Aplikasi Instrumentasi
Geoteknik & Struktur
dalam Masa Pandemi
Aksan Kawanda Geotech Efathama | www.geotech-indonesia.com
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Aplikasi Instrumentasi Geoteknik & Struktur dalam Masa Pandemi | Geotech Efathama | 01.05.2020
Aksan Kawanda
Lahir : Makasar, 13 Agustus1979
Pendidikan : Doktor Geoteknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
Magister Geoteknik, Universitas Katolik Parayangan
Sarjana Teknik Sipil, Universitas Trisakti
Sertifikat Profesional : Asesor Uji Kompetensi – BNSP – 2018
Ahli Geoteknik Utama (G2) – HATTI – 2016
Certified International Pile Tester, Expert Level – PDI – 2014
Asosiasi Profesi : Himpunan Ahli Teknik Tanah Indonesia - HATTI
International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Akademis : Dosen Mekanika Tanah dan Fondasi, UNTAG, 2013 – 2015
Dosen Mekanika Tanah & Fondasi - Universitas Trisakti, 2016 – sekarang
Dosen Geoteknik - Universitas Tarumanegara, 2016 – sekarang
Pekerjaan : Direktur Teknik – PT. Geotech Efathama
Today Topics
01 Reasons for Installing
Instrument
02 Choosing Instrumentation
03 Application & Suitable
Instrument
“ Failure is central to engineering. Every single calculation that an
engineer makes is a failure calculations. Successful engineering
is all about understanding how things break or fail “
~ Henry Petroski ~
01 Reasons For Installing Instrument
Site Investigation
Legal Protection
Design Verification
Safety
Why?
Construction Control
Every instrument on a project should be
selected and place to assist with answering
a specific question: if there is no question,
Performance Quality Control there should be no instrumentation –
Dunnicliff
02 Selecting Instrument
Ground and Environmental Condition Instrument Quality
Soil Type and weather take effect for choosing Reliability, rugged, etc. Personnel and Human
instrument Resource
Skill of Technician to install,
maintain, and read
Data Acquisition
Parameter Required Periodically, Real time
Critical parameter and
Instrument Life and
complementary parameter Performance
Temporary, Long-term, Data
accuracy, precision, etc.
• Long Term Monitoring
• Allows trends to be detected recalibration in systematic manner | correct for any drift
• track changes in mechanical state of the
structure
• Often sensors installed permanently
• inaccessible locations
• cannot be replaced (or re-calibrated)
• Therefore critical that sensors used are
• reliable
• and do not drift over time
What is a vibrating wire sensor?
1. Mechanical assembly
2. Electromagnetic excitation
3. Measurement System
How does it work?
A short pulse of current
Passes through electromagnetic coil
- near midpoint of wire
Sets the wire into transverse vibration
How does it give a reading?
– Wire oscillates in
magnetic field of
electromagnetic coil
– Creates a small current
• Amplitude drops as
oscillation dampens
– Travels to the readout
• At the gage frequency
– Pulse counter measures
time for “x” pulses
(cycles)
Same coil is used to excite and detect the
frequency of the vibrating wire
– Microprocessor
• T (period for one cycle)
• 1/T = frequency
Attributes of vibrating wire sensors
• Long term stability
• Signal transmission over long cables
– cables easily spliced
• Robustness
Long term stability
“Some Facts about Long-Term Reliability of Vibrating Wire Instruments”
Bordes & DeBreuille
Symposium on Reliability of
Geotechnical Instrumentation NRC
| TRB | January 1985
Signal transmisson over long cables
Cables easily spliced…
Robust
Parameter Required
(Vibrating wire sensor types)
Strain gages Displacement
transducers
Pressure
Tiltmeters
transducers
Temperature Force
sensors transducers
Strain gages
- Steel, concrete (HT), fibreglass (HS), soil
- Load cells, instrumented rebars & rockbolts
Pressure transducers
- Piezometers (HT) (HP)
- Pressure cells
- Load cells
- Settlement systems
Displacement transducers
- Crackmeters (concrete, masonry)
- Jointmeters (mass concrete, bridge decks)
- Borehole extensometers
Inclination sensors (tiltmeters)
Instrument Cable
Mounting Flange
0.875"
1.125" (22 mm)
(29 mm)
Thermistor
Housing
Wire
Electromagnetic Coil
5.25"
(133 mm)
Elastic Hinge
1.25" O.D.
(32 mm)
Seal Screw
Damping Fluid
(optional)
Force transducers
- Crackmeters (concrete, masonry)
- Precision liquid level sensors (0.07mm)
- Multipoint settlement systems
Temperature Sensors
Basic Parameter to Measure
01
Vertical Deformation
1. Foundation performance
2. Settlement and consolidation
02
Lateral Deformation
1. Slope stability
2. Deep excavation
Pore water pressure
03 1. Consolidation
2. Hydrostatic and excess water pressure
P
Force & Stresses
1. Lateral & Vertical earth pressure
2. Load transfer
3. Any support force / stresses
04
05 Temperature
Vertical
Deformation
Settlement Extensometer LVDT
Plate
PT.
Your
Geotech Name
Company Efathama
Settlement (cm)
-10
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
11-Mar-17
18-Mar-17
Pemasangan
25-Mar-17
1.50 m
Layer 1
1-Apr-17
8-Apr-17
15-Apr-17
1.70 m
Layer 2
22-Apr-17
2.0 m
Layer 2
29-Apr-17
6-May-17
3.0 m
Layer 2
Reading Date
13-May-17
20-May-17
27-May-17
3-Jun-17
1.0 m
Unloading
10-Jun-17
17-Jun-17
selesai
24
Unloading
24-Jun-17
PT.
YourGeotech
Company Name
Efathama
beban diatasnya
Settlement
Mengukur penurunan pada permukaan tanah akibat
Depth (mm) Height (m)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
6 Aug 15
6 Aug 15
13 Aug 15
13 Aug 15
20 Aug 15
20 Aug 15
27 Aug 15
27 Aug 15
3 Sep 15
3 Sep 15
10 Sep 15
10 Sep 15
17 Sep 15
17 Sep 15
Time (day)
Time (day)
24 Sep 15 24 Sep 15
1 Oct 15 1 Oct 15
8 Oct 15 8 Oct 15
Graphic of Embankment Height
Graphic of Settlement Cumulative
15 Oct 15 15 Oct 15
22 Oct 15 22 Oct 15
25
Horizontal
Deformation
Inclinometer Extensometer Tiltmeter
SNI 8460:2017
Sistem Monitoring
Jumlah & Jenis Toleransi Defleksi Frekuensi
• Sedemikian sehingga
kerusakan 1 alat tidak
menyebabkan hilangnya • Min 2x 1minggu saat
data. penggalian intensif
0.5% H galian
• Jenis ditentukan • Berlaku untuk semua jenis
sedemikian agar didapat instrument
cek silang pembacaan
antar instrument.
YourGeotech
PT. Company Name
Efathama 27
Inclinometer
Deviation = L..sinø
M onitoring pergerakan
horizontal pada tanah ataupun
dinding penahan tanah.
A+ FACE A-
30
Pore Water
Pressure
Vibrating Wire Pneumatic Standpipe
Piezometer Piezometer Piezometer
Development of Piezometer
Standpipe Pneumatic Vibrating wire
1. Good for excess 1. Good for excess
1. Cheap 2. High accuracy
2. Relatively easy to 2. Low accuracy
3. Long reading time 3. Fast reading time
install 4. Relatively high price
3. Good for water level
4. Not good for excess
pore water
CASAGRANDE STANDPIPE
Mengukur elevasi muka air pada kedalaman tertentu
YourGeotech
PT. Company Name
Efathama 33
Piezometer VW
YourGeotech
PT. Company Name
Efathama 34
Forces & Stresses
Vibrating Wire Fiber optic Load Cell Stress Cell
Strain Gauge
Temperature
Analog/Digital Vibrating Wire Fiber Optic
Thermometer Thermistor Thermistor
Slope Stability Deep Excavation
Real Application on
Various
Geotechnical Work
Reading of Pressure Cell
220
200
180
160
140 Raft
Pressure
(kPa)
120 Foundation
100
80 1B-13
60
Construction Period
40 1C-13
20
0
7-Oct-16 26-Nov-16 15-Jan-17 6-Mar-17 25-Apr-17 14-Jun-17 3-Aug-17 22-Sep-17 11-Nov-17 31-Dec-17 19-Feb-18 10-Apr-18 30-May-18 19-Jul-18 7-Sep-18
Reading Result
Jack Out Pressure Cell
Pressure (kPa)
-100.00 -75.00 -50.00 -25.00 0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00
11
10
9 G.L
8
7
6
G.A
Elevation (m)
5
4
3
G.A
2
1
0
G.A
-1
-2
-3
G.A
-4
-5
-6 Bottom basement
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
Slope Stability Deep Excavation
Embankment
Real Application on
Various
Geotechnical Work
Reading Result
WATER LEVEL
0.00
-2.00 WSP-01
-4.00
GLOBAL ELEVATION
WSP-02
-6.00
WSP-03
(M)
-8.00
WSP-04
-10.00
-12.00 WSP-05
-14.00
WSP-06
-16.00
9-Sep 16-Sep 23-Sep 30-Sep 7-Oct 14-Oct 21-Oct 28-Oct 4-Nov 11-Nov 18-Nov 25-Nov 2-Dec 9-Dec 16-Dec 23-Dec 30-Dec
DATE
Reading Result
600
500
Timggi Timbunan
Timbunan
400
(m)
300
200
100
0
5-Aug-18 4-Sep-18 4-Oct-18 3-Nov-18
80
72
64
Water Pressure
56
P-1 Elev. -6.34m
48
40
(kPa)
P-2 Elev. -10.84m
32
24
P-3 Elev. -13.84m
16
8
0
5-Aug-18 4-Sep-18 4-Oct-18 3-Nov-18
DATE (2018)
Slope Stability Deep Excavation
Embankment Pile Testing
Real Application on
Various
Geotechnical Work
Instrumented Lateral Load
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
1776
1628 296 592 888 1184 1332 1480
1480
1332
1184
APPLIED LOAD (TON)
1036
888
740
592
444
296
148
0
0 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -30 -33
VWSGs IN ELEVATION (m)
AVERAGE LOAD TRANSFER CURVES
0
1 Cycle 1
Cycle 2
2
Elastic Shortenning (mm)
Cycle 3
3
Cycle 4 ΔL
4
8
ΔL
9
10
0 147.5 295 442.5 590 737.5 885 1032.5 1180
LOADS (TON)
Another Case Histories - Worldwide
• Dam
– TK Dam, Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria | 2006-2011
TK Dam, Bulgaria
Double curved arch concrete | 130.5m Height | 480m Crest
TK Dam, Bulgaria
300 Instruments • 30 VW Strain gages
• 20 Pressure cells
• 66 VW Jointmeters
• 18 MPBX (3 pt)
• 20 VW Piezometers
• 12 Pendulum systems
• 6 VW Seepage weirs
• 1 Weather station
• 1 Seismic station
• Data Acquisition System
200 installed during construction
TK Dam, Bulgaria
connected to dataq system with data visualization over internet
Star City Bridge, WV, USA
306m over 4 spans| light weight concrete deck on steel girders
Star City Bridge, WV, USA
• 200 VW Strain gages
– Steel
• 105 VW Strain gages
– Concrete
• 42 VW Inst. rebars
• 56 VW Crackmeters
• 2 VW Displacement
• 439 Thermistors
– Temperature
• Data acquisition
– 6 Dataloggers
– 20 min scan interval
850 Instruments
THE END,
Any Question ???
“One correct test result is worth a thousand expert opinions”
Werner Von Braun
Father of the Saturn V rocket
Aksan KAWANDA
