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ENCODING

The document discusses different encoding schemes used for Ethernet transmission including Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding divides each bit into two intervals, with the voltage set high or low to indicate a 1 or 0 bit. Differential Manchester encoding indicates bits based on the presence or absence of a voltage transition at the start of the interval. All Ethernet systems use Manchester encoding due to its simplicity.

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Jenniveve E. Publico
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26 views

ENCODING

The document discusses different encoding schemes used for Ethernet transmission including Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding. Manchester encoding divides each bit into two intervals, with the voltage set high or low to indicate a 1 or 0 bit. Differential Manchester encoding indicates bits based on the presence or absence of a voltage transition at the start of the interval. All Ethernet systems use Manchester encoding due to its simplicity.

Uploaded by

Jenniveve E. Publico
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENCODING

========
None of the versions of Ethernet uses straight binary encoding with 0 volts
for a 0 bit and 5 volts for a 1 bit because it leads to ambiguities.
If a station sends the bit string 001000, others might falsely interpret it as
100000000 or 01000000 because they cannot tell the difference between and idle
sender (0 volts) and a 0 bit (0 volts).
This problem can be solved by using a +1 volts for a 1 and -1 volts for a 0.
There is still the problem of a receiver sampling the signal at a slightly
different frequency other than the sender used to generate it.
In this situation the receivers need a way to unambiguously determine the
start, end or middle of each bit without reference to an external clock.
The 2 approaches are Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding:

MANCHESTER ENCODING
===================
In Manchester encoding, each bit is divided into 2 equal intervals.
A binary 1 bit is sent by having voltage set high during the first interval
and low during the second one.
A binary 0 bit is sent by having voltage set low during the first interval and
high in the second one.
This scheme ensures that every bit period has a transition in the middle,
making it easy for the receiver to synchronize with the sender.
The disadvantage of Manchester encoding is that it requires twice as much
bandwidth as straight binary encoding because the pulses are half the
bandwidth.

DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER ENCODING


================================
Differential Manchester encoding is a variation of Manchester encoding.
In it, a 1 bit is indicated by the absence of a transition at the start of the
interval. A bit 0 is indicated by the presence of a transition at the start of
the interval.

In both cases, there is a transition in the middle, making it easy for the
receiver to synchronize with the sender.
The Differential scheme requires more complex equipment but offers better
noise immunity.
All Ethernet systems use Manchester encoding due to its simplicity. The high
signal is +0.85 volts and the low signal are -0.85 volts, giving a DC value of
0 volts.

Line Coding Basics


==================
Transmission of serial data over any distance, be it a twisted pair, fiber
optic link, coaxial cable, etc., requires maintenance of the data as it is
transmitted through repeaters, echo chancellors and other electronically
equipment. The data integrity must be maintained through data reconstruction,
with proper timing, and retransmitted. Line codes were created to facilitate
this maintenance. In selecting a particular line coding scheme some
considerations must be made, as not all line codes adequately provide the
all-important synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Other
considerations for line code selection are noise and interference levels,
error detection and error checking, implementation requirements, and the
available bandwidth.

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