Pre-Calculus 11 Workbook

 400 pages
 answers to all exercise questions at the back
 black and white
 space for students to write in book
 all chapters reviewed by at least 3 reviewers
 multiple solutions methods
 guidance for technology use integrated throughout
 320-350 exercise questions
 Pub date: August 2011

Each section includes:

 Key Ideas modified from SE
o outlines the most significant concepts from the section
 Working Examples
o examples with scaffolding that students work through
o related Smartboard activity for one working example from each
numbered section
 Exercise questions with scaffolding
o Practise, Apply, Connect
o each section begins with easier conceptual questions and questions get
progressively more difficult as students work through them

Each chapter includes:

 Smartboard activity for one working example from each numbered section (32
activities)—icon in the Workbook indicates SB activity is available Skills
summary/graphic organizer
 Study guide for students to self-assess their understanding of the concepts
 Chapter review
 Icons throughout the examples and exercise questions referring to specific pages
from the SE

 4-page final test at the end of the book covering all the chapters
Table of Contents

Overview

Chapter 1 Sequences and Series

1.1 Arithmetic Sequences
1.2 Arithmetic Series
1.3 Geometric Sequences
1.4 Geometric Series
1.5 Infinite Geometric Series
Chapter 1 Skills Summary
Chapter 1 Review
Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
2.1 Angles in Standard Position
2.2 Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle
2.3 The Sine Law
2.4 Cosine Law
Chapter 2 Skills Summary
Chapter 2 Review
Chapter 2 Study Guide

Chapter 3 Quadratic Functions

3.1 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form
3.2 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Standard Form
3.3 Completing the Square  
Chapter 3 Skills Summary
Chapter 3 Review
Chapter 3 Study Guide

Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations

4.1 Graphical Solutions of Quadratic Equations
4.2 Factoring Quadratic Equations
4.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
4.4 The Quadratic Formula
Chapter 4 Skills Summary
Chapter 4 Review
Chapter 4 Study Guide
Chapter 5 Radical Expressions and Equations
5.1 Working with Radicals
5.2 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions
5.3 Radical Equations
Chapter 5 Skills Summary
Chapter 5 Review
Chapter 5 Study Guide

Chapter 6 Rational Expressions and Equations

6.1 Rational Expressions
6.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
6.3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
6.4 Rational Equations
Chapter 6 Skills Summary
Chapter 6 Review
Chapter 6 Study Guide

Chapter 7 Absolute Value and Reciprocal Functions

7.1 Absolute Value
7.2 Absolute Value Functions
7.3 Absolute Value Equations
7.4 Reciprocal Functions
Chapter 7 Skills Summary
Chapter 7 Review
Chapter 7 Study Guide

Chapter 8 Systems of Equations

8.1 Solving Systems of Equations Graphically
8.2 Solving Systems of Equations Algebraically
Chapter 8 Skills Summary
Chapter 8 Review
Chapter 8 Study Guide

Chapter 9 Linear and Quadratic Inequalities

9.1 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
9.2 Quadratic Inequalities in One Variable
9.3 Quadratic Inequalities in Two Variables
Chapter 9 Skills Summary
Chapter 9 Review
Chapter 9 Study Guide

Practice Test

Answers
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Chapter 3
3.1 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form

KEY IDEAS
For a quadratic function in vertex form, f (x) = a(x – p)2 + q, a ≠ 0, the graph
• has the shape of a parabola
• has its vertex at (p, q)
• has an axis of symmetry with equation x = p
• is congruent to f (x) = ax2 translated horizontally by p units and vertically by q units
y
x=p

( p, q )

0 x

• You can sketch the graph of f (x) = a(x – p)2 + q by transforming the graph of f (x) = x2.

The parameter a gives the direction of opening and the vertical stretch factor.

a>0 The parabola opens upward.

a<0 The parabola is reflected in the x-axis; it opens downward.

The parabola is compressed vertically; it is wider than the graph of
–1 < a < 1 f (x) = x2 or f (x) = –x2.

a > 1 or The parabola is stretched vertically; it is narrower than the graph of

a < –1 f (x) = x2 or f (x) = –x2.

The parameter q gives the vertical translation.

q>0 The parabola is translated q units up.

q<0 The parabola is translated q units down.

The parameter p gives the horizontal translation.

p>0 The parabola is translated p units to the right.

p<0 The parabola is translated p units to the left.

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Working Example 1: Sketch the Graph of a Quadratic in Vertex Form

State the vertex, the direction of opening, the equation of the axis of symmetry, the domain
and range, and the maximum or minimum value of the graph of y = –3(x + 4)2 + 1. Then,
sketch the graph. <SMART Board icon TK>

Solution
Use the values of a, p, and q to determine some characteristics of the function and sketch the
graph.
y = –3(x + 4)2 + 1
Which of the parameters a, p, and q
a p q determine the coordinates of the vertex?

The vertex is ( , ).

Since a < 0, the graph opens (upward or downward).

Which of the parameters a, p, and q
The equation of the axis of symmetry is .
determine the equation of the axis
of symmetry?
The domain of the quadratic is {x | x ∈ R}.
How can you use the value of q to
The range is {y | y ≤ , y ∈ R }. help you determine the range?

The (maximum or minimum) value is .

Determine the coordinates of a point (other than the vertex) on the graph.
Choose an x-coordinate and determine the corresponding y-coordinate.
Choose x = –3. Substitute this value of x into the function to determine y.
y = –3(x + 4)2 + 1
y = –3(–3 + 4)2 + 1
y = –3(1)2 + 1
y = –2

So, one point on the graph is ( , ).

Since every parabola is symmetric about its axis of symmetry, this means that another point on

the graph is ( , –2).

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Plot the vertex and these two other points to sketch the graph.
y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

& Compare this method with the two methods shown on pages 148–149 of Pre-Calculus 11.

Working Example 2: Determine a Quadratic Function in Vertex Form

Given Its Graph
Determine a quadratic function, in vertex form, for the graph.
y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

Solution
The vertex of the graph is . So, p = and q = .

Then, the equation of the function in the form y = a(x – p)2 + q is .

Substitute the coordinates of any point from the graph, except the vertex, into the function to
determine the value of a.

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Use (0, –2):

y = a(x – 2)2 – 3
–2 = a(0 – 2)2 – 3
–2 = 4a – 3
1 = 4a
1
__
4=a

Substitute the parameters a, p, and q to write the equation of the function.

y=

Working Example 3: Determine the Number of x-Intercepts Using a and q

Determine the number of x-intercepts for the quadratic function f (x) = 4(x – 3)2.

Solution
Use the value of a to determine if the graph opens upward or downward.
Use the value of q to determine if the vertex is above, below, or on the x-axis.

a (< or >) 0 The graph opens (upward or downward).

q (< or = or >) 0 The vertex is (on or below or above) the x-axis.

How many times does the
How many x-intercept(s) does the function have?
graph touch the x-axis?
& See pages 153–154 of Pre-Calculus 11 for more examples.

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Check Your Understanding

Practise
1. State the coordinates of the vertex and the number of x-intercepts for each of the following
functions.
a) y = (x – 3)2 + 5 b) y = –4x2 + 1
p= q=
vertex: ( , )
a (< or >) 0; the graph opens (upward or downward).
q (< or >) 0; there are x-intercepts.
7
2
c) y = __3(x – 11)2 ( 1
)
2
d) y = – x + __2 + __3

2. State the direction of opening, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the maximum or
minimum value for each of the following.
a) y

0 5 10 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

p= q=
The graph opens (upward or downward).
The equation of the axis of symmetry is .
The (maximum or minimum) value is .

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b) y

-5 0 5x
-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

p= q=
The graph opens (upward or downward).
The equation of the axis of symmetry is .
The (maximum or minimum) value is .

3. Describe how to obtain the graph of each function from the graph of y = x2.
State the domain and the range for each. Then, graph the function.
a) y = (x + 4)2 – 2 y

a= p= q= 8

The graph opens 6

(upward or downward).
4
The (maximum or
2

minimum) value is .
-5 0 5 x
The graph of y = x2 is translated -2

units to the (left or right) -4

and units -6
(up or down).
-8
The domain is .
The range is .

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b) y = –4(x + 7)2 + 2 y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

4. Sketch each of the following. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry. State the domain
and range.
1
a) y = –2(x + 5)2 + 4 b) y = __2(x – 3)2 – 4
y y

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

-5 0 5 x -5 0 5 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

-8 -8

5. Determine the quadratic function in vertex form for each parabola.

a) y b) y

2 8

6
-5 0 x
-2 4

-4 2

-6
-10 -5 0 x
-8

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p= q=
a=

function:

6. Write the quadratic function in vertex form that has the given characteristics.
a) vertex at (0, 4), congruent to y = 5x2
a= p= q=
function:

b) vertex at (3, 0), passing through (4, −2)

Substitute the coordinates of the vertex and the point (4, –2) into y = a(x – p)2 + q to
determine a.

c) vertex (1, −1), with y-intercept 3

Substitute the coordinates of the vertex and the coordinates of the y-intercept into
y = a(x – p)2 + q to determine a.

Apply
7. Determine the corresponding point on the transformed graph for the point (–1, 1) on the
graph of y = x2.

& This question should help you complete #10 on page 158 of Pre-Calculus 11.

a) y = x2 is transformed to y = (x + 5)2 – 1.
For y = (x + 5)2 – 1, p = and q = .
Apply the horizontal translation of 5 units to the left and the vertical translation of
1 unit down to the point (–1, 1). (–1 + ,1+ )
The corresponding point of (–1, 1) after the graph is transformed is ( , ).

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b) y = x2 is transformed to y = 2(x – 2) – 3.
For y = (x + 5)2 – 1, a = ,p= , and q = .
Apply the multiplication of the y-values by a factor of 2 to the point (–1, 1). (–1,
(1))
Then, apply the horizontal translation of 2 units to the right and the vertical translation
of 3 units down to the point (–1, 2). (–1 + ,2+ )
The corresponding point of (–1, 1) after the graph is transformed is ( , ).
1 2
c) y = x2 is transformed to y = __2 (x + 1) + 4.

8. Parabolic mirrors are often used in lights because they give a focused beam.
Suppose a parabolic mirror is 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep, as shown.
6 cm

1 cm

a) Suppose the vertex of the mirror is at the origin. Determine the quadratic function in
vertex form that describes the shape of the mirror.
The coordinates of the vertex are .
The coordinates of one endpoint of the mirror are .
Use the coordinates of the vertex and the endpoint to determine a.

If the vertex is at the origin, the function is .

b) Now suppose the origin is at the left outer edge of the mirror. Determine the quadratic
function in vertex form that describes the mirror.
The coordinates of the vertex are .

If the origin is at the left endpoint, the function is .

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c) Compare your functions in parts a) and b). How are they similar? How are they
different?

9. The points (0, 0) and (8, 0) are on a parabola.

a) How many different parabolas do you think pass through these points?

b) Choose a point to be the maximum for a parabola passing through (0, 0) and (8, 0).
Determine the quadratic function in vertex form with this maximum.

c) Choose a different point to be the maximum. Determine the quadratic function of the
resulting parabola.

d) How many of the parameters in a quadratic function in vertex form change when you
change the location of the vertex? Explain.

& Question 15 on page 159 of Pre-Calculus 11 uses the same concepts as #8 and #9.

Connect
v2 cos θ sin θ
10. The horizontal distance, d, in metres, that a projectile travels is given by d = –___________
4.9 ,
where v is the initial speed in metres per second and θ is the angle at which the object leaves
the ground.
a) Choose an angle, substitute into the formula, and simplify. List the characteristics of the
resulting quadratic function.

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b) Choose a different angle and repeat your work in part a). How do your two resulting
quadratic functions compare?

c) List the characteristics that all quadratics resulting from this formula will have in
common. Which characteristics will vary?

11. Student council currently sells school T-shirts for $12 each to raise funds. If they raise
prices, they hope to make more money. If x represents the price increase and y represents
revenue, then the quadratic function y = –10(x – 9)2 + 4510 models this situation.
a) If the price does not change (x = 0), what is the current revenue?

b) Sketch a graph of this function.

y

0 x

c) Explain why it is reasonable for a quadratic to represent this situation.

d) Determine the price for T-shirts that gives the maximum revenue for the student council.
What is this maximum revenue? Justify your answer.

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3.2 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Standard Form

KEY IDEAS
• The standard form of a quadratic function is f (x) = ax2 + bx + c or y = ax2 + bx + c,
where a ≠ 0.
• The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola that
– is symmetric about a vertical line, called the axis of symmetry, that passes through the
vertex
– opens upward and has a minimum value if a > 0
– opens downward and has a maximum value if a < 0
– has a y-intercept at (0, c) that has a value of c
• You can determine the vertex, domain and range, direction of opening, axis of symmetry,
x-intercepts, y-intercept, and maximum or minimum value from the graph of a quadratic
function.
y y
axis of
vertex symmetry
maximum
value

x- intercept
x-intercept p 0 x

x-intercept 0 p x-intercept x
axis of y-intercept
symmetry
y-intercept
minimum value vertex

Domain: all real numbers Domain: all real numbers

Range: all real numbers less Range: all real numbers greater
than or equal to the than or equal to the
maximum value of y minimum value of y

• For any quadratic function in standard form, the x-coordinate of the vertex is given by
b
x = –__
2a .

& See page 166 of Pre-Calculus 11 for how the formula for x-coordinate of the vertex
was derived.

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• For quadratic functions in applied situations,

– the y-intercept represents the value of the function when the independent variable is 0
– the x-intercept(s) represent(s) the value(s) of the independent variable for which the
function has a value of 0
– the vertex represents the point at which the function reaches its maximum or minimum
– the domain and range may need to be restricted based on the values that are actually
possible in the situation

Working Example 1: Characteristics of a Quadratic Function in

Standard Form
For each graph of a quadratic function given, identify the following:
• the direction of opening
• the coordinates of the vertex
• the maximum or minimum value
• the equation of the axis of symmetry
• the x-intercepts and y-intercept
• the domain and range
<SMART Board icon TK>
a) f(x) = x2 + 4x b) f(x) = –x2 – 2x + 3
y y

4 4

2 2

-4 -2 0 2 4 x -4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

Solution
a) y

-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2

-4

The graph opens .

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The x-coordinate of the vertex is .

How can you use the x-coordinate of the vertex
The y-coordinate of the vertex is . to determine the y-coordinate of the vertex?

The minimum value of the function is .

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

What is the relationship between the x-coordinate
x= . of the vertex and the axis of symmetry?

The factored form of the function is f(x) = x(x + 4), so the x-intercepts are and

The y-intercept is 0 because .

The domain is {x| x ∈ R}.

The range is {y | y ≥ –4, y ∈ R} because .

b) y

-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2

-4

The graph opens .

The x-coordinate of the vertex is .

The y-coordinate of the vertex is .

The maximum value of the function is .

The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = .

The factored form of the function is f(x) = , so the x-intercepts

are and .

The y-intercept is because .

The domain is .

The range is because .

& After completing this example, you should be able to explain the solutions to Example 1
on pages 167–168 of Pre-Calculus 11.

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Working Example 2: Using a Quadratic Function to Model a Situation

A student council currently sells memberships for $6 per year and has 700 members. To
increase revenue, they decide to increase the membership cost. The results of a survey indicates
that 50 fewer students will buy a membership for every $1 increase in the membership cost.
a) Write a quadratic function in standard form to model this situation.
b) Graph the quadratic function. What does the shape of the graph communicate about the
situation?
c) What are the coordinates of the vertex? What information does it give the student council?
d) Determine if there are any x-intercepts that are relevant. What do these intercepts, if they
exist, represent in the situation?
e) What domain and range are logical for this situation? Explain.

Solution
a) Let x represent the number price increases and r(x) represent the revenue after a given price
increase. Then,
revenue = (price)(number of members)
r(x) = (6 + x)(700 – 50x) The new price is $6 plus the number of price
increases times $1, or 6 + 1x. The new number
r(x) = 4200 – 300x + of members is 700 minus the number of price
increases times 50, or 700 – 50x.
r(x) =
b) Enter the function on a graphing calculator.

Think about the maximum

number of price increases
possible and revenue
amounts to help you
determine window settings.

The shape of the quadratic confirms that if the council raises the membership price, revenue
at first increases, but then decreases.
c) The vertex of the graph is located at (4, 5000). This means that a price increase of ,

to a new price of , will give the maximum revenue of $5000.

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d) The x-intercept of indicates that if the price is increased by $ the student

council will have no revenue. So, no sales at this price.
e) The domain for this situation is , as 0 is the smallest possible price
increase and 14 is the greatest possible price increase. The range is , as
revenue is positive and the maximum revenue is $5000.

& See pages 168–172 of Pre-Calculus 11 for more examples.

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Check Your Understanding

Practise
1. Which of the following functions are quadratic? Rewrite the quadratic functions in standard
form.
a) f(x) = –5(x + 2)2 + 8

b) f(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 1

c) f(x) = (8x + 11)(x – 5)

d) f(x) = (3x – 7)(x – 4)(x + 1)

2. For each graph, identify the following:

• the coordinates of the vertex
• the equation of the axis of symmetry
• the x-intercepts and y-intercept
• the maximum or minimum value and how it relates to the direction of opening
• the domain and range
a) y

-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2

-4

• The vertex is ( , ).
• The x-coordinate of the vertex gives the equation of the axis of
symmetry as x = .

• The graph has a y-intercept of , and the x-intercepts are and

.

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• Since the graph opens downward, it has a , and that value is given
by the y-coordinate of the vertex.

• The domain is . Using the vertex, you can determine the range to
be .
b) y

-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2

-4

c) y
2

-4 -2 0 2 4 x
-2

-4

-6

3. Use technology to graph each of the following functions. Identify the vertex, the axis of
symmetry, the maximum or minimum value, the domain and range, and all intercepts.
Round values to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
a) y = x2 – 5x – 1
• The vertex is ( , ).
• The x-coordinate of the vertex gives the axis of symmetry as x = .
• Since the graph opens (upward or downward), it has a
(maximum or minimum) value and that value is given by the
y-coordinate of the vertex, which is .
• The domain is , and using the vertex, the range is .
• The x-intercepts are and , and the y-intercept is .

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b) y = –2x2 + x + 3

c) y = 0.25x2 – 5.5x + 27.25

4. Determine the vertex of each quadratic function. Remember that the x-coordinate of the
b
vertex is given by x = __
2a and the y-coordinate can be obtained by substituting that value of
x into the function.
a) y = x2 – 4x – 12 b) y = 3x2 + 6x – 1

c) y = –x2 + 8x + 25 d) y = 2x2 – 6x – 5

5. Determine the number of x-intercepts for each function. Explain how you know.
a) y = x2 + 2x – 35
The vertex of this function is at ( , ) and the parabola opens
. So, there are x-intercepts.

b) a quadratic function with a maximum value at its y-intercept of 12

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c) a quadratic function with its vertex located on the x-axis

d) a quadratic function with an axis of symmetry of x = 2 and passing through the

point (5, 0)

e) a quadratic function with vertex (–2, 5) and passing through the point (1, 18)

f) a quadratic function with a range of y ≤ –7

& See #8 on page 175 of Pre-Calculus 11 for more practice with this concept.

Apply
6. The graph approximates the height of a soccer ball that is kicked by the goalkeeper. Use the
graph to answer the following questions. Explain what property of the graph led to your
answer.
h
Height (m)

t
0 1 2
Time (s)

a) From what height is the ball kicked?

b) What is the maximum height of the ball? When does it occur?

c) How long is the ball in the air?

d) What are the domain and range for this situation?

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7. When determining the maximum allowable speed for a curve in a road, engineers use the
v2
equation a = __ r , where a is the acceleration, in metres per second squared, experienced by
the vehicle as it turns, v is the road speed of the vehicle in metres per second, and r is the
radius of the curve, in metres.
a) Suppose that a particular curve has a radius of 25 m. Write the equation for the
acceleration of vehicles around this curve.

b) Identify the vertex, the equation of the axis of symmetry, and the intercepts of the
function. Sketch the graph of the function.
y

0 x

c) Determine the domain of the function. Explain your answer.

d) Determine the range of the function. Explain your answer.

e) The speed limit on the road is equivalent to 14 m/s. The maximum acceleration the
engineer wants vehicles to experience on the curve is 6 m/s2. Does the curve fit the
criterion? Explain your answer.

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8. Sketch the graph of a quadratic function that has the characteristics given. Is it possible to
have more than one correct answer?
a) axis of symmetry x = 3 and x-intercepts of 0 and 6
y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

b) x-intercepts of –2 and 3 and range y ≥ –6.25

y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

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c) y-intercept at the origin, axis of symmetry x = –5 and leading coefficient 1

y

-5 0 5 x
-2

-4

-6

-8

& See #10 on page 175 of Pre-Calculus 11 for a similar question.

9. A manufacturer has determined that demand, d, for its product is given by

d = –p2 + 24p + 56, where p is the price of the product, in dollars.
a) Determine the coordinates of the vertex of this function.

b) Sketch the graph of the function.

y

0 x

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c) What does the vertex represent in this situation?

d) What does the shape of the graph tell the manufacturer in this situation?

10. Brooklyn wants to build an enclosure for her dog. She has 24 m of fencing, and she wants
to build a rectangular enclosure with the maximum possible area.
a) Write a function to represent the rectangular area of the enclosure. How do you know
that the function is quadratic?

b) Sketch a graph of the function.

y

0 x

c) Determine the coordinates of the vertex. What do these coordinates represent?

d) What are the dimensions of the enclosure that achieve Brooklyn’s goals? What area will
be available to her dog?

& Your work on this question should help you answer #15 and #17 on page 177 of
Pre-Calculus 11.

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Connect
11. a) Explain how knowing the vertex and direction of opening allows you to determine the
number of x-intercepts of a quadratic function.

b) Does knowing the equation of the axis of symmetry and direction of opening allow you
to determine the number of x-intercepts? Explain using examples.

12. For a quadratic function in standard form y = ax2 + bx + c, the x-coordinate of the vertex
b
is given by x = __
2a . Obtain an expression for the y-coordinate of the vertex by substituting
this value into the quadratic. Explain whether you think it is useful to have this expression.

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3.3 Completing the Square

KEY IDEAS
• You can convert a quadratic function from standard form to vertex form by using an
algebraic process called completing the square.
y = 5x2 – 30x + 7 ← Standard form
y = 5(x2 – 6x) + 7 Group the first two terms. Factor out the leading coefficient
if a ≠ 1.
y = 5(x2 – 6x + 9 – 9) + 7 Add and then subtract the square of half of the coefficient
of the x-term to create a perfect square trinomial.
y = 5[(x2 – 6x + 9) – 9] + 7 Group the perfect square trinomial.
y = 5[(x – 3)2 – 9] + 7 Rewrite using the square of a binomial.
y = 5(x – 3)2 – 45 + 7 Simplify.
y = 5(x – 3)2 – 38 ← Vertex form

• Converting a quadratic function to vertex form, y = a(x – p)2 + q, reveals the coordinates
of the vertex, (p, q).

• You can use information derived from the vertex form to solve problems such as those
involving maximum and minimum values.

Working Example 1: Convert from Standard Form to Vertex Form

Rewrite each function in vertex form by completing the square. State the vertex of each.
a) y = x2 – 8x + 13
b) y = –2x2 + 12x + 2
c) y = 3x2 + 2x – 1
<SMART Board icon TK >

Solution
a) Begin by grouping the first two terms.
y = (x2 – 8x) + 13
Then, add and subtract the square of half the coefficient of the x-term to create a perfect
square trinomial.
y = (x2 – 8x + 16 – 16) + 13
–8 2
__
( )
2 = (–4) = 16
2

Factor the first three terms, which will always be a perfect square trinomial.
y = (x – 4)2 – 16 + 13
Simplify.
y = (x – 4)2 – 3
The vertex is at (4, –3).

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b) After grouping the first two terms, factor out the coefficient –2 from the group.
y = –2(x2 – 6x) + 2
Continue completing the square as in part a). Determine the quantity to be added and
subtracted by calculating the square of
y = –2(x2 – 6x + – )+2 half the coefficient of the x-term.
y = –2[(x – )2 – ]+2
Remember that the distributive property applies to the fourth term in the parentheses.
y = –2(x – )2 + 18 + 2
y = –2(x – )2 +
The vertex is at (3, 20).
c) Though 2 is not a factor of 3, you can still begin by grouping and factoring.

( 2
y = 3 x2 + __3x – 1 )
y = 3( x )–1
2
2 + __3x + –
y = 3[(x + )2 – ]–1
y = 3(x + )2 – –1
y = 3(x + )2 –
The vertex is at .

& See pages 184–186 of Pre-Calculus 11 for similar examples.

Working Example 2: Convert to Vertex Form and Verify

a) Convert the function y = –3x2 – 24x – 19 to vertex form.
b) Verify that the two forms are equivalent.

Solution
a) Complete the square for the function y = –3x2 – 24x – 19.
y=( – )–
y = –3( + )–
y = –3[(x + )2 – ]–
y = –3(x + )2 + –
y=

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b) Method 1: Use Algebra

To verify that the two forms are equivalent, expand and simplify the vertex form of the
function.
y = –3(x + 4)2 + 29
y = –3(x + 4)(x + 4) + 29
y = –3(x2 + 4x + 4x + 16) + 29
y = –3(x2 + 8x + 16) + 29
y = –3x2 – 24x – 48 + 29
y = –3x2 – 24x – 19
Method 2: Use Technology
Use graphing technology to graph each function.
y = –3x2 – 24x – 19

y = –3(x + 4)2 + 29

Since the graphs appear identical, the two forms are equivalent.

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Working Example 3: Optimization

Rylee wants to build a rectangular flower garden along a fence in her yard. She has 12 m of
edging material that she will place along the three sides of the garden to separate it from her
lawn. What dimensions will give the maximum area?
fence
w garden
l

Solution
Let w represent the width of the garden and l represent the length of the garden.

Then, an expression that models the edging material available is + = 12.

Isolate l from this expression to obtain l = 12 – .

The area of the garden is given by A = lw. Substitute the expression above for l.

A=( )w
A = 12w – 2w 2

Rearrange the area formula and complete the square.

A = –2w2 + 12w

A = –2( – )

A = –2( – + – )

A = –2[( – )2 – ]

A = –2( – )2 +

This means the quadratic function representing all

possible widths of Rylee’s garden has its vertex at How is the length of 6 m
(3, 18). In other words, Rylee’s garden will have a determined? How do you know
width of 3 m, a length of 6 m, and an area of 18 m2. that the area is a maximum and
This area is the maximum possible for a rectangular not a minimum?
garden that satisfies Rylee’s criteria.

& See pages 190–191 of Pre-Calculus 11 for an example of optimization in a different context.

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Check Your Understanding

Practise
1. Write each quadratic function in vertex form. State the coordinates of the vertex.
a) y = x2 + 2x + 3 b) y = x2 + 12x + 20

c) y = –x2 + 8x – 7 d) y = –x2 – 10x – 31

2. Write each function in vertex form by completing the square. State the coordinates of the
vertex.
a) y = 2x2 + 8x + 1 b) y = 5x2 – 60x + 166

c) y = –4x2 + 24x – 21 d) y = –7x2 – 42x + 3

3. Write each function in vertex form. Sketch the graph of the function, and label the vertex.
a) y = x2 – 10x + 18

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b) y = –2x2 + 8x + 3

c) y = 0.5x2 – 3x + 4

d) y = –3x2 – 30x – 99

4. Indicate which are quadratic functions. For the quadratic functions, expand and state the
coordinates of the vertex.
a) y = (x – 4)(x – 12)(x + 2) b) y = 3(x + 8) – 2(x + 2)(x – 1) + 3x

c) y = 2(x – 6)(x – 3) – x + 5 d) y = (x – 3)(3x2 + 6x – 1)

5. Verify in two different ways that each pair of functions represents the same parabola.
a) y = x2 + 2x – 35 and y = (x + 1)2 – 36

b) y = –2x2 + 16x – 29 and y = –2(x – 4)2 + 3

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1 1 17
c) y = __2 (x – 5)2 – 4 and y = __2 x2 – 5x + __
2

6. State the maximum or minimum value of each quadratic function, correct to the nearest
hundredth, and the x-value at which it occurs.
1
a) y = 3x2 – 4x – 5 b) y = __3 x2 – 4x + 10

1
c) y = –0.25x2 + 2x + 3 d) y = 2x2 – __4 x + 1

& See #7 and #8 on page 193 of Pre-Calculus 11 for more practice in completing the square
with fractions and decimals.

Apply
7. A manufacturer has determined that the cost, c, in dollars, of producing a particular
component can be modelled by the function c(n) = 50n2 – 8000n + 3 300 000, where n is the
number of components made. Determine the number of components that should be made
so that the manufacturer has the minimum possible cost.

This quadratic function has a minimum because .

The minimum value occurs at the vertex of the function. So, determine the minimum by
completing the square.
c(n) = 50n2 – 8000n + 3 300 000 What information does the coordinates
of the vertex give the manufacturer?
c(n) = 50(n2 – n) + 3 300 000

& For more practice with this concept, complete #13 on page 194 of Pre-Calculus 11.

8. When an object is thrown in the air its height, h, in metres after t seconds can be
approximated by the function h(t) = –5t2 + vt + d, where v is its starting speed in metres
per second and d is its initial height, in metres, above the ground.
a) Suppose a ball is thrown from a height of 2 m at a speed of 20 m/s. Determine
algebraically the maximum height of the ball and the time it takes to reach that height.

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b) Use technology to verify your answer to part a).

c) A better model for the height of an object is h(t) = –4.905t2 + vt + d. Use this model
to determine the maximum height of this ball. Explain whether you prefer to use an
algebraic or technological approach.

9. A sales manager wants to increase her sales revenue. Currently, she sells her product for $12
and sells 500 each month. Her research indicates that for every $1 price increase, she will sell
25 fewer products.
a) Write a quadratic function that models this situation.

b) Rewrite the function in vertex form.

c) What does the vertex represent in this situation?

d) What price should the sales manager set for the product? How much revenue can she
expect?

& If you need help setting up the function to model this situation, see Example 4 on page 190
of Pre-Calculus 11.

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10. An animal rescue society needs to build a new rectangular enclosure to provide room
for 9 animals. The budget allows for the purchase of 100 m of fencing. The design of
the enclosure is shown. The society wants to know the dimensions that will provide the
maximum area.

a) Write a function that represents the fencing used to build this enclosure.

b) Isolate one variable in your expression from part a).

c) Write a quadratic function that models the area of the enclosure.

d) Determine the vertex of the quadratic function you wrote in part c).

e) What dimensions give the maximum area for the enclosure?

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Chapter 3 Review

3.1 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form, pages xx–xx

1. For each of the following, determine the number of x-intercepts, the equation of the axis of
symmetry, and the domain and range.
a) y = –2(x + 5)2 + 6 b) y = 5(x – 8)2

2. For each of the following, determine the coordinates of the vertex and whether the graph
has a maximum or minimum value.
a) y = –(x – 3)2 – 7 b) y = 0.5(x + 11)2 + 8

3. Sketch each of the following functions. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
1
a) y = –4(x + 1)2 b) y = __4 (x + 2)2 –3
y y

8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

-5 0 5 x -5 0 5 x
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

-8 -8

4. Suppose a sculptor wants to create a parabolic arch with a height of 5 m and a width at the
base of 8 m.
a) Determine the quadratic function that represents the arch if the vertex of the parabola
is at the origin.

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b) Determine the quadratic function that represents the arch if the origin is at the lower
left end of the arch.

c) Explain the similarities and differences in your two functions.

3.2 Investigating Quadratic Functions in Standard Form, pages xx–xx

5. State the x-intercepts and y-intercept for each function.
a) y = x2 + 2x – 8 b) y = x2 + 10x + 9

6. Determine the x-coordinate of the vertex of each of the quadratic functions.

a) y = 2x2 + 6x – 5 b) y = –3x2 – 5x + 9

7. State the equation of the axis of symmetry and the direction of opening for each quadratic
function.
a) y = –0.5x2 – 5x + 2 b) y = 6x2 – 8x – 11

3.3 Completing the Square, pages xx–xx

8. Write each function in vertex form. State the domain and range.
a) y = x2 + 6x + 15 b) y = –3x2 – 36x – 100

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1
c) y = 2x2 – 16x + 22 d) y = __2x2–x+3

9. The profit, p, earned from the sale of a particular product by a business is given by p(d) =
–0.25d2 + 5d + 80, where d is the number of days the product has been for sale.
a) Determine the vertex of the profit function.

b) Explain what the vertex means in the context of this problem.

10. A student club is planning a fundraising car wash. Last year they charged $10 per vehicle
and washed 120 vehicles. They would like to earn more money this year. For every $1
increase in price, they know they will wash 5 fewer vehicles.
a) Write a quadratic function to model this situation using v as the number of vehicles and
r as the revenue.

b) Determine the best price to charge for the car wash and the revenue expected at that
price.

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Chapter 3 Skills Organizer

Complete the table for quadratic functions in vertex form, f(x) = a(x – p)2 + q.

Parameter Possible Value Effect on Graph Sketch

a < –1

–1 < a < 0

0<a<1

a>1

p>0

p<0

q>0

q<0

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Complete the table for quadratic functions.

Coordinates of Direction of
Equation Vertex Opening y-intercept

y = ax2 + bx + c

y = a(x – p)2 + q

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Chapter 3 Study Check

Use the chart below to help you assess the skills and processes you have developed during
Chapter 3. The references direct you to pages in the Pre-Calculus 11 Workbook where you can
review the skill.

Big Idea Skills I Know this … How I will Improve …

Analyse quadratic Determine the effects of ® yes ® no
functions of the form parameters a, p, and q
y = a(x – p)2 + q pages xx–xx
pages xx–xx
Sketch the graph using ® yes ® no
transformations
pages xx–xx
Identify the vertex, domain ® yes ® no
and range, direction of
opening, axis of symmetry,
and any intercepts
pages xx–xx

Determine the number ® yes ® no

of x-intercepts without
graphing
pages xx–xx

Write a quadratic ® yes ® no

function given its graph
or characteristics
pages xx–xx

Analyse quadratic Convert from the form ® yes ® no

functions of the form y = ax2 + bx + c to the
y = ax2 + bx + c form y = a(x – p)2 + q by
pages xx–xx completing the square
pages xx–xx

Sketch the graph ® yes ® no

pages xx–xx
Identify the vertex, domain ® yes ® no
and range, direction of
opening, axis of symmetry,
and any intercepts
pages xx–xx

Solve problems Write quadratic functions ® yes ® no

pages xx–xx to model situations
pages xx–xx

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