Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Journal of Rotating Machinery

Volume 2013, Article ID 473512, 19 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/473512

Research Article
A One-Dimensional Flow Analysis for the Prediction of
Centrifugal Pump Performance Characteristics

Mohammed Ahmed El-Naggar

Department of Mechanical Power Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammed Ahmed El-Naggar; [email protected]

Received 25 June 2013; Accepted 29 August 2013

Academic Editor: Shigenao Maruyama

Copyright © 2013 Mohammed Ahmed El-Naggar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

A one-dimensional flow procedure for analytical study of centrifugal pump performance is done applying the principle theories of
turbomachines. Euler equation and energy equation are manipulated to find pump performance parameters at different discharge
coefficients. Fluid slippage loss at impeller exit and volute loss are estimated. The fluid slippage is modeled by the slip factor
approach using Wiesner empirical expression. The volute loss model counts friction loss associated with the volute throw flow
velocity, diffusion friction loss due to circulation associated with volute flow, loss due to vanishing of radial flow at volute outlet,
and loss inside pump volute throat. Models for impeller hydraulic friction power loss, disk friction power loss, internal flow leakage
power loss, and inlet shock circulation power loss are considered by suitable models. Pump internal volumetric flow leakage and
volumetric efficiency are related to pump geometry and flow properties. The procedure adopted in this paper is capable of obtaining
performance characteristic curves of centrifugal pump in a dimensionless form. Pump head coefficient, manometric efficiency,
power coefficient, and required NPSH are characterized. The predicted coefficients and obtained performance curves are consistent
with experimental characteristics of centrifugal pump.

1. Introduction In this work, suggested models for calculating several

losses in pump are introduced to examine its validity in
Centrifugal pumps are used in various applications and are evaluating pump performance. This paper is an effort towards
integral to many industries. Yet, in spite of their prevalence theoretically obtaining accurate centrifugal pump perfor-
and relatively simple configurations compared to other turbo- mance characteristics. Pump characteristics and parameters
machines, designing an efficient and durable pump remains are presented in dimensionless forms. It presents a one-
a challenge.
dimensional flow analysis procedure towards obtaining opti-
The design of centrifugal pumps is still determined
mum centrifugal pump design parameters.
empirically because it relies on the use of a number of
experimental and statistical rules. However, during the last
few years, the design and performance analysis of turbo- 2. Theoretical Analysis
machinery have experienced great progress due to the joint
evolution of computer power and the accuracy of numerical The pump flow coefficient 𝜓 and pump speed coefficient 𝜑 are
methods. defined as
The one-dimensional performance analysis has proved
𝑉𝑟2 𝑢2
to be an effective and important approach on pump design 𝜓= , 𝜑= , (1)
[1]. Analytical calculations of pump characteristics depend √2𝑔𝐻 √2𝑔𝐻
on geometrical dimensions of pump and losses models in
different parts of pump. A series of formulae for calculating where 𝐻 is the pump manometric head, 𝑉𝑟2 is the flow radial
losses exist [2–5], but they lack accuracy when applied to velocity at impeller outlet, and 𝑢2 is the tangential velocity at
centrifugal pumps. outlet of impeller.
2 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

V2
QL Q W2
𝛽󳰀b2 𝛽b2
𝛽 b2 u2
in
t/ s

d2
t W1
yc V1
L d1

𝜋D2 /Z
Q + QL

𝛽 b1
Deye

D1
D2
Veye D1
u1
b1
Vs D2
N
Q

b2

Figure 1: Pump impeller notations.

2.1. Pump Leakage. Due to the difference between the outlet ΔWu2
V2
pressure and the inlet pressure of the impeller, a portion of V2eq
impeller outlet flow rate, 𝑄𝐿 , returns to the impeller inlet from
the existing clearances between the impeller and the casing,

eq

2
W
W2
Figure 1. This internal discharge leakage, 𝑄𝐿 , causes some Vr2
losses as the flow rate through the impeller (𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 ) is greater
than the pump useful outlet discharge 𝑄.
The volumetric efficiency 𝜂vol of pump is defined as the 𝛼2 𝛽b2
ratio of pump outlet discharge to the impeller discharge: u2
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄𝐿 1
𝜂vol = = or = − 1, (2) Vu2act ΔVu2
𝑄𝑖 𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 𝑄 𝜂vol
Vu2
in which
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑉𝑟2 ⋅ 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 𝜀2 = 𝑉𝑟1 ⋅ 𝜋𝐷1 𝑏1 𝜀1 , (3)
Figure 2: Velocity diagram at impeller outlet.
where 𝑏1 is the blade width at inlet, 𝐷1 is the impeller diameter
at inlet, 𝜀1 is the blade thickness coefficient at impeller inlet, 2.2. Outlet Velocity Diagram. A fluid slippage occurs at
𝜀1 = 1 − (𝑍/𝜋)((𝑡/ sin 𝛽𝑏1 )/𝐷1 ), 𝑏2 is the blade width at outlet, impeller exit due to the relative rotation of fluid in a direction
𝐷2 is the impeller diameter at outlet, 𝜀2 is the blade thickness opposite to that of impeller. A slip factor 𝜎 defined as 𝜎 =
coefficient at impeller outlet, 𝜀2 = 1−(𝑍/𝜋)((𝑡/ sin 𝛽𝑏2 )/𝐷2 ), 𝑡 𝑉𝑢2 act /𝑉𝑢2 could be estimated later in Section 2.3.
is the blade thickness, 𝑍 is the number of blades, 𝛽𝑏2 is the
From the velocity diagram at the impeller outlet, Figure 2,
blade angle at impeller outlet, and 𝛽𝑏1 is the blade angle
the tangential component of the outlet flow absolute velocity
at impeller inlet. The value of 𝜀2 is about 0.95 [6]. The
is given as
relationship between 𝜀1 and 𝜀2 with constant blade thickness
is given as 𝑉𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 cot 𝛼2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑟2 cot 𝛽𝑏2 . (7)
(1 − 𝜀2 ) The ratio of outlet swirl velocity to outlet tangential velocity
𝜀1 = 1 − . (4) is
(𝐷1 /𝐷2 ) (sin 𝛽𝑏1 / sin 𝛽𝑏2 )
𝑉𝑢2 𝑉𝑟 𝜓
The impeller inlet flow velocity coefficient 𝐶𝑉1 = = 1 + 2 cot 𝛽𝑏2 = 1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 , (8)
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝜑
𝑉1 /√2𝑔𝐻 is calculated from (3) dividing both sides by √2𝑔𝐻
and assuming that the flow enters the impeller without swirl and thus,
(𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟1 ): 𝑉𝑢2 act 𝜎 ⋅ 𝑉𝑢2 𝜓
= = 𝜎 (1 + cot 𝛽 𝑏2 ) . (9)
𝜓 𝑢2 𝑢2 𝜑
𝐶𝑉1 = . (5)
(𝐷1 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝜀1 /𝜀2 ) The outlet tangential velocity (from (7)) and the pump
The pump discharge coefficient is 𝐶𝑄 = 𝑄/((𝑁/60)𝐷23 ), speed coefficient 𝜑 = 𝑢2 /√2𝑔𝐻 are given as
and substituting for 𝑄 from (2) and (3); 𝑢2 = 𝑉𝑟2 (cot 𝛼2 − cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) , (10)
𝑏 𝜓2
𝐶𝑄 = 𝜂vol 𝜀2 𝜋 2 ⋅ . (6)
𝐷2 𝜑 𝜑 = 𝜓 (cot 𝛼2 − cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) . (11)
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 3

Since the relative eddy angular velocity = 2𝑢2 /𝐷2 , then

𝛽󳰀b2
𝜋𝑢2 Δ𝑊𝑢2 𝜋
/sin b2
𝛽 𝛽b2 Δ𝑊𝑢2 = 𝜀2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 , or = 𝜀2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 . (16)
/Z-t 𝑍 𝑢2 𝑍
𝜋D 2
−𝜔
d2
The slip factor is given by
Wav
𝑉𝑢2 act Δ𝑉𝑢2 Δ𝑊𝑢2 /𝑢2
𝜎= =1− =1− . (17)
𝑉𝑢2 𝑉𝑢2 𝑉𝑢2 /𝑢2
−𝜔
d1
𝜔
Substituting for Δ𝑊𝑢2 /𝑢2 from (16) and for 𝑉𝑢2 /𝑢2 from
(8), the formulae proposed by Stodola, cited in [7] for the
calculation of slip factor, 𝜎, are obtained which are
𝜀2 (𝜋/𝑍) sin 𝛽𝑏2 𝜀2 (𝜋/𝑍) sin 𝛽𝑏2
Figure 3: Flow model for Stodola slip factor. 𝜎=1− =1− . (18)
1 + (𝑉𝑟2 /𝑢2 ) cot 𝛽𝑏2 1 + (𝜓/𝜑) cot 𝛽𝑏2

From the outlet velocity diagram (Figure 2) and (7), the outlet At 𝜓 = 0 (𝜎 = 𝜎0 )
velocity and the outlet velocity coefficient defined as 𝐶𝑉2 = 𝜋
1 − 𝜎0 = 𝜀2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 . (19)
𝑉2 /√2𝑔𝐻 are 𝑍
2 Therefore,
𝑉22 = 𝑉𝑟22 + 𝑉𝑢22 = 𝑉𝑟22 + (𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑟2 cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) ,
(12) 1 − 𝜎0
2
1−𝜎= , (20)
2
𝐶𝑉 2
= 𝜓 + (𝜑 + 𝜓cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) . 𝑦
2

where
2.3. Slip Factor 𝜓
𝑦=1+ cot 𝛽𝑏2 . (21)
2.3.1. The Relative Eddy (Eddy Circulation). A simple expla- 𝜑
nation for the slip effect in an impeller is obtained from
Wiesner [8] introduced an empirical expression which
the idea of a relative eddy. Suppose that an irrotational and
extremely well fits the experimental results of slip factor for
frictionless fluid flow is possible which passes through an wide range of practical blade angles and number of blades. It
impeller. If the absolute flow enters the impeller without spin, is used in this work and given as
then at outlet the spin of the absolute flow must still be zero.
The impeller itself has an angular velocity 𝜔 so that, relative √sin 𝛽𝑏2
to the impeller, the fluid has an angular velocity of −𝜔; this 𝐷1 (22)
1 − 𝜎0 = for ≤ 𝜀limit ,
is termed the relative eddy. At outlet of impeller, the relative 𝑍0.7 𝐷2
flow, 𝑊2 , can be regarded as a through flow on which a relative where 𝜀limit is the limiting diameter ratio,
eddy is superimposed. The net effect of these two motions
is that the average relative flow emerging from the impeller 𝜀limit = 𝑒−(8.16 sin 𝛽𝑏2 /𝑍) . (23)
passages is at an angle to the vanes and in a direction opposite
to the blade motion. It is assumed that the water entering the pump impeller
One of the earliest and simplest expressions for the slip is purely in the radial direction. Relative to the impeller, the
factor was obtained by Stodola, cited in [7]. Referring to fluid has an angular velocity of −𝜔, relative eddy, and thus the
relative flow at blade inlet acquires an additional component
Figure 3, the slip velocity due to relative eddy, Δ𝑊𝑢2 = Δ𝑉𝑢2 =
Δ󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 opposite to rotational direction, as seen in Figure 4,
𝑉𝑢2 −𝑉𝑢2 act , is considered to be the product of the relative eddy
which is
and the radius (𝑑2 /2) of a circle which can be inscribed within
𝑑1
the channel. Δ󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 = 𝜔 , (24)
Thus, 2
𝑑2 where
Δ𝑊𝑢2 = 𝜔 . (13) 𝜋𝐷1
2 𝑑1 = 𝜀1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 , (25)
An approximate expression for 𝑑2 can be written if the 𝑍
number of blades 𝑍 is not small: 𝑑1 𝜋 𝐷1
= 𝜀1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 . (26)
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝐷2 𝐷2 𝑍 𝐷2
𝑑2 = sin 𝛽𝑏󸀠2 − 𝑡 = 𝜀2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 , (14)
𝑍 𝑍 Hence,
𝑑2 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜀2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 . (15) Δ󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 = 𝜀1 𝑢1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 . (27)
𝐷2 𝑍 𝑍
4 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

Δ󳰀 Wu1 Δ󳰀 Wu1
∗
Vr1 V1∗ = Vr1
∗ ∗
W1b
V1∗ = ∗
Vr1 ∗
W1b =
W1∗ sin 𝛽b1 W1∗
󳰀
Δ Wu1 Δ󳰀󳰀 Wu1 Vr1
V1 = Vr1 W1b =
𝛽b1 sin 𝛽b1
W1 𝛽b1
𝛽∗f1 𝛽f1

u1 u1
𝜋 𝜋
(1 − 𝜀1 sin 𝛽b1 )u1 (1 − 𝜀1 sin 𝛽b1 )u1
Z Z

Figure 4: Velocity diagram at impeller inlet without shock. Figure 5: Velocity diagram at blade inlet with shock eddy.

When the pump that operates at a discharge 𝑄 differs point. With a uniform rate of increase of the volute area, the
from that at designed condition 𝑄∗ , the relative flow velocity volute angle is
at blade inlet tends to acquire an additional component in 𝐴 𝑉th 𝐴 𝑉th
counter of the rotational direction, Δ󸀠󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 . So, the flow enters tan 𝛼𝑉 = = . (32)
𝜋𝐷3 𝑏3 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏3 /𝑏2 )
the blade passage tangent to the blade surface, and a shock
eddy or a shock circulation exists prior to the blade leading The volute outlet flow velocity 𝑉4 = 𝑄/𝐴 𝑉th and the volute
edge inside pump eye. As could be noticed from Figure 5, outlet flow velocity coefficient 𝐶𝑉4 = 𝑉4 /√2𝑔𝐻 are
the relative velocity additional rotational speed at blade inlet
equals 𝜂vol ⋅ 𝑉𝑟2 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 𝜀2 𝜂vol 𝜀2 𝐷2 𝑏2
𝑉4 = = ⋅𝑉 ,
𝜋 𝜋𝐷3 𝑏3 ⋅ tan 𝛼𝑉 tan 𝛼𝑉 𝐷3 𝑏3 𝑟2
Δ󸀠󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 = 𝑢1 (1 − 𝜀1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 ) − 𝑉𝑟1 cot (180 − 𝛽𝑏1 ) . (28) (33)
𝑍 𝜀2 𝜂vol
𝐶𝑉4 = ⋅ 𝜓.
(𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏3 /𝑏2 ) tan 𝛼𝑉
2.4. Euler Equation of Turbomachines. In the case that the
fluid entering the pump impeller is purely in the radial The throat is assumed to have an expanding angle 𝛼th , and
direction without swirl, the pump Euler head is given as [6, 7] hence the throat diameter equals
𝐷th = 𝜋𝐷3 tan 𝛼𝑉 + 𝐿 th tan 𝛼th . (34)
𝑢2 𝑉𝑢2
𝐻∞ = . (29)
𝑔 With the assumption that the throat height 𝐿 th = 𝐷3 , thus
𝐷th
Due to the fluid slippage at impeller exit, the actual head given = 𝜋 tan 𝛼𝑉 + tan 𝛼th . (35)
to fluid by the impeller, 𝐻0 , is calculated from [6, 7]: 𝐷3
The throat outlet flow velocity 𝑉5 = 𝑄/𝐴 th , and using (2) and
𝑢2 ⋅ 𝑉𝑢2 act 𝑢2 ⋅ 𝜎𝑉𝑢2
𝐻0 = = = 𝜎 ⋅ 𝐻∞ . (30) (3), then
𝑔 𝑔
𝐷22 𝑏2
𝑉5 = 4𝜀2 𝜂vol 2 𝐷
⋅ 𝑉𝑟2 . (36)
And so, the slippage head loss is 𝐷th 2

ℎ𝑙slp = 𝐻∞ − 𝐻0 = (1 − 𝜎) 𝐻∞ . (31) The throat outlet flow velocity coefficient 𝐶𝑉5 (= 𝑉5 /√2𝑔𝐻)
equals
2.5. Pump Volute. The flow that discharges from the impeller 4𝜀2 𝜂vol (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
requires careful handling in order to preserve the gains in 𝐶𝑉5 = 2 2
⋅ 𝜓. (37)
energy imparted to the fluid. This requires the conversion of (𝐷th /𝐷3 ) (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )
velocity head to pressure head by means of a diffuser, and It is assumed that the throat diameter 𝐷th equals the eye
this inevitably implies hydraulic losses. The application of diameter 𝐷eye ; that is, 𝐷eye /𝐷th = 1, which equals the suction
mass conservation to a volute element, [9], reveals that the pipe diameter 𝐷𝑠 . Thus, the throat outlet flow velocity, 𝑉5 ,
discharge flow from impeller is matched to the flow in the equals the flow velocity at suction pipe, 𝑉𝑠 . Therefore,
volute if 𝑑𝐴𝑉/𝑑𝜃 = 𝑉𝑟3 /𝑉𝑢3 𝑟3 𝑏3 . This requires a circumferen-
tially uniform rate of increase of the volute area 𝐴 𝑉 over the 𝑉5 = 𝑉𝑠 = 𝜂vol ⋅ 𝑉eye . (38)
entire development of the spiral (𝜃). Consequently, for a given
impeller, there exist a specific volute angle 𝛼𝑉 and a specific And the eye velocity coefficient is
volute throat inlet area 𝐴 𝑉th for the volute geometry. 𝑉eye 𝐶𝑉5 4𝜀2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
The volute angle 𝛼𝑉, Figure 6, is chosen to match the angle 𝐶𝑉eye = = = 2 2
⋅ 𝜓. (39)
√2𝑔𝐻 𝜂vol (𝐷th /𝐷3 ) (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )
of flow entering the volute 𝛼3eq at a certain pump operating
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 5

Case 𝛼3eq > 𝛼V : V3d

V3d + V3p ≡ V3eq

V 3p
Dth V5
𝛼V

Case 𝛼3eq < 𝛼V : V2eq ΔVu V2

2
V3d ΔVu3 Vr2
Throat V3eq ≡ V3d + V3p
L th

𝛼th D2 V 3p V3eq V3d󳰀

𝜃th V3 b2 D2
Vr3 = 𝜀2 𝜂vol ·V
V4
V3 V3u
𝛼3eq < 𝛼V b3 D3 r2
xc 𝜃 𝛼V 𝛼3eq 𝛼V
yth = 𝜋D3 tan 𝛼V D1 V4 = V3pu Vu2act Vu2
D3 d𝜃
V3r
Impeller
N V3u 2∗𝜋D3 sin 𝛼V /Z

Dth
𝜋D3tan 𝛼V
b3 V4 V5
𝛼V Volute y th
V 3p Volute
𝛼V Throat
xc V3 𝜋D3 L th
𝜋D2

Figure 6: Pump and volute notations.

The eye diameter relative to the impeller inlet diameter is volute velocity 𝑉3 is decomposed into a velocity parallel to
therefore the direction of volute, 𝑉3𝑝 , and another one in the tangential
󸀠
𝐷eye 𝐷eye 𝐷th 𝐷3 𝐷2 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) (𝜋 tan 𝛼𝑉 + tan 𝛼th ) direction of impeller, 𝑉3𝑑 (Figure 6). The velocity component
󸀠
= = . 𝑉3𝑑 is the motive of a second circulatory motion given to
𝐷1 𝐷th 𝐷3 𝐷2 𝐷1 (𝐷1 /𝐷2 ) the volute flow in direction of impeller motion. Thus, the net
(40) circulation velocity of flow in volute is 𝑉3𝑑 = 𝑉3𝑑 󸀠
− Δ𝑉𝑢3 in
The ratio (𝐷eye /𝐷1 ) must not exceed 1, and thus an upper limit direction of impeller motion. The component of the velocity
is imposed on the volute angle: 𝑉3𝑝 in the tangential direction denoted as 𝑉3𝑝𝑢 equals the
volute outlet velocity 𝑉4 .
(𝐷1 /𝐷2 ) tan 𝛼th The volute loss model counts friction loss associated with
tan 𝛼𝑉 < − . (41) the volute throw flow velocity, diffusion friction loss due to
𝜋 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) 𝜋
circulation associated with volute flow, loss due to vanishing
The throat has a cone angle 𝜃th , where of radial flow at volute outlet, and loss inside pump volute
throat. Consequently, the volute head loss and the volute head
𝜃th (𝐷th − 𝑏3 ) /2 loss relative to the pump head are written, respectively, as
tan ( )= . (42)
2 𝐿 th 2
𝑉3𝑝 2
𝑉3𝑑 𝑉2
ℎ𝑙𝑉 = 𝐶𝑓𝑉 + 𝐶𝑑𝑉 + 3𝑟 + ℎ𝑙th , (44)
Substituting from (35), 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝜃th 1 (𝑏 /𝑏 ) (𝑏 /𝐷 ) ℎ𝑙𝑉 2 2 2 2
tan ( ) = [𝜋 tan 𝛼𝑉 + tan 𝛼th − 3 2 2 2 ] . = 𝐶𝑓𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑑𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑓th ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 , (45)
2 2 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) 𝐻 3𝑝 3𝑑 3𝑟 4

(43) where 𝐶𝑓𝑉 is the volute friction loss coefficient:

𝐿𝑉 𝐿 1
2.6. Volute Loss Model. Prediction models that account for 𝐶𝑓𝑉 = 𝑓𝑉 = 𝑓𝑉 ( 𝑉 ) ( ), (46)
the main features of the swirling flow in volutes, reviewed in 𝐷ℎ𝑉 𝐷2 𝐷ℎ𝑉 /𝐷2
[4], do not account for the circulatory flow initiated in volute where 𝑓𝑉 is the volute friction coefficient, 𝐷ℎ𝑉 is the volute
at off-design discharge operation of pump. In this work, a hydraulic diameter, and 𝐿 𝑉 is the average volute length:
model is proposed to account the volute head loss at off-
design pump operation. 1 𝜋𝐷3
𝐿𝑉 = , (47)
The flow enters the volute with a through-velocity 𝑉3 2 cos 𝛼𝑉
at an angle 𝛼3 (which may differ from that of the volute
angle 𝛼𝑉) on which an eddy of a tangential velocity Δ𝑉𝑢3 = 𝐿𝑉 1 𝜋 𝐷
= ( 3). (48)
Δ𝑉𝑢2 is superimposed opposite to impeller motion. This inlet 𝐷2 2 cos 𝛼𝑉 𝐷2
6 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

The average volute hydraulic diameter relative to impeller 2.7. Pump Eye Head Loss ℎ𝑙eye . The head loss in pump eye ℎ𝑙eye ,
diameter is [2], and the eye head loss relative to the pump head are
1 1 1
= + . 2
𝑉eye
𝐷ℎ𝑉 /𝐷2 2 (𝑏3 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) 8 (𝜋/𝑍) (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) sin 𝛼𝑉 ℎ𝑙eye = 𝐶eye ,
(49) 2𝑔
(57)
2
The volute friction coefficient 𝑓𝑉 which corresponds to a pipe ℎ𝑙eye 𝑉eye 2
flow is function of the volute Reynolds number Re𝑉 and the = 𝐶eye = 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 ,
𝐻 2𝑔𝐻 eye

roughness 𝜅, [10]:
where 𝑉eye is the flow velocity in pump eye and 𝐶eye is the eye
0.3086
𝑓𝑉 = , loss coefficient defined by (39).
1.11 2 (50)
{log [(6.9/Re𝑉) + ((𝜅/𝐷ℎ𝑉 ) /3.7) ]}
2.8. Pump Manometric Head 𝐻. The pump manometric head
where is the difference in static pressure heads between pump outlet
and pump eye:
𝜅 (𝜅/𝐷2 )
= . (51)
𝐷ℎ𝑉 (𝐷ℎ /𝐷2 ) 𝑝5 − 𝑝eye
𝑉 𝐻= . (58)
𝛾
The volute Reynolds number is calculated as
With the assumption that the throat diameter 𝐷th equals the
𝑉3𝑝 ⋅ 𝐷ℎ𝑉 𝐶𝑉3𝑝 𝐷ℎ𝑉 eye diameter 𝐷eye , the flow velocity is the same at pump
Re𝑉 = =2 ( ) ⋅ Re2 , (52)
] 𝜑 𝐷2 suction pipe and pump delivery pipe (𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉5 ) and neglecting
the difference in elevation head across the pump, then
where
𝑢2 ⋅ 𝐷2 /2 𝐻 = 𝐻0 − ℎ𝑙𝑉 − ℎ𝑙eye (59)
Re2 = . (53)
] or
In the first term of (44) and (45), 𝑉3𝑝 is the volute throw flow
velocity (Figure 6) and given as 𝐻 = 𝐻∞ − ℎ𝑙slp − ℎ𝑙𝑉 − ℎ𝑙eye . (60)

𝑉4 𝐶𝑉4 Define a parameter 𝑥 as

𝑉3𝑝 = , or 𝐶𝑉3𝑝 = . (54a)
cos 𝛼𝑉 cos 𝛼𝑉 𝐻 1
𝑥= = ,
In the second term of (44) and (45), 𝐶𝑑𝑉 is the volute 𝐻0 [1 + (ℎ𝑙𝑉 /𝐻) + (ℎ𝑙eye /𝐻)]
diffusion loss coefficient which could be assumed to have the (61)
value 𝐶𝑑𝑉 = 0.8, and 𝑉3𝑑 is the volute circulatory velocity 1 ℎ𝑙𝑉 ℎ𝑙eye
component: or =1+ + .
𝑥 𝐻 𝐻
𝑉3𝑑 = 𝑉𝑢2 act − 𝑉4 Using (45) as well as (57) and (61) then
𝑉3𝑑 (54b)
𝐶𝑉3𝑑 = = 𝜎 (𝜑 + 𝜓 cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) − 𝐶𝑉4 . 1 2 2 2 2
√2𝑔𝐻 = 1 + 𝐶𝑓𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑑𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑓th ⋅ 𝐶𝑉
𝑥 3𝑝 3𝑑 3𝑟 4
(62)
2
The third term of (45) is + 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 eye
.
𝑉3𝑟 𝜀2 𝜂vol
𝐶𝑉3𝑟 = = ⋅ 𝜓. (54c) The sum of volute and eye head losses, from (59), is written
√2𝑔𝐻 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏3 /𝑏2 ) as
In the fourth term of (44) and (45), the volute throat head ℎ𝑙𝑉 + ℎ𝑙eye = (1 − 𝑥) 𝐻0 = (1 − 𝑥) 𝜎𝐻∞ . (63)
loss ℎ𝑙th could be calculated as
Using (9), (29), and (59), the pump manometric head 𝐻 is
𝑉2
ℎ𝑙th = 𝐶𝑓th 4 , (55)
2𝑔 𝑢2 ⋅ 𝑉𝑢2
𝐻 = 𝑥𝜎𝐻∞ = 𝑥𝜎 ,
where 𝐶𝑓th is the volute throat friction loss coefficient 𝑔
(64)
assumed to be, [10], 𝑢2 𝜓
𝐻 = 𝑥𝜎 2 (1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) .
𝜃th 𝑔 𝜑
𝐶𝑓th = 0.5 + 2.6 ∗ sin ( ), (56)
2
Coefficients. There are two additional groups of coefficients,
where 𝜃th is the throat cone angle. namely, the pump head coefficients and head loss coefficients.
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 7

The pump head coefficients are the pump manometric 2.9. Pump Shaft Power 𝑃sh , and Pump Shaft Head 𝐻sh . The
head coefficient, 𝐶𝐻, Euler head coefficient, 𝐶𝐻∞ , and the total shaft power required to drive the impeller is
head coefficient at impeller outlet, 𝐶𝐻0 . They are defined and
󸀠
given, respectively, as 𝑃sh = 𝑃sh 0
+ 𝑃𝑙󸀠𝑓 + 𝑃𝑙󸀠cir + 𝑃𝑙𝐷 , (70)
in

𝐻 𝜓
𝐶𝐻 = 2
= 𝑥𝜎 (1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) , (65a) where 𝑃sh 󸀠
= 𝛾(𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 )𝐻0 is the impeller power given to
𝑢2 /𝑔 𝜑 0
󸀠
water, 𝑃𝑙𝑓 = 𝛾(𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 )ℎ𝑙𝑓 is the power lost in friction inside
𝐻∞ 𝜓
𝐶𝐻∞ = 2
= 1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 , (65b) impeller, 𝑃𝑙󸀠cir = 𝛾(𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿 )ℎ𝑙cir is the power needed for given
𝑢2 /𝑔 𝜑 in in
circulation to flow at impeller inlet, and 𝑃𝑙𝐷 is the power lost
𝐻0 𝜓 in friction on outside surface of impeller disks.
𝐶𝐻0 = 2
= 𝜎 (1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) . (65c) The total shaft power and pump shaft head can be
𝑢2 /𝑔 𝜑
simplified, respectively, to
According to (21) and (65b), 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐻∞ .
The head loss coefficients include the slippage head loss 𝑃sh = 𝑃sh0 + 𝑃𝑙𝑓 + 𝑃𝑙cir + 𝑃𝑙vol + 𝑃𝑙𝐷 , (71)
coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 , the volute-eye head loss coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 , in

slp 𝑉+eye
the eye head loss coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 eye , and the volute head loss in which
coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 . They are given, respectively, as
𝑉 𝑃sh0 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻0 , 𝑃𝑙𝑓 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑙𝑓 , 𝑃𝑙cir = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑙cir ,
in in
ℎ𝑙slp
𝐶ℎ𝑙 = = (1 − 𝜎) 𝐶𝐻∞ , (65d) 𝑃𝑙vol = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑙vol = 𝛾𝑄𝐿 (𝐻0 + ℎ𝑙𝑓 + ℎ𝑙cir ) , (72)
slp 𝑢22 /𝑔 in

ℎ𝑙𝑉 + ℎ𝑙eye 𝑃𝑙𝐷 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑙𝐷 ,

𝐶ℎ𝑙 = = (1 − 𝑥) 𝜎𝐶𝐻∞ , (65e)
𝑉+eye 𝑢22 /𝑔 where ℎ𝑙𝑓 is the impeller skin friction head loss, ℎ𝑙cir is
in
ℎ𝑙eye 1 the inlet shock circulation head loss, ℎ𝑙vol is the volumetric
2
𝐶ℎ𝑙 = = 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 ⋅ , (65f) (leakage) head loss, and ℎ𝑙𝐷 is the disk friction head loss.
eye 𝑢22 /𝑔 𝑒𝑦𝑒
2𝜑2
The shaft head 𝐻sh = 𝑃sh /(𝛾𝑄) and the shaft head
ℎ𝑙𝑉 2 2 2 coefficient 𝐶𝐻sh = 𝐻sh /(𝑢22 /𝑔) are given, respectively, as
𝐶ℎ𝑙 = = (𝐶𝑓𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑑𝑉 ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝐶𝑉
𝑉 𝑢22 /𝑔 3𝑝 3𝑑 3𝑟

(65g) 𝐻sh = 𝐻0 + ℎ𝑙𝑓 + ℎ𝑙cir + ℎ𝑙vol + ℎ𝑙𝐷 ,

2 1 in
+ 𝐶𝑓th ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 ) ⋅ 2. (73)
4
2𝜑 𝐶𝐻sh = 𝐶𝐻0 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 cir + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 vol + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝐷 ,
𝑓 in

The relationship between the pump speed coefficient 𝜑 and

the pump flow coefficient 𝜓 is derived as follows. where 𝐶ℎ𝑙 = ℎ𝑙𝑓 /(𝑢22 /𝑔) is the impeller skin friction head loss
𝑓
Using (11), (64) becomes coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 cir = ℎ𝑙cir /(𝑢22 /𝑔) is the inlet shock circulation
in in

𝑢2 cot 𝛼2 head loss coefficient, 𝐶ℎ𝑙 vol = ℎ𝑙vol /(𝑢22 /𝑔) is the volumetric
𝐻 = 𝑥𝜎 2 . (66)
𝑔 cot𝛼2 − cot 𝛽𝑏2 head loss coefficient, and 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝐷 = ℎ𝑙𝐷 /(𝑢22 /𝑔) is the disk friction
head loss coefficient.
Dividing both sides by 𝐻, noting that 𝑢22 /(2𝑔𝐻) = 𝜑2 , and
using (11), (64) becomes a quadric equation for cot𝛼2 : 2.10. Pump Efficiency (Manometric Efficiency) 𝜂. The pump
1 manometric efficiency is the ratio of gained water power (𝑃𝑤 )
cot2 𝛼2 − cot 𝛽𝑏2 ⋅ cot 𝛼2 − = 0, (67) to the pump shaft power (𝑃sh ) supplied to pump impeller.
2𝑥𝜎𝜓2
According to its definition, it takes the following forms:
which has a solution (since cot 𝛼2 should be greater than
cot 𝛽𝑏2 , whence only the +ve sign is considered) 𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤
𝜂= = ,
𝑃sh 𝑃sh0 + 𝑃𝑙𝑓 + 𝑃𝑙cir + 𝑃𝑙vol + 𝑃𝑙𝐷
in
1 1 2
cot 𝛼2 = cot 𝛽𝑏2 + √cot2 𝛽𝑏2 + . (68) 𝐻 𝐻∞ − ℎ𝑙slp − ℎ𝑙𝑉 − ℎ𝑙eye
2 2 𝑥𝜎𝜓2 𝜂= = ,
𝐻sh 𝐻0 + ℎ𝑙𝑓 + ℎ𝑙cir + ℎ𝑙vol + ℎ𝑙𝐷
Multiplying (68) by 𝜓 and then subtracting 𝜓 cot 𝛽𝑏2 from
in

both sides and using (11) yield the following relation for 𝜑: 𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝐻∞ − 𝐶ℎ𝑙 slp − 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝑉+eye
𝜂= = .
𝐶𝐻𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝐻0 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 cir + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 vol + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝐷
1 1 2 𝑓
𝜑 = − 𝜓cot 𝛽𝑏2 + √ 𝜓2 cot2 𝛽𝑏2 +
in
. (69)
(74)
2 2 𝑥𝜎
8 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

2.11. Pump Shaft Power Coefficient 𝐶𝑃𝑠ℎ . The pump shaft The impeller friction coefficient 𝑓𝑖 is function of the average
power coefficient and the pump water power coefficient are impeller Reynolds number Re and the roughness 𝜅 [10]:
given, respectively, as
0.3086
𝑓𝑖 = ,
𝑃sh 2 1.11 2 (84)
𝐶𝑃sh = = 𝜋 𝐶𝑄𝐶𝐻sh , (75) {log [(6.9/ Re) + ((𝜅/𝐷hyd ) /3.7) ]}
𝜌(𝑁/60)3 𝐷25
𝑃𝑤 where
𝐶𝑃𝑤 = 3
= 𝜋2 𝐶𝑄𝐶𝐻. (76)
𝜌(𝑁/60) 𝐷25 𝜅 (𝜅/𝐷2 )
= . (85)
𝐷hyd (𝐷hyd /𝐷2 )
2.12. Impeller Skin Friction Power Head Loss ℎ𝑙𝑓 . The impeller
hydraulic friction head loss ℎ𝑙𝑓 is estimated by the theory of 𝑊av ⋅ 𝐷hyd 𝑊av 𝐷hyd
Re = = 2( )( ) ⋅ Re2 , (86)
flow through pipes and is given by [11]: ] 𝑢2 𝐷2

𝐿 𝑏 𝑊av2 where Re2 is defined by (53).

ℎ𝑙𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑑𝑖 , (77)
𝐷hyd 2𝑔
2.13. Disk Friction Head Loss ℎ𝑙𝐷 . The disk friction power loss
where 𝐶𝑑𝑖 is the dissipation coefficient, 𝐿 𝑏 is the blade 𝑃𝑙𝐷 is the power loss in the fluid between external surfaces
length, 𝐷hyd is the hydraulic diameter, and 𝑊av is the average of the impeller disks and internal walls of the pump casing,
relative velocity. Therefore, the impeller skin friction head Figure 7. The 𝑃𝑙𝐷 can be estimated as
loss coefficient could be calculated from
𝑟2
ℎ𝑙𝑓 (𝐿 𝑏 /𝐷2 ) 1 𝑊av 2 𝑃𝑙𝐷 = 2 ∗ ∫ 𝜔 ⋅ 𝑟 ⋅ 𝜏 ⋅ 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟 (87)
𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝑓 = 2 = 4𝐶𝑑𝑖 ( ). (78) 0
𝑢2 /𝑔 (𝐷hyd /𝐷2 ) 2 𝑢2
with
The hydraulic diameter and the average relative velocity are 𝑓𝐷 1 2 𝑓𝐷 1
given, respectively, as, Gülich [11] 𝜏= ⋅ 𝜌𝑢 = ⋅ 𝜌 (𝜔𝑟)2 , (88)
4 2 4 2
4 ∗ Area 2 (𝑑1 𝑏1 + 𝑑2 𝑏2 ) where 𝜏 is the shear stress in circumferential direction and 𝑓𝐷
𝐷hyd = = ,
Perimeter 𝑑1 + 𝑏1 + 𝑑2 + 𝑏2 is the disk skin friction coefficient, and it is assumed constant
(79) along the disk surface.
𝑄 /𝑍 𝑄𝑖 /𝑍
𝑊av = 𝑖 = . Thus,
𝐴 av (𝑑1 𝑏1 + 𝑑2 𝑏2 ) /2
𝜋 3 𝑟2
𝑃𝑙𝐷 = 𝜌𝜔 ∫ 𝑓𝐷𝑟4 𝑑𝑟. (89)
Substituting for 𝑑1 , (26), 𝑑2 , (15), and 𝑄𝑖 , (3), yield: 2 0

𝐷hyd 2 ((𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) + (𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )) Therefore, the final expression after the integration for the
= , disk friction power loss and, consequently, the impeller disk
𝐷2 (𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) + (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) + (𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) + (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
(80) friction head loss are

𝜋 𝑟5 𝜋
𝑊av 𝜀2 (𝜋/𝑍) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) 𝜓 𝑃𝑙𝐷 = 𝑓𝐷 𝜌𝜔3 2 = 𝑓𝐷𝜌𝑢23 𝐷22 ,
= ⋅ . 2 5 40
𝑢2 1/2((𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )+(𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )) 𝜑 (90)
𝑃𝑙𝐷 3 2
(81) 𝜋 𝑓𝐷 𝑢2 𝐷2
ℎ𝑙𝐷 = = .
𝜌𝑔𝑄 40 𝑔 𝑄
The blade length is 𝐿 𝑏 = ((1/2)(𝐷2 − 𝐷1 ))/ sin 𝛽bm , and thus
The impeller disk friction head loss coefficient 𝐶ℎ𝑙 is given
𝐿𝑏 1 𝐷 1 𝐷
= (1 − 1 ) , (82a) as
𝐷2 2 𝐷2 sin 𝛽bm
ℎ𝑙𝐷 1 𝜑
where 𝐶ℎ𝑙 ≡ = 𝐾𝐷 ⋅ , (91)
𝐷 𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜂vol 𝜓
(𝛽𝑏1 + 𝛽𝑏2 ) where 𝐾𝐷 is the impeller disk loss coefficient,
𝛽bm = . (82b)
2
1 𝑓𝐷
The impeller dissipation coefficient is given as, Gülich [11] 𝐾𝐷 = . (92a)
40 𝜀2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
𝑏2 It is derived by substituting for 𝑄 from (2) and (3) and using
4𝐶𝑑𝑖 = (𝑓𝑖 + 0.006) (1.1 + 4 ). (83)
𝐷2 the definition of 𝜓 which yields 𝑄 = 𝜂vol 𝜀2 ⋅ 𝜓√2𝑔𝐻 ⋅ 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 .
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 9

Correlations for 𝑓𝐷 were obtained by Kruyt, cited in

[12]. Four different regimes were identified, Figure 8: Regime
p3
I (laminar flow, boundary layers have merged), Regime II
(laminar flow with two separate boundary layers), Regime III pc

r2 = D2 /2
(turbulent flow, boundary layers have merged), and Regime
IV (turbulent flow with two separate boundary layers). These yc
regimes are characterized by the Reynolds number, Re2 =
𝑢2 ⋅ (𝐷2 /2)/], and a nondimensional gap parameter, 𝐺 = ps

Deye
𝑦0 /(𝐷2 /2), where 𝑦0 is the axial gap between impeller disk
and casing (Figure 7). The equations of curves 1 to 5 in w
Figure 8 are 𝐺 = 1.62Re−5/11 2 , 𝐺 = 188Re−9/102 , 𝐺 =
0.57 ∗ 10−6 Re15/16
2 , Re = 1.58 ∗ 10 5
, and 𝐺 = 0.402Re −3/16
2 , y0
respectively. The disk friction coefficient for each regime is
given as Figure 7: Disk and wearing ring clearances.

Regime I : 𝑓𝐷 = 10𝐺−1 Re−1

2
18.5 1/10 −1/2 0.100
Regime II : 𝑓𝐷 = 𝐺 Re2
𝜋
0.4 −1/6 −1/4 (92b) 4 IV
Regime III : 𝑓𝐷 = 𝐺 Re2 0.075
𝜋 II
0.51 1/10 −1/5
Regime IV : 𝑓𝐷 = 𝐺 Re2 . G 0.050
𝜋
5
1
3
2.14. Volumetric Head Loss ℎ𝑙Vol . The volumetric (leakage) 0.025
head loss and the volumetric head loss coefficient are given III
I 2
as follows after using (2):
0.000
𝑃𝑙vol 𝑄 1000 10000 100000 1000000
ℎ𝑙vol = = 𝐿 (𝐻0 + ℎ𝑙𝑓 + ℎ𝑙cir ) Re2
𝛾𝑄 𝑄 in

1 Figure 8: Disk friction flow regimes [12].

=( − 1) ⋅ (𝐻0 + ℎ𝑙𝑓 + ℎ𝑙cir ) (93)
𝜂vol in

ℎ𝑙vol 1
𝐶ℎ𝑙 = =( − 1) ⋅ (𝐶𝐻0 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝑓 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙 cir ) . The pressure distribution along the radial direction of
vol 𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜂vol in
impeller shroud is parabolic [13], and thus the pressure head
The leakage flow rate 𝑄𝐿 can be estimated using orifice difference between impeller outlet and before clearance is
formula [13]: given by

𝑄𝐿 = 𝐶dL ⋅ 𝑎𝑐 √2𝑔Δ𝐻𝑐 , (94) 2

𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑐 𝑢22 𝐷eye
where 𝑎𝑐 is the clearance area of wearing ring (= 𝜋𝐷eye 𝑦𝑐 ), 𝑦𝑐 = (1 − 2 ) . (97)
𝛾 8𝑔 𝐷2
is the clearance of wearing ring, Figure 7, 𝐶dL is the leakage
discharge coefficient (≈0.6), and Δ𝐻𝑐 is the pressure head
drop across the clearance: Thus, the leakage flow rate and the leakage flow rate coeffi-
𝑝 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑐 cient, 𝐶𝑄𝐿 , are
Δ𝐻𝑐 = 𝑐 = − , (95)
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
where 𝑝𝑐 is the pressure before clearance and 𝑝𝑠 is the pressure 𝑄𝐿 = 𝐶dL ⋅ 𝜋𝐷eye 𝑦𝑐 ⋅ 𝑢2 √2
after clearance at suction side of the impeller (Figure 7).
The pressure head difference between volute and pump 2 2 2
𝐶𝑉 4
− 𝐶𝑉 5
+ 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉
∗ (𝐶𝐻0 −
eye
suction side equals
2𝜑2
𝑝3 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝5 − 𝑝𝑠 𝑝3 − 𝑝5
= +
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
2 1/2
1 𝐷eye
𝑉2 𝑉2 − (1 − 2 )) ,
= 𝐻 + [ℎ𝑙𝑉 − ( 4 − 5 )] (96) 8 𝐷2
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉42 𝑉52 𝑄𝐿 𝑦𝑐 √2𝜋2 𝐶dL

= 𝐻0 − ℎ𝑙eye − ( − ). 𝐶𝑄𝐿 = =
2𝑔 2𝑔 (𝑁/60) 𝐷23 𝐷eye (𝐷 /𝐷 )2
2 eye
10 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

2 2 2
𝐶𝑉 4
− 𝐶𝑉 5
+ 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉 Therefore, the pump required net positive suction head is
∗ (𝐶𝐻0 −
eye

2𝜑2 2
(𝑝min − 𝑝V ) 𝑊1𝑏
NPSH𝑅 = + . (104)
2 1/2 𝛾 2𝑔
1 𝐷eye
− (1 − 2 )) .
8 𝐷2 The pump NPSH𝑅 coefficient is defined as
(98) NPSH𝑅
𝐶NPSH𝑅 = . (105)
Using (2), 𝑄𝐿 /𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄𝐿 /𝐶𝑄, and (8) for 𝐶𝑄, the pump vol- 𝑢22 /𝑔
umetric efficiency can be deduced after some mathematical
manipulations: Referring to Figure 5, 𝑊1𝑏 = (𝑉𝑟1 / sin 𝛽𝑏1 ), and thus
𝑦𝑐 𝐷eye 2 𝐷1 2 √2𝐶dL 𝜑 2
𝜂vol = 1 − ( )( )( ) (𝑝min − 𝑝V ) /𝛾 1 𝑉𝑟1
𝐷eye 𝐷1 𝐷2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) 𝜀2 𝜓 𝐶NPSH𝑅 = + . (106)
𝑢22 /𝑔 sin2 𝛽𝑏1 2𝑢22
2 2 2
𝐶𝑉 4
− 𝐶𝑉 5
+ 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉
∗ (𝐶𝐻0 −
eye

2𝜑2
(99) The term ((𝑝min − 𝑝V )/𝛾)/(𝑢22 /𝑔) is a design parameter for the
pump and could be assumed to be 0.02.
2 1/2 From (3) 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑟2 (𝐷2 /𝐷1 )(𝑏2 /𝑏1 )(𝜀2 /𝜀1 ), and therefore
1 𝐷eye 𝐷 2
− [1 − ( ) ( 1 ) ]) . the NPSH𝑅 coefficient is
8 𝐷1 𝐷2
2
1 (𝜓/𝜑)
2.15. Inlet Shock Circulation Head Loss ℎ𝑙cir . At impeller inlet, 𝐶NPSH𝑅 = 0.02 + . (107)
in 2sin2 𝛽𝑏1 (𝐷1 /𝐷2 )2 (𝑏1 /𝑏2 )2 (𝜀1 /𝜀2 )2
a shock circulation exists inside pump eye when the flow
discharge differs from that of designed one. As discussed
2.17. Pump Specific Speed 𝑛𝑠 . The pump specific speed is
before in Section 2.3, the tangential velocity responsible for
defined with suitable units as
this shock eddy is Δ󸀠󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 , which could be estimated from
(28). 𝑁√𝑄
Therefore, the inlet shock circulation head loss equals 𝑛𝑠 = [𝑁 (rpm) , 𝐻 (m) , 𝑄 (lit/s)] . (108)
𝐻3/4
Δ󸀠󸀠 𝑊𝑢1 ⋅ 𝑢1
ℎ𝑙cir = . (100) Substitute for
in 𝑔
Thus, the inlet shock circulation head loss coefficient is 𝑄 = 1000𝜂vol 𝜀2 ⋅ 𝜋𝐷2 𝑏2 ⋅ 𝜓√2𝑔𝐻 (lit/s) ,
ℎ𝑙cir 60 𝑏
𝐶ℎ𝑙 = 2 in 𝑁= 𝜑√2𝑔𝐻, and 𝑏2 = 𝐷2 ( 2 ) yield :
cirin 𝑢2 /𝑔 𝜋𝐷2 𝐷2
3/4
𝜋 𝐷 2 cot (180 − 𝛽𝑏1 ) 𝜓 60 ∗ √1000 ∗ (2𝑔) ∗ √𝜀2 𝑏2
= (1 − 𝜀1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 ) ( 1 ) − ⋅ . 𝑛𝑠 = √( ) ∗ √𝜂vol ⋅ 𝜑√𝜓.
𝑍 𝐷2 (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝜀1 /𝜀2 ) 𝜑 √𝜋 𝐷2
(101) (109)

2.16. Required Net Positive Suction Head 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻R . The pump Therefore,
net positive suction head NPSH is defined as the difference
between the fluid inlet stagnation pressure head and vapour 𝑏2
𝑛𝑠 = 9977√𝜀2 √ ( ) ⋅ √𝜂vol ⋅ 𝜑√𝜓. (110)
pressure head [13]: 𝐷2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝
NPSH = ( + )− V, (102)
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
3. Calculation Procedure and Results
where 𝑝1 , 𝑉1 are the absolute pressure and absolute velocity
of fluid at impeller inlet and 𝑝V is the absolute vapour pressure An iterative procedure using Microsoft Office EXCEL pro-
of fluid at the corresponding fluid temperature. gram is performed to calculate the pump design parameters
In the vicinity of the leading edge of the impeller blades, described by the preceding derived equations. The input
the fluid has to accelerate in order to follow the rotating parameters are the blades number, 𝑍, impeller inlet diam-
movement of the blades. This acceleration leads to a drop of eter to outlet diameter ratio, (𝐷1 /𝐷2 ), volute diameter to
the static pressure, which results in a local minimum pressure impeller outlet diameter ratio, (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ), ratio of blade width
at blade inlet: at impeller outlet to impeller outlet diameter, (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ), blade
width at impeller inlet to blade width at impeller outlet ratio,
𝑝min 𝑝1 𝑊2 𝑉2
= − ( 1𝑏 − 1 ) . (103) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ), volute width to blade width at impeller outlet ratio,
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 (𝑏3 /𝑏2 ), blade angle at impeller outlet, 𝛽𝑏2 , blade angle at
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 11

Table 1: Pump input-parameters. 0.8

Value 𝜂
Input parameter
0.7
𝐷1
0.5 𝜂
𝐷2
𝑏2 0.6
CH
0.121
𝐷2 CH
Impeller 𝑏1 0.5
1
𝑏2
𝜖2 0.95
𝑦0 0.4
𝐺= 0.05
(𝐷2 /2)
𝑢 ⋅ (𝐷2 /2) 0.3
Re2 = 2
]
(𝐷2 = 0.209 m) 1.16 ∗ 106 0.2
(𝑁 = 1450 rpm)
(] = 10−6 m2 /s) water
𝜅 0.1
𝐷2 0.000478
(𝜅 = 0.0001 m) 0.0
𝑍 4 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
𝛽𝑏2 164∘ 𝜓/𝜑
Blades 𝛽𝑏1 164∘
Experimental head coeff. [14]
𝐷3
1.05 Present procedure head coeff.
𝐷2 Efficiency
𝑏3
1.05 Experimental [14]
𝑏2 Present procedure
𝛼𝑉 7∘
Figure 9: Comparison between present procedure results and
Volute 𝛼th 4∘ experimental results by Baun and Flack [14].
𝐶𝑑𝑉 0.8
𝐷eye The manometric head coefficient and pump efficiency
1
𝐷th of both present procedure and experimental measurements
Eye 𝑦𝑐 by Baun and Flack [14] are plotted in Figure 9 versus the
𝐷eye 0.005
ratio (𝜓/𝜑) (defined as flow coefficient in [14]). It shows a
𝐶dL 0.6 good similarity between the present procedure results and the
𝐶eye 1.0 experimental ones. Only in range of low ratios of 𝜓/𝜑, the
calculated efficiency is relatively high. This is attributed to the
uncounted mechanical power loss in the prediction of pump
impeller inlet, 𝛽𝑏1 , volute angle, 𝛼𝑉, throat angle, 𝛼th , ratio of shaft power and hence in efficiency.
wearing ring clearance/impeller eye diameter, (𝑦𝑐 /𝐷eye ), leak-
The pump performance characteristics are presented
age discharge coefficient, 𝐶dL , volute diffusion loss coefficient,
by the calculated pump head coefficient, efficiency, power
𝐶𝑑𝑉 , eye loss coefficient, 𝐶eye , blade thickness coefficient at
coefficients, and required NPSH as shown in Figure 10. From
impeller outlet, 𝜀2 , with constant-thickness blades, ratio of
the figure, the pump best efficiency point (BEP) occurs at
axial gap between impeller disk and casing to impeller outlet
discharge coefficient 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.0675 giving an efficiency 𝜂 ≈
radius, 𝑦0 /(𝐷2 /2), Reynolds number at impeller outlet, Re2 ,
75.3%, a manometric head coefficient 𝐶𝐻 ≈ 0.468, a shaft
and relative roughness, (𝜅/𝐷2 ) approximated values are used
power coefficient 𝐶𝑃sh ≈ 0.414, a water power coefficient
by putting 𝐷2 ≈ 0.209 m, 𝑁 ≈ 1450 rpm, 𝜅 ≈ 0.0001 m,
𝐶𝑃𝑤 ≈ 0.312, and a pump required net positive suction head
] ≈ 10−6 m2 /𝑠: Re2 = 1.16 ∗ 106 , and 𝜅/𝐷2 = 0.000478.
coefficient 𝐶NPSH𝑅 ≈ 0.129.
For a certain flow coefficient, 𝜓, all pump performance
The maximum shaft power coefficient 𝐶𝑃sh ≈ 0.428 occurs
parameters and coefficients are calculated after iterations.
at 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.085, and the maximum water power coefficient
Case Study. For reason of comparison between results of 𝐶𝑃𝑤 ≈ 0.3165 occurs at 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.075.
present analytical study and experimental pump perfor- The variations of pump flow coefficient 𝜓 and pump
mance obtained by Baun and Flack [14], calculations of cen- speed coefficient 𝜑 with the discharge coefficient are shown
trifugal pump performance are performed with the following in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. Figure 11 shows also the
input parameters given in Table 1. variation of the ratio 𝜓/𝜑 with the discharge coefficient 𝐶𝑄.
Other pump constant-parameters are calculated accord- The linear relationship between 𝐶𝑄 and 𝜓/𝜑 is evident as
ing to the present procedure as shown in Table 2. given by (6). The dotted lines in the figures correspond to the
The sequence of calculations by using the procedure value of 𝐶𝑄 that gives the pump best efficiency. At pump best
derived equations of pump variable parameters is listed in efficiency point (𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.0675), 𝜓 ≈ 0.063 (Figure 11) and
Table 3. 𝜑 ≈ 1.034 (Figure 12). Also, it is indicated from Figure 12 that
12 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

Table 2: Pump constant-parameters.

Constant parameter equation Equation no.

√sin 𝛽𝑏2 𝐷1
1 − 𝜎0 = for ≤ 𝜖limit = 𝑒−8.16 sin 𝛽𝑏2 /𝑍 (22)
𝑍0.7 𝐷2
(1 − 𝜖2 )
𝜖1 = 1 − (4)
(𝐷1 /𝐷2 ) (sin 𝛽𝑏1 / sin 𝛽𝑏2 )
Impeller 𝑑2 𝜋
= 𝜖2 sin 𝛽𝑏2 (15)
𝐷2 𝑍
𝑑1 𝜋 𝐷1
= 𝜖1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 (26)
𝐷2 𝑍 𝐷2
𝐷hyd 2 (((𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )) + ((𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )))
= (80)
𝐷2 (𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) + ((𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )) + (𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) + (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
𝜅 𝜅/𝐷2
= (85)
𝐷hyd 𝐷hyd /𝐷2
1 𝑓𝐷
𝐾𝐷 = (92a)
40 𝜖2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )
𝑓𝐷 = 𝑓𝐷 (Re2 , 𝐺) (92b)

𝐿𝑏 1 𝐷 1
= (1 − 1 ) (82a)
Blades 𝐷2 2 𝐷2 sin 𝛽bm
1
𝛽bm = (𝛽𝑏1 + 𝛽𝑏2 ) (82b)
2

1 1 1
= + (49)
𝐷ℎ𝑉 /𝐷2 2(𝑏3 /𝑏2 )(𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) 8(𝜋/𝑍)(𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) sin 𝛼𝑉
𝐿𝑉 1 𝜋 𝐷
Volute = ( 3) (48)
𝐷2 2 cos 𝛼𝑉 𝐷2
𝜅 (𝜅/𝐷2 )
= (51)
𝐷ℎ𝑉 (𝐷ℎ𝑉 /𝐷2 )
𝜃 1 (𝑏 /𝑏 ) (𝑏 /𝐷 )
tan ( th ) = [𝜋 tan 𝛼𝑉 + tan 𝛼th − 3 2 2 2 ] (43)
2 2 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )
𝜃th
𝐶𝑓th = 0.5 + 2.6 ∗ sin ( ) (56)
2
𝐷eye (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )
Eye = (𝜋 tan 𝛼𝑉 + tan 𝛼th ) (40)
𝐷1 (𝐷1 /𝐷2 )

the speed coefficient takes a minimum value of 𝜑 ≈ 0.932 𝐶𝑄 and decreases until it reaches zero at 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.06, and
at 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.024, which corresponds to the maximum 𝐶𝐻 in then, its direction is inverse (becomes negative) which means
Figure 10. that the inlet circulation adds power to impeller and does not
Figure 13 shows the theoretical dimensionless head- bleed power from impeller.
discharge curve (Euler head) which is a straight line, and 𝐶𝐻∞ The variation of the flow velocity coefficients and the
decreases with the increase of 𝐶𝑄 for the proposed outlet pump volumetric efficiency 𝜂vol with the pump discharge
blade angle 𝛽𝑏2 = 164∘ > 90∘ . The actual impeller outlet coefficient is shown in Figure 15. The coefficients 𝐶𝑉1 , 𝐶𝑉Δ𝑉𝑢 ,
dimensionless head-discharge curve 𝐶𝐻0 is obtained taking and 𝐶𝑉4 have the trends of increasing with the increase of
2

into consideration the slip or eddy circulation of flow inside

𝐶𝑄, whereas the two coefficients 𝐶𝑉3𝑑 and 𝐶𝑉3𝑑󸀠 have the
impeller which is nearly constant. Actually, the effect of slip
is not a loss but a discrepancy not accounted by the basic trends of decreasing with the increase of 𝐶𝑄. These two later
assumptions. The second loss shown is the volute-and-eye coefficients have maximum values at 𝐶𝑄 = 0. At 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.085,
loss, which is minimum at 𝐶𝑄 ≈ 0.051. Reduced or increased the coefficient 𝐶𝑉3𝑑 becomes zero, which indicates that at this
𝐶𝑄, from the value 0.051, increases the volute-and-eye loss. point of operation the flow inside volute is without circulation
and 𝑉4 = 𝑉𝑢2 act . At increased 𝐶𝑄, the 𝐶𝑉3𝑑 becomes negative
Figure 14 gives the variation of different head loss coef-
ficients with 𝐶𝑄 in addition to the 𝐶𝐻 and 𝐶𝐻0 curves. which means that the flow circulation inside the volute
Generally, these head loss coefficients decrease with the changes its direction of rotation opposite to impeller motion
increase of 𝐶𝑄. At very low discharge coefficients, both the whereas 𝑉4 > 𝑉𝑢2 act (Figure 6).
disk head loss coefficient and volumetric head loss coefficient The pump specific speed is presented in Figure 16, which
become very big. The inlet circulation head loss is big at low shows that 𝑛𝑠 ≈ 870 at pump best efficiency point.
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 13

Table 3: Pump variable-parameters.

Order Variable parameter equation Eq. no.

𝑉𝑟2
𝜓≡ = 0.002 to 0.12 step = 0.001
√2𝑔𝐻

Initial 𝜎 = 𝜎0 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝜂vol = 1
Start of iteration
1 1 2
1 𝜑 = − 𝜓 cot 𝛽𝑏2 + √ 𝜓2 cot2 𝛽𝑏2 + (69)
2 2 𝑥𝜎

𝐻∞ 𝜓
2 𝑦 = 𝐶𝐻∞ ≡ = 1 + cot𝛽𝑏2 (21), (65b)
𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜑

(1 − 𝜎0 )
3 𝜎=1− (20)
𝑦

ℎ𝑙slp
4 𝐶ℎ𝑙 ≡ = (1 − 𝜎) 𝐶𝐻∞ (65d)
slp 𝑢22 /𝑔

𝐻0 𝜓
5 𝐶𝐻0 ≡ = 𝜎 (1 + cot𝛽𝑏2 ) (65c)
𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜑

𝑉5 4𝜖2 𝜂vol (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )

6 𝐶𝑉5 ≡ = ⋅𝜓 (37)
√2𝑔𝐻 (𝐷𝑡ℎ /𝐷3 )2 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )2

𝑉4 𝜖2 𝜂vol
7 𝐶𝑉4 ≡ = ⋅𝜓 (33)
√2𝑔𝐻 (𝐷3 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏3 /𝑏2 ) tan 𝛼𝑉

𝑉eye 4𝜖2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )

8 𝐶𝑉eye ≡ = 2 2
⋅𝜓 (39)
√2𝑔𝐻 (𝐷𝑡ℎ /𝐷3 ) (𝐷3 /𝐷2 )

𝐶𝑉4
9 𝐶𝑉3𝑝 = (54a)
cos 𝛼𝑉

10 𝐶𝑉3𝑑 = 𝜎 (𝜑 + 𝜓cot𝛽𝑏2 ) − 𝐶𝑉4 (54b)

𝑉3𝑟 𝜖2 𝜂vol
11 𝐶𝑉3𝑟 ≡ = ⋅𝜓 (54c)
√2𝑔𝐻 (𝐷3 /𝐷 2 ) (𝑏3 /𝑏2 )

𝑦𝑐 𝐷eye 2 𝐷1 2 1 √2𝐶dL 𝜑 𝐶𝑉2 − 𝐶𝑉2 5 + 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉eye

2
1 𝐷1 2 𝐷eye
2
12 𝜂vol = 1 − ( )( )( ) ∗ √ 𝐶𝐻0 − 4 − [1 − ( ) ( ) ] (99)
𝐷eye 𝐷1 𝐷2 (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) 𝜖2 𝜓 2𝜑2 8 𝐷2 𝐷1
14 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

Table 3: Continued.
Order Variable parameter equation Eq. no.

𝑉3𝑝 ⋅𝐷ℎ𝑉 𝐶𝑉3𝑝 𝐷ℎ𝑉

13 Re𝑉 = = 2( )( ) ⋅ Re2 (52)
] 𝜑 𝐷2

0.3086
14 𝑓𝑉 = 2
(50)
1.11
{log [(6.9/Re𝑉 ) + ((𝜅/𝐷ℎ𝑉 ) /3.7) ]}

𝐿𝑉 𝐿 1
15 𝐶𝑓𝑉 = 𝑓𝑉 = 𝑓𝑉 ( 𝑉 ) ( ) (46)
𝐷ℎ𝑉 𝐷2 𝐷ℎ𝑉 /𝐷2

ℎ𝑙𝑉
16 = 𝐶𝑓𝑉 𝐶𝑉2 3𝑝 + 𝐶𝑑𝑉 𝐶𝑉2 3𝑑 + 𝐶𝑉2 3𝑟 + 𝐶𝑓𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑉2 4 (45)
𝐻

ℎ𝑙eye
17 = 𝐶eye ⋅ 𝐶𝑉2 eye (57)
𝐻

1 ℎ𝑙 ℎ𝑙eye
18 =1+ 𝑉 + (61)
𝑥 𝐻 𝐻

End of iteration
ℎ𝑙𝑉 + ℎ𝑙eye
19 𝐶ℎ𝑙 ≡ = (1 − 𝑥) 𝜎𝐶𝐻∞ (65e)
𝑉+eye 𝑢22 /𝑔

𝐻 𝜓
20 𝐶𝐻 ≡ = 𝑥𝜎 (1 + cot 𝛽𝑏2 ) (65a)
𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜑

𝑄 𝑏 𝜓
21 𝐶𝑄 ≡ 3
= 𝜂vol 𝜖2 𝜋2 ( 2 ) ⋅ ( ) (6)
(𝑁/60) 𝐷2 𝐷 2 𝜑

𝑊av 𝜖2 (𝜋/𝑍) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 ) ⋅ (𝜓/𝜑)

22 = (81)
𝑢2 1/2 (((𝑑1 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )) + ((𝑑2 /𝐷2 ) (𝑏2 /𝐷2 )))

𝑊av ⋅ 𝐷hyd 𝑊av 𝐷hyd

23 Re = = 2( )( ) ⋅ Re2 (86)
] 𝑢2 𝐷2

0.3086
24 𝑓𝑖 = 2
(84)
1.11
{log [(6.9/ Re) + ((𝜅/𝐷hyd ) /3.7) ]}

𝑏2
25 4𝐶𝑑𝑖 = (𝑓𝑖 + 0.006) (1.1 + 4 ) (83)
𝐷2
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 15

Table 3: Continued.
Order Variable parameter equation Eq. no.

ℎ𝑙𝑓 (𝐿 𝑏 /𝐷2 ) 1 𝑊av 2

26 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑓 ≡ = 4𝐶𝑑𝑖 ( ) (78)
𝑢22 /𝑔 (𝐷hyd /𝐷2 ) 2 𝑢2

ℎ𝑙𝐷 1 𝜑
27 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝐷 ≡ = 𝐾𝐷 ⋅ (91)
𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜂vol 𝜓

ℎ𝑙cir 𝜋 𝐷 2 cot (180 − 𝛽𝑏1 ) 𝜓

28 𝐶ℎ𝑙cir ≡ in
= (1 − 𝜖1 sin 𝛽𝑏1 ) ( 1 ) − ⋅ (101)
in 𝑢22 /𝑔 𝑍 𝐷2 (𝑏1 /𝑏2 ) (𝜖1 /𝜖2 ) 𝜑

ℎ𝑙vol 1
29 𝐶ℎ𝑙vol ≡ =( − 1) ⋅ (𝐶𝐻0 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑓 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙cir ) (93)
𝑢22 /𝑔 𝜂vol in

𝐻sh
30 𝐶𝐻sh ≡ = 𝐶𝐻0 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑓 + 𝐶ℎ𝑙cir + 𝐶ℎ𝑙vol + 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝐷 (73)
𝑢22 /𝑔 in

𝑃𝑤 𝐶
31 𝜂≡ = 𝐻 (74)
𝑃sh 𝐶𝐻sh

𝑃sh
32 𝐶𝑃sh ≡ = 𝜋2 𝐶𝑄𝐶𝐻sh (75)
𝜌(𝑁/60)3 𝐷25

𝑃𝑤
33 𝐶𝑃𝑤 ≡ = 𝜋2 𝐶𝑄𝐶𝐻 (76)
𝜌(𝑁/60)3 𝐷25

2
1 (𝜓/𝜑)
34 𝐶NPSH𝑅 = 0.02 + (107)
2 sin2 𝛽𝑏1 (𝐷1 /𝐷2 )2 (𝑏1 /𝑏2 )2 (𝜖1 /𝜖2 )2

𝑏2
35 𝑛𝑠 = 9977√𝜖2 √( ) ⋅ √𝜂vol ⋅ 𝜑√𝜓 (110)
𝐷2

Figure 17 shows the procedure results of centrifugal pump principle theories of turbomachines. The procedure is capable
performance when the pump handles fluids with different of providing the performance characteristic of centrifugal
kinematic viscosities. The head and efficiency for the pump pump in a dimensionless information form. The predicted
when handling oils are lower than those when handling water. coefficients and performance curves obtained have been
But the required power when handling oil is higher than that found to be in a reasonable agreement with experimental
when handling water. measurements. The present procedure is also capable of pre-
The pump head decreases slightly due to the increase dicting the effects of handling viscous fluids on the centrifugal
in volute friction loss as fluid viscosity increases, while the pump performance. The input form for this procedure of
increase in pump power is high due to the increase in both pump flow analysis makes it an effective tool analysis and can
hydraulic friction inside impeller and disk friction power be used in the pump conceptual design.
losses. Hence, the drop in pump efficiency is very high as
the fluid viscosity increases. This result is in accordance with Notations
experimental results by Shojaee Fard and Boyaghchi [15]. 𝐴: Impeller net area, m2
𝑎𝑐 : Clearance area of wearing ring, m2
4. Conclusions 𝐴 𝑉: Volute area, m2
2
A one-dimensional flow procedure for analytical study of 𝐴 th : Throat outlet area, 𝜋𝐷th /4, m2
centrifugal pump performance is accomplished applying the 𝐴 𝑉th : Volute throat inlet area, m2
16 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

0.8 1.6
BEP
𝜂 1.5
0.7
𝜂 1.4
0.6 𝜑
CH 1.3
CH
0.5 1.2

1.1
0.4
CPsh CPsh 1.0
0.3 0.9

BEP
CP𝑤 CP𝑤

0.2 0.8
CNPSH 𝑅
0.7
0.1 𝑅 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
CN PSH
CQ
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 Figure 12: Speed coefficient variation with pump discharge coeffi-
CQ cient.

Figure 10: Characteristics of centrifugal pump obtained by present

study.
1.4
1.3
1.2
0.20 1.1
Head and head loss coefficients

0.18 1.0
Eule
0.16 0.9 r head
𝜓 CH∞
0.14 0.8 Slip
loss
0.12 0.7
𝜓/𝜙 𝜓/𝜙 CH0
0.10 𝜓 0.6 CH
Volu
te an
0.08 0.5 d eye l
oss
0.06 0.4
M
0.04 0.3 an
om
BEP

etr
0.02 0.2 ic
he
ad
BEP

0.00 0.1
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
CQ 0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Figure 11: Variation of flow coefficient and ratio of flow coefficient CQ
to speed coefficient with discharge coefficient.
Figure 13: Variation of head coefficients and head loss coefficients
with discharge coefficient.

𝑏: Impeller width, m
𝐶𝑑𝑖 : Impeller dissipation coefficient 𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Inlet shock circulation head loss coefficient,
ℎ𝑙cir /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
cirin

𝐶dL : Leakage discharge coefficient in

𝐶𝑑𝑉 : Volute diffusion loss coefficient 𝐶ℎ𝑙 𝑓 : Impeller skin friction head loss coefficient
𝐶eye : Eye loss coefficient 𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Eye head loss coefficient, ℎ𝑙eye /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
eye
𝐶𝑓th : Volute throat friction loss coefficient 𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Disk friction head loss coefficient, ℎ𝑙𝐷 /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
𝐶𝑓𝑉 : Volute friction loss coefficient 𝐷
𝐶ℎ𝑙 slp : Slip head loss coefficient, ℎ𝑙slp /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
𝐶𝐻: Manometric head coefficient, 𝐻/(𝑢22 /𝑔)
𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Volute head loss coefficient, ℎ𝑙𝑉 /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
𝐶𝐻0 : Head coefficient at impeller outlet, 𝑉

𝐻0 /(𝑢22 /𝑔) 𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Volute-eye head loss coefficient,

𝑉+eye
𝐶𝐻∞ : Euler head coefficient, 𝐻∞ /(𝑢22 /𝑔) (ℎ𝑙𝑉 + ℎ𝑙eye )/(𝑢22 /𝑔)
𝐶𝐻sh : Shaft head coefficient, 𝐻sh /(𝑢22 /𝑔) 𝐶ℎ𝑙 : Volumetric head loss coefficient, ℎ𝑙vol /(𝑢22 /𝑔)
vol
International Journal of Rotating Machinery 17

1.4 2000
1.3 1800
1.2 1600
ns
1.1 1400
Sh
aft
In me

1.0
Head and head loss coefficients

Vo isk l

1200
let

he loss ss
lu

ad
cir c l

C
D

0.9
.

H 1000
tr i

sh
os

0.8
o

CH0
s

800
Impeller hydraulic
0.7 friction loss 600
0.6 CH
400
0.5
200

BEP
0.4
0
0.3 M 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
an
om CQ
0.2 etr
ic
he Figure 16: Pump specific speed values at different discharge coeffi-
BEP

0.1 ad
cient.
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
CQ

Figure 14: Head loss coefficients affecting pump power at different 0.8
𝜂
discharge coefficients.
0.7
𝜂
CPsh
0.6
1.0
CH
𝜂vol
0.9 0.5
CV2
𝜂vol 0.8
C 0.4
V
3𝑑 󳰀 CPsh
0.7
CV CV2 0.3
act CH
0.6
C 0.2
0.5 V
3𝑑

0.4 0.1

0.3 0.0
CVΔVu2 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
4
V
C

0.2 CQ

0.1 CV1 Water  = 1 ∗ 10−6 m2 /s

BEP

Oil  = 100 ∗ 10−6 m2 /s

0.0 Oil  = 200 ∗ 10−6 m2 /s
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
CQ Figure 17: Effect of pumped fluid viscosity on the performance of
centrifugal pump.
Figure 15: Values of volumetric efficiency and different pump
velocity coefficients.
𝐷eye : Pump eye diameter, m
𝐷ℎ𝑉 : Average volute hydraulic diameter, m
𝐶NPSH𝑅 : Coefficient of pump NPSH𝑅 , NPSH𝑅 /(𝑢22 /𝑔) 𝐷th : Throat diameter, m
𝐶𝑃sh : Shaft power coefficient, 𝑃sh /𝜌(𝑁/60)3 𝐷25 𝑓: Hydraulic friction coefficient
𝐶𝑃𝑤 : Water power coefficient, 𝑃𝑤 /𝜌(𝑁/60)3 𝐷25 𝑓𝐷: Disk friction coefficient
𝐶𝑄: Pump discharge coefficient, 𝑄/(𝑁/60)𝐷23 𝑔: Acceleration of gravity, m/s2
𝐶𝑄𝐿 : Leakage flow rate coefficient 𝐺: Impeller disk gap parameter, 𝑦0 /(𝐷2 /2)
𝐶𝑉 : Velocity coefficient, 𝑉/√2𝑔𝐻 ℎ𝑙cir : Inlet shock circulation head loss, m
in
𝐷2 : Impeller outer diameter, m ℎ𝑙𝐷 : Disk friction head loss, m
18 International Journal of Rotating Machinery

ℎ𝑙𝑓 : Impeller skin friction head loss, m 𝜓: Pump flow coefficient, 𝑉𝑟2 /√2𝑔𝐻
ℎ𝑙slp : Slippage head loss, m 𝜅: Roughness height, m.
ℎ𝑙𝑉 : Volute head loss, m
ℎ𝑙vol : Volumetric head loss, m Subscripts
𝐻: Manometric head of pump, m
𝐻0 : Water head at impeller outlet, m 1: Impeller inlet
𝐻sh : Pump shaft head, m 2: Impeller outlet
𝐻∞ : Euler pump head, m 3: Volute inlet
𝐾𝐷: Impeller disk loss coefficient 4: Volute outlet (throat inlet)
𝐿 𝑏: Blade length, m 5: Pump outlet (throat outlet)
𝐿 th : Throat length, m av: Average
𝐿 𝑉: Volute length, m act: Actual
𝑁: Pump rotational speed, rpm eye: Pump eye
NPSH: Pump net positive suction head, m 𝑐: Clearance
NPSH𝑅 : Pump required net positive suction head, m hl: Head loss
𝑛𝑠 : Pump specific speed 𝑖: Impeller
𝑝: Pressure, N/m2 𝑙: Loss
𝑟: Radial direction
𝑝𝑐 : Pressure before wearing ring clearance, N/m2
𝑠: Suction
𝑝𝑠 : Pressure at pump suction side, N/m2
sh: Shaft
𝑃sh : Pump shaft power, W
th: Volute throat
𝑃𝑤 : Pumped water power, W
𝑢: Tangential direction
𝑃sh0 : Impeller Euler power, W
vol: Volumetric.
𝑃𝑙cir : Inlet shock circulation power loss, W
in
𝑃𝑙𝑓 : Impeller friction power loss, W
𝑃𝑙𝐷 : Disk friction power loss, W
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International Journal of Rotating Machinery 19

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