33𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤2
𝑉𝑓2
𝛼2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 3.52 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝑉𝑤2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 1000
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = 26.31𝑚𝑚
𝜋 ∗ 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑓2

𝑈2
𝐻𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑤2 ∗ = 122.024𝑚
9.81
The pump inlet is now use to test the performance under part load condition. Assuming that the
oversupply electrical was obtain from supply and demand data and net head, pump motor efficiency,
pump manometer efficiency, pump mechanical efficiency, inlet diameter, outer diameter, slip factor
betas 1 and 2 will remain constants (value are obtain through pump designs).

Sample calculation of 12:00:00 PM

𝜔̇ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 113.9675 ∗ 80.50% = 91.7438𝑘𝑊

𝜔̇ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ∗ 1000 91.7438 ∗ 77.50% ∗ 74.50% ∗ 1000
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = =
1000 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 94.56884
= 0.5710𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑄𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟 = 0.5710 ∗ 3600 = 205.5513𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 1485.992
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.5710
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 1.641𝑚/𝑠
2
(4 ∗ 𝐷𝑖 ) (4 ∗ 0.2105)

𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓1
𝑉𝑓2 1.641
𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤2 = = = −2.31
tan(𝛽2 ) tan(−35.33)

𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2
− (− ) ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ± √((− ) ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 )2 − 4 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ∗ (−𝑔𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽2
𝑈2 =
2 ∗ 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

+𝑈2
1.641 1.641
− (− ) ∗ 77.50% + √((− ) ∗ 77.50%)2 − 4 ∗ 77.50% ∗ (−9.81 ∗ 94.5688)
tan(−35.33) tan(−35.33)
=
2 ∗ 77.50%
= 33.46 𝑚/𝑠
−𝑈2
1.641 1.641
− (− ) ∗ 77.50% − √((− ) ∗ 77.50%)2 − 4 ∗ 77.50% ∗ (−9.81 ∗ 94.5688)
tan(−35.33) tan(−35.33)
=
2 ∗ 77.50%
= −36.1241𝑚/𝑠
𝑈2 33.46
𝜔= = = 159𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠/𝑠
𝐷𝑜 0.421
(2) 2
𝜔 ∗ 60 159 ∗ 60
𝑁= = = 1518𝑟𝑝𝑚
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑤2 = +𝑈2 − (𝑈2 − 𝑉𝑤2 ) = 33.46 − −2.31 = 35.76𝑚/𝑠
 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑤2 ∗ +𝑈2 1 ∗ 35.76 ∗ 33.46
𝐻𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 122.02𝑚
𝑔 9.81
𝐻𝑛𝑒𝑡 94.56884
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 = = = 77.5%
𝐻𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 122.02
1000 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝐻𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 74.5%
𝜔̇ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 ∗ 1000
1000 ∗ 𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑉𝑤2 ∗ +𝑈2
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = 74.5%
𝜔̇ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 ∗ 1000

Total pumping capacity 1485.922m3

Total storage required 8328.811m3
 5) conclusion
1)what role (if any) can pump hydro energy storage can play in Australia energy security?

Every year Australia renewable energy increase its demands, the viable options provide the necessary
energy to Australian’s home are driven from economics, engineering, and environment factors. Pump
hydro storage plays a crucial role in electricity system and having the alternative methods to store large
amount of electricity where with other sources that may not be available. Renewable energy from
sources like wind, solar… was to provide 21% of Australia electrical supply while hydropower contributes
5-7%.

As of today, Australia government currently has only invested in ‘Hydrostar Angas A-case’ targets for
south Australia that only that used Advanced compressed air storage system which commence in 2019
creating an alternative source and propose to meet its targets at 50% renewable penetration by 2025.
Whereas for Pumped hydro storage system specifically was concluded in 2020.

2) Also list in dot points any issues that may arise from use of sea water in pumped hydro energy
storage.

• Negative impact in terms of environment and cultural values

• Greater cost the clean hydro
• Dealing with marine habit
• Having trouble dealing with corrode
 6) Reference
[1] G. D. E. Silva and P. Hendrick, "Pumped hydro energy storage in buildings," Applied Energy, vol.
179, pp. 1242-1250, Oct 2016.
[2] S. Karhinen and H. Huuki, "Private and social benefits of a pumped hydro energy storage with
increasing amount of wind power," Energy Economics, vol. 81, pp. 942-959, Jun 2019.
[3] T. Hino and A. Lejeune, Pumped Storage Hydropower Developments (Comprehensive Renewable
Energy, Vol 6: Hydro Power). 2012, pp. 405-434.
[4] G. Fuchs, B. Lunz, M. Leuthold, and D. U. Sauer, Overview of Nonelectrochemical Storage
Technologies (Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing). 2015,
pp. 89-102.
Middleback ranges PHES Pre-Feasibility Study. (2021, January 20). Retrieved April 27, 2021, from

https://arena.gov.au/projects/middleback-ranges-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-project-pre-

feasibility-study/

Hydrostor Angas A-CAES project - Australian renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). (2021, February 19).
Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://arena.gov.au/projects/hydrostor-angas-a-caes-project/

Hydropower and pumped hydro energy storage. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2021, from
https://arena.gov.au/renewable-energy/pumped-hydro-energy-storage/

By: ARENA Share facebook twitter linkedin e-mail, ARENA, B., & Print Save as PDF Share facebook twitter
linkedin e-mail. (2020, August 18). Can pumped hydro energy storage work? Let's sea - arenawire.
Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://arena.gov.au/blog/can-pumped-hydro-energy-storage-
work-lets-sea/