2016

LEARNING MODULE
Mathematics G7 | Q1.1

Number and
Number Sense
 NOTICE TO THE SCHOOLS

This learning module (LM) was developed by the Private Education Assistance
Committee under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education. The learning
modules were written by the PEAC Junior High School (JHS) Trainers and were used as
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Service Training (INSET) program for teachers in private schools.

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the 2017 Summer JHS INSET. The quarter indicated on the cover refers to the quarter of
the current curriculum guide at the time the LM was written. The most recently revised
LMs were in 2018 and 2019.

The LM is also designed such that it encourages independent and self-regulated learning
among the students and develops their 21st century skills. It is written in such a way that
the teacher is communicating directly to the learner. Participants in the JHS INSET are
trained how to unpack the standards and competencies from the K-12 curriculum guides
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MATHEMATICS 7

Module 1.1: Number and Number

Sense
MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Have you at a certain time asked yourself what would life have been like
without numbers? If yes, how have you pictured it? Do you picture it as a
progressive life? A life filled with technology? If so, why do you think that would be
the case?

Read on and discover how vital numbers are in our life.

MODULE LESSONS AND COVERAGE:

In studying this module, you will examine these questions when you take the
following lessons:

Lesson
Estimated
No. Title You’ll learn to…
Time

Describe and illustrate well-defined

sets, universal set, subsets and null
sets.

Define, describe and find the union,

intersection and complement of sets.
Lesson 1 BASIC IDEA 2 hrs
OF SETS
Describe, represent and compare the
different subsets of real numbers.

Use Venn-diagram to represent sets,

subsets, and set operations.

REAL Describe and illustrate the absolute

Lesson 2 NUMBER value of a number on a number line 5 hrs
SYSTEM as the distance of the number from 0.

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 Arrange real numbers in increasing
or decreasing order.

Perform fundamental operations on

integers: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division

State and illustrate the different

properties of the operations on
integers.

Define and illustrate rational numbers

and arrange them on a number line.

Express rational numbers (both

repeating and terminating/non-
repeating and non-terminating) from
fraction form to decimal form and vice
versa.

Perform operations on rational

numbers and illustrate their
properties.

Define and illustrate irrational

numbers

Determine between what two

integers the square root of a number
is.

Describe principal roots and tell

whether they are rational or irrational.
Lesson 3 SQUARE 3 hrs
ROOTS Illustrate and graph irrational
numbers on a number line with and
without appropriate technology.

Estimate the square root of a number

to the nearest tenth.

SIGNIFICANT
Lesson 4 Define and illustrate significant digits 2 hrs
DIGITS

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 Determine the significant digits in a
given situations.

Define and illustrate scientific

SCIENTIFIC notation
Lesson 5 NOTATION 2 hrs
Write very large or very small
numbers in scientific notation.

Concept Map of the Module

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

Subsets
In
Scientific Properties
Notation

Real
Numbers
Significant
Digits Operations

Application
Square Roots to real-life
situations

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 Expected Skills

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

1) Answer all the exercises and process questions completely.

2) Study the explanations well.
3) Supplement yourself with other learning materials when available and
necessary.
4) Write down your thoughts to help you in processing information.
5) Keep in mind that your success in this module depends on how much effort you
put
into doing the activities in this module.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about numbers and
number sense. Answer the exercise below.

Exercise 1: Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items then click on “Submit” to see your score. Take note of the items
that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go
through this module.

1) If set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, which of the following sets is a subset of set A? (A)

A. B = { }
B. C = { 0, 1 }
C. D = { 1, 3, 6, }
D. E = { 2, 4, 8 }

2) Which of the following sentences describes the relationship illustrated in the

diagram? (M)

Integers
Counting Numbers

A. All integers are counting numbers.

B. All counting numbers are integers.
C. Counting numbers are not integers.
D. Some counting numbers are integers.

3. As part of your research work, you need to gather data in the specific subjects
enrolled by 228 students. Your research output will be presented to the panel
during your defense. Your data shows the following enrolment records
Biology = 86 students
Communication Arts = 89 students

Algebra = 145 students

Algebra and Biology = 24 students
Biology and Communication Arts = 16 students
Algebra and Communication Arts = 22 students
Algebra, Biology and Communication Arts = 15 students

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How many students are enrolled in only one subject? (T)

A. Algebra = 84, Biology = 31, Communication and Arts = 36

B. Algebra = 145, Biology = 86, Communication and Arts = 89
C. Algebra = 84, Biology = 79, Communication and Arts = 36
D. Algebra = 49, Biology = 62, Communication and Arts = 62

4. Which of the following shows the Associative Property of Integers? (A)

A. ( -4 + 5) + 9 = 9 + ( -4 + 5 )
B. -4 ( 5 + 9 ) = (-4)(5) + (-4)(9)
C. ( -4 + 5 ) + 9 = -4 + ( 5 + 9 )
D. ( -4 + 5 ) + 9 = 9 + ( 5 + -4)

5) Simplify . (A)
A. -3
B. -1/5
C. 3/5
D. 1

6. What operation is best to use to solve the problem below?

The water level in Ipo Dam is at 150.20 meters, which is above its overflow limit
of 100.87 meters. How much water must be released to put the dam in stable
water level? (M)

A. addition
B. subtraction
C. multiplication
D. division

7. As a student, you are asked to record your cash flow for the week as a
requirement in your Technology and Livelihood Education subject. Considering a
+ sign for the allowance received and – sign for the expenses incurred as shown
below, which figure would best represent the amount at the end of the week? (T)

+60, -45, +70, -52, +65, -48, +70,-55, +65, -42

A. -88
B. -98
C. 88
D. 98

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8. You are a bakery owner and you want to know if you have made a profit for the
day. You are given the following information: (T)
i. The daily wage of your employees is Php 500.00 each and you have 4
employees.
ii. The bakery sold 1000 pieces of bread at Php 5.00 each.
iii. Other operational expenses of the bakery amounts to Php 2000.00
Did the bakery make a profit for the day?

A. Yes, the bakery made a profit of Php 1000.00 for the day.
B. Yes, the bakery made a profit of Php 2500.00 for the day.
C. No, the bakery just managed to break even for the day.
D. No, the bakery lost Php 500.00 for the day.

9. Perform the indicated operations. [(1/3 + 1/3) – ½][1/8 ÷ ¼] (A)

A. 1/12
B. 1/8
C. 1/6
D. 1/4

10. Which of the following is an irrational number? (A)

A. a repeating terminating decimal
B. a repeating non-terminating decimal
C. a non-repeating non-terminating decimal
D. a non-repeating terminating decimal

11. You want to buy your mother a gift worth Php 200. If your daily allowance is
Php 100.00, which of the following would let you save for the gift in the least
number of days? (M)
A. saving 1/5 of your daily allowance
B. saving 2/5 of your weekly (5 school days) allowance
C. saving 0.3 of your daily allowance
D. saving 0.15 of your weekly allowance

12. A rich man died without leaving a will. As such, his widow will get half of the
inheritance and the rest will be equally divided among his five children. What part
of the inheritance will each child get? (M)
A. 1/20
B. 1/10
C. 1/5
D. ½

13) Ana plans to buy a bag worth P 600.00. She receives a daily allowance of
P60.00 during school days. If she saves ¼ of her allowance, how long would it take
her to buy a bag?
A. 20 days
B. 30 days

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C. 35 days
D. 40 days

14) What number has no real square root? (A)

A. odd
B. even
C. positive
D. negative

15) Which of the following is TRUE? (A)

A.
B.
C.
D.

16) What is the answer when you simplify? (A)

A. 16
B. 26
C.
D.

17) Which of the following has two significant digits?

A. 0.024
B. 2.40
C. 24.03
D. 243

18) Which is the scientific notation of 42,000? (A)

A. 42 x 103
B. 4.2 x 104
C. 42 x 10-3
D. 4.2 x 10-4

19) Ana was given the following distances ( in km) measured individually by 5
runners in a recently held fun run in Pasig as follows; 5.67, 1.1, 0.9378 and 7.73.
having observed that each measurement differs in the number of significant digits,
how should Ana express the average in relation to significant digits? (M)
A. the average is rounded off to 4 significant digits
B. the average is rounded off to 3 significant digits
C. the average is rounded off to 2 significant digits
D. the average is rounded off to 1 significant digits

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20) You are an aspiring astronomer. Your mentor has tasked you to research the
distances of different planets from the sun. Which is the most efficient way to
represent your data?(T)
A. use of scientific notation
B. use of standard notation
C. use of exponential notation
D. use of expanded notation

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Lesson 1: The Basic Idea of Sets

 
 

Let us start the module by doing the Think-Pair-Share activity. As you go

through this part, keep on thinking about this question: How does the classification of
numbers help us solve daily life problems?

ACTIVITY 1. Group Me!

Using the numbers -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, form 3 different
groups of numbers according to the kind of description you would like to label
each group. Complete the table below and answer the study questions that
follow. Then click ‘SUBMIT” to check your answers.

GROUP OF NUMBERS DESCRIPTION

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Teacher’s answer to the activity:
Answers here may vary depending on how you decided to group and label your
answers. For example, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are whole numbers less than 10; -1, -
2,-3,-4 are negative integers greater than -5; 1,3,5,7,9 are odd numbers less than
10; 2,4,6,8 are even numbers less than 9; 1,2,4,8 are factors of 8.

Study Questions:
1. How many groups did you make?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. How did you group the numbers? What guided you?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Is there a right way of classifying numbers? Explain.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. Where in daily life do you find yourself classifying numbers? How often
do we do this task?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. Is classifying numbers important for computation? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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On your own, you tried to group and label the given numbers.
Let’s find out how to classify these numbers by doing the next part.

 
 

You just tried doing a simple activity on classifying numbers. Your

goal in this section is to learn the different types of
classification.
Reflect on the question:

How would you determine the appropriate type of classification

needed to solve real-life problems?

Types of classification

1. DISCRETE Classification involves dividing objects (or concepts) into groups

such that there is no overlap between the groups. Any single item is a member of
only one group at a time.

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2. OVERLAPPING Classification involves as its name implies, dividing objects (or
concepts) into groups such that some items belongs to more than one group
simultaneously.

3. HIERARCHICAL Classification involves the groups being placed one inside

another.

Given different objects such as orchid, gumamela, apple, pechay, orange, durian,
Cabbage and strawberry, you can classify them as fruits, flowers, and vegetables
using discrete classification.

? ? ?

FRUITS FLOWERS VEGETABLES

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 Knowing the names of the varsity players in your school, you can classify them
using overlapping classification. Who are these players who are good in basketball
only? Who are good in soccer only? Who are good in baseball only?
Who are these players who are good in soccer and also in basketball? Who are
these players who can play baseball and basketball? Who can play baseball and
soccer? Is there anybody who can be a soccer, baseball and basketball varsity?

SOCCER
?

? ?
?
?
?
?
BASEBALL BASKETBALL
LL

Given sets of numbers like 0, 1, 2, 3, -2, -3, -4, 4, 5, 6 and -1: You can classify
them using hierarchical classification. Which numbers here are counting numbers?
Which are whole numbers? Which are integers? Are counting numbers whole
numbers? Are whole numbers integers?

COUNTING
NUMBERS
WHOLE
NUMBERS
INTEGERS

? ?
?

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Try This!

ACTIVITY 2. Classifying concepts using appropriate type of

classification.

Consider the three types of classification. Classify the given concepts in A, in B,

and in C.

A. Squares, Circles, Triangles

B. Integers, Whole numbers, Rational numbers
C. Using Numbers 1 to 20: Prime numbers, Even numbers, Multiples of 12

Create a discrete classification using the concepts in A, overlapping classification

using concepts in B and hierarchical classification using concepts in C. Then click
“SUBMIT” to check your answers.

Write your answers here:

ACTIVITY 3. Journal Writing – Recording one’s thoughts/feelings

Write a brief description of how to create or make a discrete, overlapping and

hierarchical classification of concepts/objects. Then click “SAVE”.

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 You gave your initial idea on how concepts/objects are classified. Your
goal in this section is to enhance your learning and understanding of key
concepts of sets and its operation, and subsets of real numbers using Venn
diagrams.
Remember to focus on these questions:
How can one organize and represent information to be processed and
learned using set concepts and operations?
How can we solve real-life problems using these concepts?

Classifying things is putting things in a set. Do this in the next activity.

ACTIVITY 4. Describing a set

List down the following and make a description for each group:
Group A: Three classroom objects
Group B: Four favorite fruits
Group C: Three favorite flowers

Group’s Description:

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Answer the question:
1. When can we say that a collection of things is well-defined?
Given the two collections below, which of the two collections is a set? Justify your
answer.
a. The collection of the three best TV programs.
b. The collection of cabinet secretaries presently serving in our
government.

Justification!

A set is a well-defined collection of items/objects. “Well-defined” means that we

can decide whether the object does or does not belong to the set. Each item is
called an element or a member of the set.

A set is usually named with a capital letter and maybe defined in three ways:

1. Roster or listing method. This is done by listing the elements of a set. For
example a set of ball games may be written as
A = { basket ball, volley ball, baseball, soccer, foot ball}

2. Description notation or Rule Method. This is done by writing the elements of

a set with the use of a descriptor. For example, B = {x| x is scenic spot in the
Philippines}. This is read as “the set B contains the element x such that x is
a scenic spot in the Philippines.”

The elements are separated by commas and enclosed in braces. If the

number of elements is a set is large, we can write only enough elements to
establish a pattern.
S = { 0,2,4,6,…,18}

In set S, the three dots indicate that the pattern continues through 18, but the
numbers between 6 and 18 are not listed.

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1. A set may also be defined by stating a property which its elements must
satisfy. This is called the rule method. To do this we can use the set-builder
notation form of a set.

Example: Set W is a set of whole numbers

If “x “ represent any whole number, we present this as
W = { x/x is a whole number }

Read as “ the set of all x such that x is a whole number.”

To show that 5 is an element of the set W, write 5  W read as “ 5 is an

element of the set W” and to indicate that 4.3 is not an element of set W, write
4.3W.

Exercise 1. Define each set in roster notation.

1. whole numbers less than 15

________________________________________________________________

2. vowels in the name Figueroa

________________________________________________________________

3. integers greater than -4

________________________________________________________________

4. months having 30 days

________________________________________________________________

5. whole numbers greater than 3

________________________________________________________________

6. whole numbers less than 7

________________________________________________________________

7. natural numbers less than 10

________________________________________________________________

8. consonants in the name Kenneth

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________________________________________________________________

9. days of the week

________________________________________________________________

10. set of whole numbers

________________________________________________________________

 
 

We previously defined what a set is. We now describe other

terms related to it.
Remember to focus on these questions:
How the types of classification facilitate the organization and
processing of information to solve real-life problems?
How can one organize and represent information to be processed and
learned ?
How can these terms related to sets be used to understand the
operations of sets?

UNIVERSAL SET:

Note that when all the sets in a discussion are subsets of a given
set, we call that “over-all” set the universe or the universal set (U) of the discussion.
When you are talking about whole numbers, the universe is { 0,1,2,3,…}. In any
discussion, it is important to know what the universe is. An infinite set is a well-
defined collection of items/objects (elements cannot be counted or listed) as the
set of whole numbers or the set of real numbers. It can be finite set (elements can
be counted or listed) such as { a,e,i,o,u }.

Exercise 2. Tell whether each of the following sets is finite or infinite:

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1. { 0, 3, 6, 9,…}
_______
____
2. { 1, 2, 3,…, 7, 8 }
_______
____
3. { 9, 10, 11, 12,…}
_______
____
4. { 2, 8, 6, 7 }
_______
____
5. { 8, 10. 12,…,20, 22}
_______
____
6. W = { the set of whole numbers}
_______
____
7. L = { the set of whole numbers less than 7 }
_______
____

ACTIVITY 5. Defining a null or empty set

Consider the following sets:

A = set of weeks containing 8 days
B = set of letters in the word “door” that are also in the word “maybe”
C = set of digits in the numeral “584” that are also in the numeral “10,396

Questions to Answer:

What are the elements of set A? set B? and set C?

What did you notice in your answers?
What do you call this type of set?

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A null or an empty set is a set with no elements. Ø is a symbol used to denote
an empty of null set.

SUBSETS

LET US EXPLORE:

Does every person living in Mindanao live in Davao City? No. But everyone lives
in Davao City lives in Mindanao. We describe the relationship by saying that the
set of people living in Davao City is the subset of (in symbol,  ) the set of people
living in Mindanao.

{The people living in Davao City }  {The people living in Mindanao }

The diagram below illustrates this statement.

{The people living in Cagayan de Oro City }  { The people living in Mindanao}.
What else can you consider as a subset of the set of people living in Mindanao?
Can you consider yourself as a part of the subset of the people living in Mindanao?
Why or why not?
{The people living in Luzon }  { the people living in Mindanao }. Can you
name/list some sets that are not subsets of the people living in Mindanao? What
are these sets?

How many subsets of the set S = {a, b, c } can you identify? To find these subsets
is to form them by choosing elements of S. For example, if you choose the
elements a and b, you form the subset { a, b }. If you decide to choose all the
elements of S, you obtain { a, b, c } , which is S itself. Thus, S  S. It is called an

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improper subset. The other subsets of a set are called proper subsets. What
happens if you choose no element of S at all? You form a set with no elements.
Thus if S is any set whatever, then Ø is a subset of S.

Exercise3. List down the subsets of the following sets and indicate the number
of subsets for each set.
1.{ a }
Subsets:
_______________________________________________________
Number of Subsets:
______________________________________________
2. { a, b }
Subsets:
_______________________________________________________
Number of Subsets:
______________________________________________
3. { a, b, c }
Subsets:
_______________________________________________________
Number of Subsets:
______________________________________________
4. { a, b, c, d }
Subsets: ______________________________________________________
Number of Subsets: _____________________________________________

Questions:
a. How did you determine the number of subsets?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________
b. Give a set with n elements, how many subsets can you form?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________
c. How will you check if your formula is correct?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________

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In exercise 3 , you see that the number of subsets of a set with n

elements is 2n.
Apply the formula you have derived in the next exercise.

Exercise 4.
Determine the number of subsets for the following sets:
1. { } or ____________
2. { 1 } ____________
3. { 1, 2, 3 } ____________
4. { 1, 2, 3, 4 } ____________
5. A set of 5 elements or members ____________
6. A set of 6 elements ____________

Write yes or no to tell whether the first set is a subset of the second set.
1. { 2, 4 } ;{ 2, 4, 6 } ____________
2. { 5, 7 }; { 1, 7, 8 } ____________
3.{1, 2, 3, 5 }; { 1, 2, 3, 5 } ____________
4.{ }; { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 } ____________
5. { 7 }; { 3, 5, 7 } ____________
6. { 1, 3, 5 }; { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ____________
7. { 3, 4, 5 }; { 1, 2, 3, 4,… } ____________
8. { 7, 9 }; { 1, 3, 5, 9, 11 } ____________
9. {2, 4, 6 }; { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,.. } ____________
10. { 3, 4 }; { 3, 4 } ____________

 
 

You learned sets, its subsets and its operations. Now, let’s
apply what you have learned to the set of real numbers. You know pretty well
that sets of numbers are important in Mathematics. The next exercises will
determine how well you can recall the different subsets of the set of real
numbers.

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Exercise 5. Identify or name the following sets of numbers:

1. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…} ___________
2. { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,…} ___________
3. { 2, 3, 5 7, 11, 13,…} ___________
4. { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…} ___________
5. { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,…} ___________
6. { 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12,..} ___________
7. { …, -4, -3. -2, -1 } ___________
8. { √2, √3, √5,…} ___________
9. { set of fractions} ___________
10.{ set of decimals} ___________
11. { …, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} ___________

Most set of numbers are parts of other sets of numbers. Venn

diagrams (invented by John Venn, an English mathematician) are
used to show relationship between sets. Venn drew a rectangular
region to represent the universal set U. He used circular regions
within the rectangle to represent subsets of U. The diagram below shows
how counting numbers, whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers
are related.

Diagram # 1

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Questions to Answer:

1. How does the set of counting numbers differ from the set of whole numbers?
2. How would you describe the relationships of the sets of numbers as illustrated
in the diagram?

Exercise 6.

Classify the following numbers as counting numbers, whole numbers, integers,

and rational numbers. Put a √ mark.

Counting Whole Rational

Integers
Numbers Numbers Numbers
0
2
-3
1¾
1.5

Classify the following numbers as rational, irrational, or real numbers. Put a √ mark.

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Real Numbers

2/3
7
0
2.6
√2
√3
√5

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Questions to Answer:

1. Which rational number is an integer but not a whole number?

2. Which set/s of numbers are/is subset/s of whole numbers?
3. Which are subsets of integers?
4. Which are subsets of Rational numbers?
5. Which are subsets of Irrational Numbers?

 
 

We are done with the basic idea of sets as well as subsets of the set
of real numbers. Answer the next activities.
For you to be guided, keep in mind these questions:
How the types of classification facilitate the organization and processing
of information to solve real-life problems?
How can one organize and represent information to be processed and
learned ?
How can we solve real-life problems using these concepts?

ACTIVITY 6.

Answer the following questions.

1. How many counting numbers less than 50 are even and not composite.
2. How many counting numbers less than 50 are both even and composite?
3. What is the intersection of the set of integers and the set of positive numbers?
4. What is the union of the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational
numbers?
5. What is the union of zero and the set of natural numbers?
6. Find three types of numbers that are subsets of one other type of numbers.
7. Find two types of numbers that are subsets of at least two other types of
numbers.
8. A student council representative surveyed 100 students to find what type of
refreshments they purchased at basketball games. The results of the survey are
shown below.

S = the set of students surveyed

C = the set of students who purchased candy bars
D = the set of students who purchased soft drinks

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 How many students surveyed purchased neither candy bars nor soft drinks?
A. 42 B. 30 C. 22 D. 8 E. 6

S 6
D
C
30 42
22

 
 

We are done discussing the subsets of real numbers. Let’s

now move on to the operations of sets. One of these is the union of sets.
How the subsets of the set of real numbers are can be illustrated in the
operations of sets?

UNION (OR SUM ) OF SETS:

Exercise 7. Defining Union of Sets

Consider the situation below.

A Club Merger.

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The Mathematics club and the Science Club at GSC High School held a joint
meeting to discuss plans to combine the two groups. Only members of one or the
other of these groups were admitted to the meeting.

Given the following facts, tell which of the students, Ana, Ben, Cathy and
Dante, were allowed into the meeting.

Ana belonged to the Mathematics Club but not to the Science Club.
Ben belonged to the Science Club but not to the Mathematics Club.
Cathy belonged to both clubs.
Dante belonged to neither clubs.
Justify your answer.

Write answers here.

Two or more sets can be combined to form new sets. Two of these
new sets are the union (sum of sets) and intersection (product) of
the sets. These sets are best illustrated using the Venn diagrams.

Diagram #2 ( yellow green color) Diagram #3 ( green color)

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 How would you describe the union of two sets? How would you describe the
intersection of two sets.
A union B , written as (AUB), is the set consisting of all elements that are found in
A or in B or in both.
AUB = { x/x € A or x € B }

Using the diagram #4 below, find CUD by listing the elements or members.

C U D =?

Diagram #4

Answer: C U D = {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10}

Questions to Answer:
1. How are the elements of the union of two or more sets determined?
2. In what real-life situations will this idea of the union of sets make sense?

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Let’s now move to the next operation of sets.

INTERSECTION (OR PRODUCT) OF SETS: ????

Exercise 8. Defining Intersection of Sets

Consider the situation below.

An insurance agency began a sales campaign to win new customers. During the
first week of the campaign 15 new customers bought fire insurance and 25 new
customers bought auto-mobile insurance. However, the agency counted only 36
new customers during the week. How did the agency manager explain the
difference between the number of new customers and the number of insurance
policies issued to new customers?

Answer box:

Given any sets, whether they are sets of insurance policy holders
, sets of numbers, or sets of other objects, it is often useful to ask,
“What members, if any, do the sets have in common?” The set
containing elements common to two or more sets is called the intersection
of sets.
Definition:
The intersection of A and B, written as A∩B, is the set consisting of all
elements that are found in both sets A and B.
In symbols we write this as
A∩B = { x / x € A and x € B }

Referring to diagram 4, find C∩D by listing the members.

Answer: { 2,4 }

Study further the examples below.

Given sets: A = { 1, 3, 5 }, B = { 3, 6 } and C = { 2, 4 }.

Find:
a. AUC b. AUB c. A∩B d. A∩C e. (A∩B)UC

Solution:

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 AUC is the set of those elements that are in A, in C or in both sets.
{ 1, 3, 5 } U { 2, 4 } = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
AUB is the set of those elements that are in A, in B or in both sets. Common
elements are listed only once. Thus, { 1, 3, 5 } U { 3, 6 } = { 1, 3, 5, 6 }.
So, AUB= { 1, 3, 5, 6 }

A∩B is the set of elements common in A and B. The only element common to both
A and B is 3. { 1, 3, 5 } ∩ {3, 6} = { 3 }. So, A∩B = { 3 }.
A∩C have no element in common. So, A∩C = Ø.
(A∩B)UC = { 3 }U{2, 4}. So, (A∩B)UC = { 2, 3, 4 }

Questions to Answer:
1. How are elements of the intersection of two or more sets determined?
2. In what particular situation in real life will this idea apply?

Another operation on sets is finding their complements. Let’s now find out what the
complement of a set is all about and where in real life can we see this concept at
work.

COMPLEMENT OF THE SET ( OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS)

Look at the diagram below. What are the elements of U? What are the
possible subsets? Is set A a subset of U? What are elements of U that are not
elements of A? These elements comprise the complement of a set. In set-builder
notation, AC or A’ = { x/ x  U and x  A }. In the diagram below, AC or
A’ = { 1, 2, 5 }

Diagram #5
U
5 A
4 1
2
3

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 If U is the universal set, the complement of S with respect to U is written as Sc or
S’ ( read as “S prime“ ) is the set consisting of all elements of U that cannot be
found in S. If U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } and S = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, what do you
think are the elements of S’ or SC ?

For further readings about the lesson, visit

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0861028.html

 
 

You just learned the basic operations of sets . Check your

understanding by doing the following activities.

ACTIVITY 7.

Let U = { 1, 2, 3, …,19, 20 }; A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 }

B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, … , 18 } and D = Ø

Find the following:

1. AC or A’ ____________
2. BC or B’ ____________
3. A∩B ____________
4. B∩C ____________
5. BUC ____________
6. CUD ____________
7. AUB ____________
8. (A∩B)∩C ____________
9. A∩(BUC) ____________
10. CU(B∩A) ____________

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 Questions to Answer:
1. How’s your understanding of the types of classification helps you in doing the
operations of sets?
2. How can you apply your understanding of the operations of sets to solve real -
life problems? In what particular situation?

In the next activity you will be asked to do set operations given a Venn diagram to
describe the relationships of sets. Probe into your understanding of set operations
by doing the activity.

ACTIVITY 8.

Refer to the diagram below, and name the members/elements of each of the
following sets.
Click to
add text
U

R
10
4
7
2
3 1 5
0 S
T 9 6
Click to
8 Click to
add text add text

1. RUS ____________
2. RUT ____________
3. TUS ____________
4. UUR ____________
5. TUU ____________
6. RUR ____________
7. (RUS)UT ____________
8. RU(SUT) ____________
9. (S∩T)UR ____________

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10. (R∩S)UT ____________

Question to Answer:
1. In what situation can this concept of operations of sets be useful?

To further enhance your understanding of operations of sets, Visit:

http://math4children.com/Grade3/quizzes/sets/Sets-
elements,%20intersections,%20union,%20complement/index.html

This website is an interactive quiz on operations of sets. Just click the start
button to begin and click on “submit” if you are done answering the items.

http://ilc.upmin.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid
=48
This website helps the learner to identify the different set operations. Click the
next button and click the link of the desired page you want to open.

 
 

END OF FIRM-UP
In this section, the discussion was about the basic idea of sets.
You also learned the basic operations of sets and this experience gives
you an idea about representing, organizing and processing information
to help you solve real-life problems.

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Your goal in this section is to take a closer look on how the

concepts of sets can be used as a tool for processing information to
address some problems in real-life situation.
For your guidance, keep in mind these questions:
How do you classify the given sets of information?

Exercise 9: Answer the given problems.

1. Suppose there are 36 students in a class. Of those students, 8 plays in the band,
12 sing in the choir, and 5 are in both the band and the choir. How many of the 36
students are in neither group? Show your answer by completing the Venn diagram
below.

2. Suppose that in your homeroom class 8 students are on the basketball team
and 11 students are on the soccer team. Five of the students are on both teams.
Another twelve students are not on either teams. How many students are there in
the class? Show your answer by completing the diagram below.

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 BASKET-
SOCCER
BALL

3. Draw a Venn diagram to solve the problem below.

Twenty-four students are on tour of the United Nations building. Twelve of

these students speak Russian, six speak German, and fifteen speak Spanish.
Only one student speaks all three languages. Two speak Russian and German,
and two different students speak German and Spanish. How many students
speak Russian and Spanish, but not German?
Draw diagram here:

4. Put the given numbers in groups using discrete, overlapping, and hierarchical
groups as appropriate.

A possible set of numbers is:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 16, 16.75, 17, 18, 19

Use the space below for your answers:

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 Questions to Answer:

1. How would you describe your classification?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________
2. What categories were used to classify the numbers?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________
3. How’s your classification skills help you solve real- life problems?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________

Reflection Log:
Describe in your journal your thinking processes while you were doing this
exercise. That is, how did you think of different possibilities? How did you decide
that they were correct or not?

Journal Writing

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 Complete the concept map below summarizing the subsets of real
numbers.

 
 

END OF DEEPEN
In this section, the discussion was about concepts of sets as a tool for processing
information and illustrating the use of this tool in addressing real-life problems. What
new realization do you have about the topic? What new connections have you made for
yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the lesson, you are ready to do the task
in the next section.

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Before you begin this section, recall the question asked at the start of
this module: How do the types of classification facilitate the organization and
processing of information to solve real-life problems? The transfer section of
the module will help guide you in determining the best answer to the question.

Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life situations. You will be
given a practical task that will demonstrate your understanding.

A kinder school canteen manager surveyed 100 pupils to find the most
saleable sandwich and most saleable juice drink available in the canteen. The
result of the survey is shown below.

Number of pupils Type of Sandwich Purchased

10 chicken and egg

6 chicken and tuna
3 tuna and egg
5 chicken, tuna and egg
22 tuna
20 egg
24 chicken

Juice drink purchased

32 orange
20 pineapple
34 iced tea
1 orange and pineapple
3 iced tea and pineapple
4 orange and iced tea

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 Questions to Answer:
1. How many pupils surveyed did not purchase any sandwich? Any juice drink?
2. Which is the most salable sandwich? Juice drink?
3. How did the task help you see the real world use of the topic?

Write below a report on how you answered the problem. Refer to the given rubric
as your guide.

Written Report:

RUBRIC

STANDARDS 4 3 2 1
Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning
Feasibility The proposal The proposal The proposal The proposal
reflects an reflects an reflects reflects very
efficient use efficient use of unnecessary inefficient
of capital, capital, use of use of
projects a projects a capital, capital,
highly sustainable projects a projects
profitable income/profit, break-even negative
income and and suggests return, and returns, and
suggests a a good suggests a suggests a
prime business problematic remote and
business location. business inaccessible
location. location. location.

Accuracy of Financial Financial Financial Financial

data details of the details of the details of the details of the
business plan business plan business business are
are computed are computed plan have missing.
accurately accurately. some errors
and free from Computations

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 errors. It are free from in the
shows step- errors. computation.
by-step
computations
that are easy
to follow.

Relevance The The The The

and development development development development
Application of of the plan of the plan of the plan of the plan
Unit Concepts shows shows careful shows shows
thoughtful, and appropriate irrelevant and
careful and appropriate application of erroneous
appropriate application of a few of the application of
application of at least half of concepts a limited
the majority of the concepts learned in the number of
the concepts learned in the unit. concepts
learned in the unit. However, learned in the
unit. certain errors unit.
are present
in the
application.

 
 

In this section, your task was to solve real-life problems using Venn diagrams. How did
you find the task? Write your answer by accomplishing the 3-2-1 chart below.

Questions to Answer: How’ are your classification skills? What can you now say
about your understanding of the concepts of sets? How can sets be useful to
solving real-life problems?
3-2-1-CHART

3 Things I Learned In This Lesson…

2 Things I Found Interesting…

1 Question I still Have…

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You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next

lesson, you have to answer the following post-assessment.

Your knowledge of the types of classification, the basic idea of sets and the
different subsets of real numbers prepares you for a more challenging task of
exploring numbers and number sense in the next lessons of this module. The use
of Venn diagrams is a big help in classifying information that are needed to solve
some real-life problems.

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POST - ASSESSMENT

 
 

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer
that you think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you
answer all items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your
score is not at the expected level, you have to go back and take the module
again.
.

DIRECTION: Determine what is being asked by the given statements. Choose

the best answer among the given choices.

(A)
1) How many subsets will a set of 5 elements have?
A. 10
B. 25
C.32
D. 64

(M)
2) Where does each of the following real numbers belong on the Venn Diagram?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Prime Even

A.* 5 2 4
11 8
7
3 10
6
9

Multiples of 3

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 Prime Even

B. 5 4
11 8
7
2 3 10
6
9

Multiples of 3

Prime Even

C. 4 2 5
8
10 7
3
6
9

Multiples of 3

Prime Even

D. 2

3
6

Multiples of 3

(T)
3) As a canteen-in-charge , you are to make a survey of the food preferred by 30
nursery pupils as preferred for their Christmas Party options. The result will be
presented to their class and class adviser. Your survey shows the following;
Spaghetti = 18 pupils
Sandwich = 15 pupils
Palabok = 13 pupils

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 Spaghetti and Sandwich = 6 pupils
Sandwich and Palabok = 3 pupils
Spaghetti and Palabok = 3 pupils
Sandwich, Spaghetti and Palabok = 2

How many students preferred spaghetti?

A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7

4) Which of the following shows the Distributive Property of integers? (A)

A. 6x ( 4 + y ) = ( 6x + 4 ) ( 6x + y )
B. ( 6x + 4 ) + y = 6x + ( 4 + y )
C. 6x ( 4 + y ) = ( 4 + y ) 6x
D. 6x ( 4 + y ) = 6x ( 4 ) + 6x ( y )

5) Which should be done first in the process of subtracting integers with unlike
signs? (A)
A. add integers with unlike signs
B. Subtract integers with unlike signs
C. Change the sign of the subtrahend
D. follow the rules of addition

6) Which of the following statements is false? (M)

A. (-2)(-2)(-2) = -6
B. (-6)(-5)(1) = 30
C. (-11)(2)(1) = -22
D. (-3)(3)(-2) = 18

(T)
7) You are a nursing aid of MG hospital asked to closely monitor a 5-minute
interval of a patient’s temperature in the emergency room. The initial body
temperature as recorded at 4:00pm was 39°C. Your monitoring noted the following;
up 1°C, down 5°C, up 3°C, up 1°C, down 2°C, down 2°C and up 5°C. What is the
patient’s body temperature at 4:35pm?
A. 35°C
B. 37°C
C. 38°C
D. 40°C

8. You are a business owner and you want to know if you have made a profit for
the month. You are given the following information:

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 i. The monthly salary of your employees is Php 8000.00 each and
you
have 5 employees.
ii. The store rent is Php 20000.
iii. Utilities expenses amount to Php 20000.00
iv. 100 pieces of your product were sold at Php 1000.00 each.

Did your business make a profit for the month? (T)

A. Yes, the business made a profit of Php 100000.00 for the month.
B. Yes, the business made a profit of Php 20000.00 for the month.
C. No, the business just managed to break even for the month.
D. No, the business lost Php 40000.00 for the month.

9. Perform the indicated operations. (3/4 ÷1/2) + (1/3 • 6/5) – 4/5 (A)
A. 1/7
B. 6/7
C. 9/10
D. 11/10

10. Which of the following is an irrational number? (A)

A. 2/3
B. 2/5
C.
D.

11. You want to save up to buy an item worth Php 500.00. If you earn Php
250.00 daily, which of the following would let you save for the item in the least
number of days?(M)
A. saving 1/10 of your daily earning
B. saving 1/5 of your earnings every 4 days
C. saving 0.2 of your daily earning
D. saving 0.3 of your earnings every 6 days

12. A capitalist is investing 50 million pesos in putting up a chain of stores. 20

million of the capital is to be spent for the main store and the rest to be spent
equally for the 6 store branches. What part of the capital will each store branch
get? (M)
A. 1/10
B. 1/7
C. 1/5
D. 3/5

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13. You are going to put up a business that needs a capital of Php 800,000. You
already have 1/4 of the needed capital and there are 5 investors willing to
contribute equally for the rest. How much should each of the investor contribute?
(T)
A. Php 50,000
B. Php 80,000
C. Php 120,000
D. Php 150,000

14) What is the simplified form of ? (A)

A. 2
B. 20
C. 900
D. 90

15) Which of the following is TRUE? (M)

A. The principal root of 0 is ± 0.
B. Each odd real number has no real square root.
C. Every positive number has two square roots.
D. The symbol is called radicand.

16) Perimeter of a polygon is computed by adding the measurement of all the

sides.
Given the triangle below, find its perimeter. (T)

A.
B.
C. 53
D. 23

17) Which is NOT a significant digit? (A)

A. a non zero digit
B. a zero placed before a non zero digit
C. a zero placed between two non zero digit
D. a zero placed after a non zero digit but after a decimal point

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18) Which of the following shows a correct way of writing scientific notation? (A)

A. 0.40 x 102
B. 4.00 x 102
C. 14.50 x 102
D. 0.40 x 102

19) Which scenario results to a number whose digits are all significant? (M)
A. measuring the distance from A to B
B. converting centimeters to meters
C. multiplying multiples of 10
D. giving a number with placeholder

20) In chemistry, which of the following quantities is best expressed in scientific

notation? (T)
A. atomic mass
B. electron mass
C. empirical mass
D. atomic weight

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Discrete Classification- involves dividing objects (or concepts) into groups such
that there is no overlap between the groups. Any single item is a member of only
one group at a time.
Overlapping Classification- involves as its name implies, dividing objects (or sets
concepts) into groups such that some items belongs to more than one group
simultaneously
Hierarchical Classification-in here, the groups are placed one inside another.
set -is a well-defined collection of items/objects.
Venn diagrams -(invented by John Venn, an English mathematician) are used to
show relationship between sets.
Universal set – a set containing all elements under consideration.
Finite Set – a set which elements are counted.
Infinite Set – a set which elements are not counted.
Null Set – a set with no elements
Union of sets – two or more sets combined to form a new set
Intersection of sets A and B – a set consisting of all elements that are found
In both sets A and B
Complement of set S – is the set consisting of all elements of U that cannot be
found in S

WEBSITE RESOURCES REFERENCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

Wooton, Dolciani & Beckenbach. Modern School Mathematics Structure and

Method Course 1. (pp 6 – 30)
Lynch & Olmstead. Math Matters Book 3 An Integrated Approach (pp 12 – 15)
Jacobs, Russel I & Meyer, Richard A. Mathematics 2 Discovery and Practice (pp
35 – 40)
http://math4children.com/Grade3/quizzes/sets/Sets-
elements,%20intersections,%20union,%20complement/index.html
An interactive Math Quiz on set operation
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0861028.html
Further readings about sets
http://ilc.upmin.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid
=48
This explains sets and set operations and provides interactive formative quiz of
the same topic.

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Lesson 2: Real Number System

LESSON INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

(Initial motivational statements and questions will be given for students to
focus on.)

Numbers are everywhere and we can use them anytime, most

especially in counting and simple operations. But have you ever wondered
how we arrive with the correct answer when we operate numbers? What
are the rules or properties when we do operations on real numbers? How
do we use these properties get right outcomes? What do these properties
show about real numbers? How can the knowledge of real numbers help us
solve problems in daily life? Let us find the answer in this topic.

LESSON COVERAGE:
This lesson has the following topics:

Estimated
Title You will learn to…
Time

Illustrate the
2.1 Properties of Real
different properties 3 hours
Numbers
of real number

2.2.Operation on
3 hours
Integers

2.3 Rational Numbers 3 hours

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 Concept Map of the Lesson
Here is a simple illustration of the topics you will cover in this

REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Operations on Integers
Properties of Real
Numbers

Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers

Expected Skills
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Complete all the given exercises properly. Read and follow directions
carefully.
2. Take note of important details, processes and methods in each lesson.
3. Go back to the lesson if you can’t answer the given exercises.
4. Be persevering and study hard.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about properties of real number.
Answer the exercise below.

Exercise 1: Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, click “Submit” to see your score.
Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for
the right answer as you go through this lesson.

1. - 4 + 4 = 0. Which property is illustrated by this equation?

A. Inverse Property
B. Identity Property
C. Commutative Property
D. Associative Property

2) Emy simplifies the expression (12+14)+16. What property allows her to add 14
and 16?
A. Commutative Property
B. Closure Property
C. Associative Property
D. Distributive Property

3) If four boys and 6 girls paid P50.00 for a concert ticket, what allows you to put
the total amount spent as 4(P50.00) + 6(P50.00)?
A. Commutative Property
B. Closure Property
C. Associative Property
D. Distributive Property

4) Which statement is TRUE for Closure Property?

A. Shows how to multiply the sum of two numbers by a third number.
B. Assures that addition or multiplication of two real numbers can be done in any
order.
C. States that real numbers can be regrouped with respect to addition or
multiplication.
D. States that the result of doing basic operation on real numbers (except for
division by 0) is also a real number.

5) Which of the following equations is FALSE?

A. ( 6 x 4 ) + ( 6 x 3 ) = 6 ( 4 + 3 )
B. 3 + ( 5 + 4 ) = ( 3 + 5 ) + 4
C. (1/5) x (5) = 1

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D. 5/6 + 0 = 0

6) Properties of real numbers guide us in solving mathematical problems

correctly. Which of the
following statements will yield to an incorrect answer?
A. In multiplying the sum of two numbers by a third number, the addends
maybe be added first or multiply first to the addends and add the partial
products.
B. Division of real numbers, except division by 0, will yield a real number
quotient.
C. Real numbers can be divided in any order.
D. The product of multiplicative inverses is always 1.

1
7) What property is used to simplify 7

5  to 5 ? 
7 
A. Commutative and Associative Property
B. Associative and Distributive Property
C. Associative and Inverse Property
D. Commutative Property and identity Property

8) 15(1/15) = 1. What property guarantees that statement is true?

A. Inverse Property for Addition
B. Inverse Property for Multiplication
C. Identity Property for Addition
D. Identity Property for Multiplication

9) What property allows you to express 8m + 24 as 8(m+3)?

A. Inverse Property
B.Commutative Property
C.Identity Property
D. Distributive Property

10) A soup kitchen feeds typhoon survivors. One tables can accommodate 16
persons and another can accommodate 20 persons. They have 6 seatings in a
day. Using the distributive property, which expression below , represents the
number of survivors they feed everyday?
A. 6+16+20
B. 6+(16)+6+(20)
C. 6(16) +6(20)
D. 6+(16+20)

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Lesson 2.1 Properties of Real Numbers

As you go through this topic, keep on thinking about these

questions: What do these properties show about real numbers? How can the
knowledge of real numbers help us solve problems in daily life?

The real number system consists of a set of real numbers, relations between real
numbers, operations on real numbers and the properties which gives the rules for
manipulation of real numbers.

In this section you will investigate the properties of the real numbers. The two basic
operations are addition and multiplication. The operation of addition is denoted by
“+” and the operation of multiplication is denoted by “” or “”. If a and b are real
number “a+b” is the sum of a and b where a and b are terms in the sum. The real
number a b is the product of a and b. This product can also be written as a  b,
a(b), (a)(b) of ab.

Do the activities below to understand the properties of real numbers.

ACTIVITY 1. Real Numbers in Action

Read the problem below and answer the questions that follow:

Sports Club received a donation of P500.00 from Mr. Cruz and P320 from Mr.
Nieles. They collected a membership fee of P10.00 this school year from their 30
members. How much money did they receive from donations? How much
money did they collect from membership fee? How much money do they have in
all?

Questions:
a. What arithmetic operations will you do to answer the questions?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________
_______________________
b. What rules do you need to observe to make sure that your answers
are correct?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________

c. What are your answers?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________

To solve problems that involve numbers, we need to know rules on the different
operations to ensure that our computation is correctly done. These rules for the
different operations of real numbers are called its properties. In the next activity,
investigate commutatively in real life.

ACTIVITY 2. Commutativity in Real Life

A commutative process is one which can be reversed with no change in result.

Below are some processes in real life. Tell whether the process is commutative
or non-commutative by putting a check mark on the appropriate column.

Process Commutative Non-commutative

1. putting rice and pouring water on the
kettle before cooking
2. putting on a pair of socks and shoes on
ones feet
3. washing and ironing of clothes
4. cutting and measuring of cloth

Questions:

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 1. Why is it important to know if a process is commutative or non-
commutative?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________
2. Where else in real life is the concept of commutativity applied?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________
3. How is this concept applied in the operations of real numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________

4. Other than commutativity, what other properties govern the operations of

real numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________
5. How can you differentiate one property from the other?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________
6. Why is there a need to know the properties real numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________
How can the knowledge of real numbers help us solve problems in daily
life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________

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 End of EXPLORE:
You learned from the previous activity that real numbers are important in
real life. You also learned that there must be some rules or properties that need
to be observed to ensure correct outcomes when doing certain operations. To
further understand the properties of real numbers, do the activities and exercises
in the next sections.

Your goal in this section is to identify the different properties of real

number. By knowing the different properties, you will be guided on how to
manipulate real numbers and use them to solve different kinds of real life
problems involving real numbers.

In the next activity investigate the different properties of real numbers. The activity
is composed of five parts, in each part you will investigate one property of real
numbers.

Exercise 3. The Properties of Real numbers

The Commutative Property for Addition and Multiplication

Investigate if commutativity is a property of real numbers. In the

envelope given to you, get two numbers and find the sum.

1. Write down the exact sequence of the numbers you added and the sum.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________
2. Change the order of the numbers and add.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________
3. Compare the results. Does the order in which you added numbers affect the
results?
________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________
___________.4. Get another two numbers again. Do steps 1 to step 3.

Now, find the product of the two numbers that you have chosen.
1. Write down the exact sequence of the numbers you multiplied and the product.

________________________________________________________________
___
2. Change the order of the numbers and multiply.

3. Does the order in which you multiplied numbers affect the results?
________________________________________________________
_____________
4. Do step 1 to step 3 with your other two numbers.

Summarize your findings by completing the statements below.

If a and b are two numbers, then

a + b = ____________

a  b = ______________

Now, extend the process to subtraction and division of real numbers, then
answer the questions below.
Questions:
1. Is subtraction of real numbers commutative?
________________________________________________________

2. Give an example to illustrate your point.

________________________________________________________

3. Is division of real numbers commutative?

________________________________________________________

4. Give an example to illustrate your point.

________________________________________________________

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The Associative Property of Addition and Multiplication.

Complete the tables below and answer the questions that follow.
Table 1

Given Sum Given Sum

5 + (9+12) (5+9)+12
(13 + 8) + 20 13 +(8+20)
15 + (11 + 32) (15 +11) + 32

Questions:
1. Compare sums.
________________________________________________________

2. Did the changing of the groupings of numbers affect their sum?

____________________________________________________________
____
3. Write down your findings.
____________________________________________________________
____ .

Table 2

Column A Column B Column C Column D

Given Sum Given Sum
3 (5 10) (35)10
(11  2) 7 11  (2+7)
4  (6 + 9) (4 6) + 9

Questions:
1. Compare the products.
____________________________________________________________
_____
2. Did the changing of the groupings of numbers affect their product?
____________________________________________________________
_____
3. Write down your findings.

________________________________________________________________
_
Summarize your findings by completing the equations below.

If a, b and c are real numbers, then

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 a + (b+c) = ______________________

a(bc) = __________________________

The Distributive Property

Complete the table below.

Given Column Column C Column D Column E

B Results Results

3 (5 + 4) 3(9) 3(5) +3(4)

4 (11  2) 4(13) 4(11)+4(2)
2 (6 + 9) 2(6) 2(6)+2(9)

Questions:
1. Compare the results shown in column C and E?
________________________________________________________
2. Did multiplying the number to each of the addends change the results?
____________________-___________________________________
3. Write down your findings.
_______________________________________________________
Summarize your findings by completing the equations below.

If a, b and c are real numbers, then

a (b+c) = ______________________

The distributive property comes into play when an expression involves

both addition and multiplication. A longer name for it is, "the distributive property
of multiplication over addition." It tells us that if a term is multiplied by terms in
parenthesis, we need to "distribute" the multiplication over all the terms inside.

3(5  6)  (3  5)  (3  6)

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Even though order of operations says that you must add the terms inside the
parenthesis first, the distributive property allows you to simplify the expression by
multiplying every term inside the parenthesis by the multiplier. This simplifies the
expression.

Questions:

1. Can the distributive property be extended to more than two terms in the
grouping symbol?
____________________________________________________________

2. Cite an example to illustrate your point.

________________________________________________________________
____

3. Is the distributive property also true for multiplication of a number to the

difference of numbers?
_____________________________________________________________.

4. Cite an example to illustrate your

point._____________________________________

Exercise 1. Use the distributive property the results in the following operation

Given Process Result

1) 4(6+8)
2) -3(5+12)
3) 2(4 + 7+ 5)
4) 5[6 +(-3)]
5) -2(4+6)

The Identity Property

You will be given an envelope containing real numbers.

1. Pick a number from the envelope, and add zero to it.

________________________________________________________
2. Repeat this process with another number in the envelope.
________________________________________________________
3. Choose a number of your own, and add zero to it.
________________________________________________________
4. What happens when you add zero to a number?
________________________________________________________
5. Is there another real number such that when added to another number , the
result is the number itself?
________________________________________________________
6. Pick a number from the envelope again, and multiply it by one. Record the

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product.
________________________________________________________
7. Repeat this process with another number in the envelope.
________________________________________________________
8. Choose a number of your own, and multiply it by one.
________________________________________________________
9. What happens when you multiply a number by one?
________________________________________________________
10. Is there a number that possesses the same property as one? If there is, what
is this number? __________.

Summarize your findings by completing the equation below.

If a is a real number,

a + 0 = ___________________ 0 + a = ___________________

The identity property for addition tells us that zero added to any
number is the number itself. Zero is called the "additive identity." The
identity property for multiplication tells us that the number 1 multiplied
to any number gives the number itself. The number 1 is called the "multiplicative
identity."

Exercise 2. Complete the table below.

Value of Show that a+0 = a and o +a = a. Show that a1 = a and 1  a

a =a.
6
-4
1/2
0.5

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Inverse Property for Addition and Multiplication

1. Choose a number from the envelope, and add it to its opposite. Record the
result.
________________________________________________________

2. Choose another number from the envelope, and repeat step 1. Record the
result.
________________________________________________________

3. What sum do you get when you add a number and its opposite?
________________________________________________________

4. Choose a fraction from the envelope, and multiply it by its reciprocal. Record
the result.
________________________________________________________

5. Choose another fraction from the envelope, and repeat step 1. Record the
result.
________________________________________________________

6. What product do you get when you multiply a fraction and its reciprocal?
________________________________________________________

Summarize your findings by completing the equation below.

If a is a real number,

a + (-a) = ___________________ (-a) + a = ___________________

1 1
a  a
a ___________________ a ____________________

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The property says that when you add a number to its additive inverse, the result is
0. Other terms that are synonymous with additive inverse are negative and
opposite.
Example:
5  ( 5)  0

It also says that when you multiply a number by its multiplicative inverse the result
is 1. A more common term used to indicate a multiplicative inverse is the
reciprocal. A multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of a real number a (except 0) is
found by “flipping” a upside down. The numerator of a becomes the denominator
of the reciprocal of a and the denominator of a becomes the numerator of the
reciprocal of a.

When you take the multiplicative inverse , the sign of the original number remains
the same. If you change the sign when you take the reciprocal, you would get a -
1, instead of 1.

Exercise 3: Complete the diagram below by finding the additive and multiplicative
inverses of the given real number. Write your final answer in the box provided
then click “submit” to check your answer.

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 Questions:
1. In what way can your knowledge of the inverse property of real numbers
help you in doing the operations of real numbers?
2. Is there a real number with no additive inverse? If there is, what is it?
3. Is there a real number with no multiplicative inverse? What is that
number?

The Closure Property

Materials: Envelope containing real numbers.

1. Choose two numbers from the envelope, and add the numbers. Record the
result. Is the sum also a real number?
________________________________________________________

2. Are there real numbers whose sum is not a real number?

________________________________________________________

3. Choose another two numbers, and multiply. Record the result. Is the product
also a real number?
________________________________________________________

4. Are there two real numbers whose product is not a real number?
________________________________________________________

Summarize your findings by completing the statements below.

If a and b are real numbers, then

1) a+b is ______________________________________________________________
2) ab is _______________________________________________________________

Now extend. Is the set of real numbers closed under subtraction and division? Do
the investigation by completing the table below.

a b Subtraction Division
a-b a/b
5 3
4 -5

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 -2 -7
-6 9
8 0

Questions:
a. Is the difference of any two real numbers always a real number?
_____________________
b. Is the quotient of any two real numbers always a real number? If not, under
what condition is the quotient of two real numbers not a real
number?__________________________________

Summarize your findings by completing the statement below.

If a and b are real numbers, then

a+ b
a- b
ab
a/ b

For an in-depth know-how on properties of real numbers, visit the following

websites. Press Ctrl + Click on the following sites.

http://www.slideshare.net/sadiesattic/properties-real-numbers-basic-
presentation-583181
Provides a powerpoint presentation on the different properties of real
numbers.
(www.gooogle.com.ph)

http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/S2U2L1GL.html
Gives further discussion and additional examples regarding properties of
real numbers.

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 End of Firm Up
In this section, you acquired better understanding of the properties of real
numbers for addition and multiplication. In the next section, you also learned how
to use these properties in doing operations with real numbers.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at the uses of the properties
of real numbers.

ACTIVITY 3. Properties Challenge!

Test your understanding on the properties of real numbers with the following
exercises.

Access the website below to test your understanding of the topic. Your
goal is get 8 out of 10 questions correctly.
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AN1/PropPracTami.
htm
Provide an interactive practice test on the properties of real numbers.

Questions:
Try to answer the questions below before proceeding to the next activity.
1. How did you apply the different properties of real number in answering
the given exercises?
2. How can you differentiate one property from the other?
3. What does each of the properties show about real numbers?
a. Commutative Property
b. Distributive Property
c. Associative Property
d. Inverse Property
e. Identity Property
f. Closure Property

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Exercise 4: 3-2-1 – Recording one’s thoughts and feelings.

Fill-out the given 3-2-1 diagram with regards to this lesson.

3 things I learned 2 things that interest 1 question in mind

me
1) 1)
2) 2)
3)

ACTIVITY 4. Mastering the Properties of Real Numbers

Access the website given below and do the practice test to self-assess your
understanding of the properties of real numbers.
http://www.classzone.com/books/algebra_1/pdfs/1_02_6ec.pdf
Provides items for the test your understanding of the properties of real
numbers.

For the questions that you still have, you may go back to the websites cited
above and try to find the answer.

ACTIVITY 5. WHAT PROPERTY?

Name the property illustrated in each of the following. Write the property in
the space provided for the answer then click “Submit” to check your answer.

1. 5 (90) is a real number

2. ( 3/4 ) ( 4/3 ) = 1

3. -27 + 27 = 0

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4. 3 ( 12) = 12 ( 3 )

5. 3 ( 9 – 6 ) = 3 ( 9 ) – 6 ( 3 )

6. ( 10/11) (1) = 10/11

7. 1/3 + ( -1/3) = 0

8. 0 + 238 = 238

9. 10 + 1/3 = 1/3 + 10

10. ( pq ) r = p ( qr )

ACTIVITY 6. You-Complete-Me

Complete each equation to illustrate the indicated property. Write your

answer on the space provided for the answer then click “Submit” to check your
answer.

1) 4 + 10 =
, commutative property

2) 3 (4) + 9 (4) =
, distributive property

3) 4 ( 6b ) =
, associative property

4) 13 + ____ = 13
, identity property

5) (13/15) (__) = 1 ,
inverse property

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6) 50 + (-44) = ,
closure property

7) ( 2 – 10 ) – 12 =
, associative property

8) 2 ( 20 ) = ,
commutative property

9) -1.25 + 1.25 =
, inverse property

10) -12 ( 1 ) =
, identity property

ACTIVITY 7. Solve Me with a Property!

Solve the following word problems using the appropriate property or properties of
real numbers. Write your solution on the provided space then click ‘Submit” to
check your answer.

1) Julia collected aluminum cans for two days. On Friday morning she collected
30 cans and on Friday night she collected 35 cans. On Saturday morning Julia
collected 35 cans and on Saturday night she collected 30 cans. Did she collect
more on Friday than on Saturday?

What operations What property of How did you know

will you use to real numbers justify that your answer is
answer the your equation? correct?
question? Write
your equation.

2) Amy sells flashlights for P50.25 and batteries for P10.95. She offers 10%
discount if you buy them together. On Saturday night she sold 17

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flashlight/battery combinations and on Sunday she sold 19. What was her total
sales for the weekend?

Questions:
a. What operations will you use to solve the problem? Write your
equations.
b. What properties of real numbers justify your equations?
c. How did your knowledge of the properties of real numbers help you
in solving this problem?

3) The senior class was selling tickets to their play. They had two prices, P5.00
and P8.00. The tickets were on sale during the week before the play. On
Monday, they sold 23 tickets at P5.00 and 14 at P8.00. Tuesday, they sold 31
tickets at P5.00 and 22 at P8.00. On Friday, including sales at the door, they sold
22 at P5.00 and 56 at P8.00. How much money did they take in ticket sales?

Questions:
1. What operations will you use to solve the problem? Write your
equations.
2. What properties of real numbers justify your equations?
3. How did your knowledge of the properties of real numbers help you
in solving this problem?

ACTIVITY 8. Extra Challenge!

Answer each of the following. Write your answers on the appropriate box then
click “Save”.

1. Why is division is not commutative?

Answer Box:

2. Describe two ways of calculating 3 (20 + 5). What properties were used?
Answer Box:

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3. Provide an example to illustrate that division is not associative.
Answer Box:

4. Provide an example to illustrate that addition of real numbers is commutative.

Answer Box:

5. How can the knowledge of real numbers help us solve problems in daily
life?
Answer Box:

Exercise 9: Journal Writing – Recording one’s thoughts and feelings

Complete the sentence with a personal thought, feeling, idea or
realization based on the topic “Properties of Real Number”. Choose one and
write your sentence then click “Save”.

I discovered that… I am now aware of …

I remember … It seems like …
I’m not sure … I wonder …
I was surprised …

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 End of DEEPEN:
In this section, you learned how properties of real numbers are used to solve
problems in real life.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections
have you made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do
the tasks in the next section

Before we begin this section, recall the questions asked at the start of the topic.
What do these properties show about real numbers? How can the knowledge of
real numbers help us solve problems in daily life? The transfer section of the
topic will guide you in determining the best answer to the question.

Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life situation. You will be
given a practical task that will demonstrate your understanding. How will you apply
your knowledge and skills regarding properties of real numbers to real life
situations or problems?

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 You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding.
TASK

Each member of Farmers Cooperative were given a grant of thirty thousand

pesos to start their Sari-sari Store under the Dagdag Kabuhayan Program of the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). Your company, Businessmaker
School was accredited to provided training to the farmers who are the beneficiaries
of the program. As the Training Coordinator you are task to write an article on how
to do inventory of goods. Your article should include explanation, illustrations and
justification of the processes involved. Process includes how to find total goods
available for sale and total cost. Your article will be presented to the Head of your
school and the DOLE official for approval.
Your output will be rated based on the logical presentation of the process,
mathematical justification of the process, practicality of the process, and clarity of
presentation. Submit a written copy and prepare a powerpoint presentation of your
article.
 

Write your article below. Refer to the rubric below to help you write your
article then click “Submit”.

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 Before you submit your work, use the rubric below to assess your work.
Your work should show the features listed under SATISFACTORY or 3. If your
work has these traits, you are ready to submit your work.

If you aim for excellent rating, your work should show the features listed
under EXCELLENT. If your work does not satisfy descriptions for “Satisfactory” ,
revise your work before submitting it.

RUBRIC: MATHINIK

3 2
CATEGORIE 4 1
SATISFACTO DEVELOPIN
S EXCELLENT BEGINNING
RY G

Demonstrates
Demonstrates Demonstrate
a thorough Shows lack of
a satisfactory s incomplete
understandin understandin
understanding understandin
Mathematical g of the topic g and has
of the concepts g and have
Concept and use it severe
and use it to some
appropriately misconceptio
simplify the misconceptio
to solve the ns.
problem. ns.
problem.

All
Generally,
computations
The most of the Errors in
Accuracy of are correct
computations computations computations
Computation and are
are correct. are not are severe.
logically
correct.
presented.

Process used
Process used is illogical and
is efficient and inappropriate.
Process used Process used
leads directly
leads directly to is tedious.
to the correct There are
the correct
computation. many errors
computation. Some
Logical in reasoning
reasoning are
Reasoning Makes and
Math reasoning correct but
relevant math procedures
and the right
observations that the right
procedures are answer is not
and answer is not
correct. achieved.
connections. achieved.

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 Highly Illogical and
Somewhat
organized. Satisfactorily obscure. No
cluttered.
Flows organized. logical
Flow is not
Organization smoothly. Sentence flow connections
consistently
of Report Observes is generally of ideas.
smooth,
logical smooth and Difficult to
appears
connections logical. determine the
disjointed.
of points. meaning.

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to produce a written and oral report with the
application of your knowledge and skills about properties of real numbers.

Exercise 5: Synthesis Journal

Complete the table below by answering the questions then click “Save”.

What are the How will I use

How did I find
values I learned What made our these
the performance
from the task successful? learning/insights in
task?
performance my daily life?
task?

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Exercise 6: Generalization Organizer

Think of what you have learned in this lesson. Write these generalizations
on the organizer below and “Save”.

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBER

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to
answer the following post-assessment.

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer all
items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your score is not at
the expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

Exercise : Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, click “Submit” to see your score.
Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the
right answer as you go through this lesson.

1) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Addition and multiplication of two real numbers can be done in any order.
B. Real numbers cannot be regrouped with respect to addition or multiplication.
C. If the product of two numbers is 1, the numbers are called additive inverses of
each other.
D. Zero is one of the numbers that can be added to any number that gives the
same number as the answer.

2) Which of the following statements is true?

A. The set of negative integers is closed under multiplication.
B. The set of integers is closed under division.
C. The set of whole numbers is closed under division.
D. The set of rational numbers is closed under addition.

3) Which expression represents distributive property?

A. x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
B. x ( y + z) = xy + xz
C. x + y = y + x
D. (x)(1) = x

4) Which statement is TRUE for Commutative Property?

A. Shows how to multiply the sum of two numbers by a third number.
B. Addition or multiplication of two real numbers can be done in any order.
C. Real numbers can be regrouped with respect to addition or multiplication.
D. Basic operations (except for division of 0) of any real number is also a real
number.

5) Which of the following equations is TRUE based on properties of real numbers?

A. ( 6 x 4 ) + ( 6 x 3 ) = 6 + ( 4 + 3 )
B. 3 + ( 5 + 4 ) = ( 3 x 5 ) + ( 3 x 4 )
C. (4)(0.25) = 1
D. 5/6 + 0 = 0

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6) A homeowner buys three air-conditioning units for P12,000.00 each, and each
unit requires an additional of P500.00 for installation. Which one states the correct
total amount to be paid using the distributive property?
A. 3+ P500.00+P12,000.00
B. 3+( P500.00 +P12,000.00)
C. 3(P12,000.00+P500.00)
D. (3+P12,000.00) P500.00

3
7) What property is used to simplify 12( x ) to 9x?
4
A. Associative Property
B. Distributive Property
C. Closure Property
D. Commutative Property

3 4
8)    1 , what property supports the correctness of the statement?
4 3
A. Inverse Property
B. Associative property
C. Commutative Property
D. Distributive Property

9) If Perla can sew a dress for 3 hours. What property of real numbers is useful
in finding her rate of sewing a dress?
A. Inverse Property
B .Identity Property
C. Commutative Property
D. Associative Property

10) Thelma works as cashier in a hospital. She works double shifts 4 days a
week. The evening shift is 2 hours and the morning shift is 3 hours. Which
expression best represents the total number of hours she works per week?
A. 2+3+4
B. 4(2 + 3)
C. 2(4+3)
D. 3(2+4)

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WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

Reference: E-Math I, Elementary Algebra, Revised Edition by Orlando A. Oronce

and Marilyn O. Mendoza,Lesson 2.2 pages 94-97,
Reference: E-Math I, Elementary Algebra, Revised Edition by Orlando A. Oronce
and Marilyn O. Mendoza, page 100, Writing, no.s 1-4Reference: E-Math I,
Elementary Algebra, Revised Edition by Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O.
Mendoza, page 100, Investigation

http://www.studystack.com/matching-22974
Provides interactive game for properties of real numbers
http://www.slideshare.net/sadiesattic/properties-real-numbers-basic-presentation-
583181
Provides discussion on properties of real numbers through www.slideshare
.com
http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/S2U2L1GL.html
Provides discussion on properties of real numbers through
www.gooogle.com.ph
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AN1/propPrac.htm
Provides interactive games on properties of real numbers through
www.gooogle.com.ph
http://regentsprep.org/REgents/math/ALGEBRA/AN1/PropPracTami.htm
Provides interactive games on properties of real numbers through
www.gooogle.com.ph
prism-magazine.org

419 552 - www.prism-magazine.org/apr09. APRIL 2009. FLIGHT TO

ACHIEVEMENT
magazinesubscription.ca
250 329 - Logic Lovers MathLogic Problems Magazine
anniestromquist.blogspot.com
426 628 - More Cover Art From Mathematics Magazine
yupedia.com
Provides pictures at www.google.com

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Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 81
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Lesson 2.2 Operation on Integers

LESSON INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Have you at a certain time asked yourself why integers exist? Where do we
use them? How can integers help us solve problems in daily life? If they are
used a lot, what kind of operations do we do and what are the steps involved.
Find out the answer to these questions in this module.

LESSON COVERAGE:
In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the following topics:
Lesson 2.2.1: Addition of Integers
Lesson 2.2.2: Subtraction of Integers
Lesson 2.2.3: Multiplication of Integers
Lesson 2.2.4: Division of Integers

Here is a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Read the concepts very well. Write your ideas on a sheet of paper or on
your notebook. This will help you remember the ideas presented in each
lesson.
2. Complete all the exercises.
3. Supplement yourself with other learning materials if available and
necessary.
4. Keep in mind that success depends on how much effort you exert in
learning this lesson.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click on the letter
that you think best answers the question. Please answer all items. After taking
this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items that you were not
able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go through this
module.

1. What is the sum of: -1 + 4?

A. 5
B. 4
C. 3
D. -3

2. What is (-1) – (-2) equal to?

A. -3
B. -2
C. 1
D. 2

3. Which is the product of (4)(-2)?

A. -8
B. -2
C. 2
D. 8

4. Which is the quotient of (-10) ÷ (-5)?

A. -50
B. -2
C. 2
D. 50

5. What is the result when you add two positive integers?

A. a small number
B. a big number
C. a negative number
D. a positive number

6. What is the sum of -5 and 6?

A. -11
B. -1
C. 1
D. 11

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7. What should be the sign of the product of two negative integers?
A. Negative
B. Positive
C. Depends on the larger number
D. Depends on the smaller number

8. In subtracting integers, which should change sign?

A. Minuend
B. Subtrahend
C. Sign if larger number
D. Sign of smaller number

9. What is -16 + -23 equal to?

A. -39
B. -7
C. 7
D. 39

10. What is 70 ÷ 10 equal to?

A. 10
B. 7
C. -7
D. -10

11. Which integer shows a decrease of 5 units?

A. – 5
B. 5
C. 5x
D. 1/5 x

12. Which integer illustrates 10 meters above sea level?

A. 1/10
B. 10x
C. -10
D. 10

13. -5 + 12 = ?
A. -17
B. -7
C. 7
D. 17

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14. (-15)(-4) = ?
A. -60
B. -20
C. -19
D. 60

15. 18 – 24 = ?
A. -42
B. -6
C. 6
D. 42

16. (-2)(6)(-3) = ?
A. -36
B. -11
C. 1
D. 36

17. Ana owes the candy store Php 45. Each of 5 friends will help her pay
off her debt. How much will each friend pay?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9

18. Roman civilization began in 509 B.C. and ended in 476A.D. How long
did Roman Civilization last?
A. 24 yrs.
B. 33 yrs.
C. 975 yrs.
D. 985 yrs.

19. Lally bought 4 pairs of shoes at Php 250 each. How much did she pay
to the clerk?
A. Php 65
B. Php 840
C. Php 900
D. Php 1000

20. In the Sahara Desert one day it was 145°F. In the Gobi Desert a
temperature of -42°F was recorded. What is the difference between the two
temperatures?
A. -187°F
B. -103°F
C. 103°F
D. 187°F

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 Let’s start the lesson by answering the problem below:

Early Monday morning, Ana, a grade 3 pupil, has 24 pesos in her wallet.
Upon leaving for school, her mom gave her 50 pesos for the day’s
allowance. She spent 32 pesos during break time and 12 pesos during
lunch. In the afternoon, her friend Amy paid Ana 25 pesos for the money she owed.
On the way home, she spent 8 pesos for the fare. How much money does Ana
have at the end of the day?

Show in the box how you will go about answering this problem.

Study Questions:
1. What is your initial idea on how to solve the problem?
2. What methods did you use?
3. How did the concept of integer help you in solving?
4. Do you think learning integers is important in our daily life? Why?

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 In your previous lesson, you learned about the subsets of real numbers. One
of them is the set of integers. To illustrate this set of integers on the number line
we have

Negative integers Origin Positive integers



-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Referring to the number line, what is the distance of 4 from zero? What is the
distance of -4 from zero?

This distance of a number from zero on a number line (always a positive

number) is the absolute value of the number, indicated by the two vertical lines. /4/
= 4 and /-4/ = 4. Opposites ( like 4 and -4 ) have the same absolute values since
they are of the same distance from zero.

END OF EXPLORE:
You just tried recalling the concept of integers. Let’s now find out how to add,
subtract, multiply and divide integers on the next part.

How can we use integers in our daily life? In this section you will learn the
rules and
how integers are useful in everyday tasks.

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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

RULES:

In ADDING INTEGERS, check the sign of the integers:

Rule 1: If the integers have the same sign, ADD, then COPY the COMMON SIGN.
Rule 2: If the integers have unlike signs, SUBTRACT, then COPY the SIGN of the
LARGER integer.
EXAMPLES
SAME SIGNS UNLIKE SIGNS
( 3 ) + (6) = ( +9) (-3) + ( 5 ) = (+2)
(-3 ) + (-6 ) = ( - 9 ) ( 5) + ( -7) = ( -2 )

*LARGER is used here as a quick way to describe the integer with the greater
absolute value (distance from zero). In each of the examples above, the
SECOND integer has a greater Absolute Value. Note that 3 is the same as +3

Practice adding integers

Worksheet # 1:

Perform the indicated operation

1. The sum of 4, 5 and 8 Ans. 17
2. ( - 5) added to ( -9 ) and (-10) Ans. -24
3. (- 18) more than ( -22) Ans. -40
4. (-12) + (- 14) + (4) = Ans. -22
5. (-42) + ( 7) + (12) = Ans. -23
6. ( -3) + (-7) + (-8) +( - 3) = Ans. -21
7. (-12) + ( -13) +( 32) + ( 21) = Ans. 28
8. ( -9) + ( 14) + (-20) + ( 17) = Ans. 2
9. (15) + ( 29) + ( -46) + ( -21) = Ans. -23
10. ( 56) + (-67) + ( -43) + (-43) = Ans. -97

We experience adding integers in many instances in our daily life – buying and
selling, payment of bills and the like. At times we are not aware that these are
application of integers.

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Try this!

Teresa, a working mom, has to pay the following bills every

second Friday of the month:

water – P360.00
electricity – P1500.00
rental fee ( house) – P3000.00
salary (helper) – P1800.00

How much should she prepare to pay these bills?

What operation of integers will you use to answer the problem? Can integers help
us solve problems in our daily life?

Now, let us recall SUBTRACTION of INTEGERS:

In SUBTRACTING INTEGERS,

RULES:

STEP 1: Change the sign of the subtrahend (the one written after the minus sign).
STEP 2: FOLLOW the RULES of ADDITION

For example:
( -8 ) - (+ 2 )

First copy the problem exactly ( -8 ) + ( +2) =

1. The first number stays the same ( -8 )
2. Change the operation ( -8 ) +
3. Change the sign of the subtrahend ( -8 ) + ( -2 )
4. Follow the rules for addition ( -8 ) + ( -2 ) = - 10

Now, try this on your own!

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Worksheet # 2

I. Perform the indicated operation.

1. 4 – 9 = Ans. -5
2. 9 – ( -5 ) = Ans. 14
3. -12 – ( -6 ) = Ans. -6
4. -8 – 7 = Ans. -15
5. 27 – 56 = Ans. -29
6. The difference of -12 and 15 Ans. 3
7. -35 subtracted from 23 Ans. 58
8. 45 less (-34) Ans. 79
9. Subtract -37 from -23 Ans. 14
10. 8 less than 10 Ans. -2

How did you find the practice exercises? Great! Continue reading the lesson.

Read the following phrases often used in daily conversations.

a loss of 15 pounds
a gain of 15 pounds
a decrease of 5 points
an increase of 5 points
5 feet below sea level
5 feet above sea level
a 5% depreciation of land
a 5% appreciation of land
a 10% decline in enrollment
a 10% raise in enrollment

Think about this…

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1. What is common about the underlined words on the left? on the right?
2. If integers will be used to represent these phrases to mathematical
phrases which set of words represent negative integers? Positive integers?
3. Are integers helpful in daily life? Why do you say so?

Worksheet #3

I. Perform the indicated operation

1. 4 + 6 – 8 =

2. – 5 + 3 – 9 =

3. 12 + (-6) + (-5) =

4. -14 – (-5) + ( -6) =

5. 2 - 5 + 7 – 6 =

6. -22 – 43 + 25 =

7. – 8 – 9 – 11 – 19 =

8. -6 – 23 + 43 =

9. – 75 – 82 + 83 + 54 =

10. 67 – (-56) – 45 + 49 =

Visit the following websites to enhance your understanding of addition and

subtraction of integers. Click addition and subtraction of integers.

1. http://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch03_integers/03_addsub/integers.htm
The website provides review the rules of addition and subtraction of
integers.
2.http://www.kutasoftware.com/FreeWorksheets/PreAlgWorksheets/Adding+Subt
racting%20Integers.pdf
The website provides exercises on adding and subtracting integers.

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Read then solve the following word problems using integers. Then, justify
your answer by citing the key words in the problem which signal to you a
specific operation.
.

1. A submarine was situated 800 feet below sea level. If it ascends 250 feet,
what is its new position?

Solution:

-800 feet + 250 feet = - 550 feet

Click here to see keyword and related operation
Keyword : ascend. Related operation: addition

2. From 400 meters above sea level, Belle took off in her helicopter and
ascended 100 meters. Which integer represents Belle's elevation now?

Solution:

400 meters + 100 meters = 500 meters.

Click here to see keyword and related operation.
Keyword: ascended. Related operation: addition.

3. Vincent ended round one of a game show with 500 points. In round two,
he lost 300 points. What was his final score?

Solution:

500 points + (-300) points = 200 points

Click here to see keyword and related operation
Keyword : lost. Related operation: subtraction

4. Dominique started the week with Php9,000.00 in her bank account. Then
she spent Php7,000.00 on a diamond ring. Which integer represents the
final balance of the bank account?

Solution:

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Php9,000.00 – Php7,000.00 = Php2,000.00
Click here to see keyword and related operation
Keyword : spent. Related operation: subtraction

5. During the Silver Lake Golf Tournament, Timothy scored 0 under par the
first day. The second day, he scored 1 over par. Relative to par, what was
Timothy's overall score?

Solution:

0+1=1
Click here to see keyword and related operation
Keyword : scored. Related operation: addition

How did you find the exercises? Were you able to identify the keywords and the
related number operation? If you did, then you are doing very well.

In the next lesson, you will learn further other operations of integers that are very
useful in solving problems that you encounter in your daily experiences.

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF INTEGERS

Consider the situations below.

Jorge, a 7th grader is given a daily allowance of Php 100.00. He spent Php 25.00
for the burger, Php 12.00 for the drinks and Php 60.00 for the lunch. How much is
saved for the day?

How will you answer the problem? What operation/s of integers will you use?
How can integers help us solve problems in our daily life? Can you cite your own
examples related to your personal experiences?

At times we encounter problems that can be solved conveniently using another

operation. In the following situations, think of an easier way of answering the
problem. Will addition and subtraction of integers still be a convenient way of
answering these problems?

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 Your mother tells you, this week your daily allowance increases to Php
60.00.
How much will you receive in 5 days? What integer operation will you use? Which
one is the faster way of getting the answer?

Ana owes 5 pesos to each of 4 friends. How much money does she owe?
What is the key word in the problem? What sign represents this keyword? What
integer operation will you use? What do you think is the sign of the result? When
will this operation yield a positive result? When will this operation yield a negative
result?

This means (-5) is multiplied by (4) which gives a product of -20. This
is interpreted as Ana owes a total amount of 20 peso. Likewise, any
positive number multiplied by a negative number the result is negative.
Therefore, multiplication does not always mean making the number
bigger. In this case, it makes the number smaller since any negative number is
smaller than any positive number.

From the bus terminal, Cory and her 3 friends took a taxi cab to their
destination. The driver charged them 120 peso. How much should each pay
for the taxi fare? What operation will you use?

If you subtract 4 from 120, the result is 116. How many times more can you subtract
4 from 116? This means you can subtract 4 from 120 thirty times. This implies that
4 times 30 equals 120 and 120 divided by 4 equals 30.
Earlier, when we multiply (-5) and (4), the product is -20. This means when we
divide -20 by 4 the result is -5 or if we divide -20 by -5, the result is 4.

What is (-100) divided by (-25)? What is (-20) divided by (-4)? Therefore,

division does not always mean making the number smaller. In this case, it makes
the number bigger since any positive number is bigger than any negative number.

Just like addition and subtraction of integers, multiplication and division

of integers has many real life applications and a faster way adding the same figures
or what we call repeated addition. When you buy ten pieces of eggs at 5 peso per
piece, instead of adding ten fives, simply multiply 10 and 5. Same concept applies
with division of integers. If you want to know how many eggs were bought out of
your 50 peso at 5 peso per piece, just count how many times you can subtract 5
from 50. Conveniently, simply divide 50 by 5.

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 Up to what extent can operation of integers help us solve real-life
problems?

Hence, in Multiplying Integers,

RULE 1: If the integers have like signs, then the PRODUCT or QUOTIENT is a
positive integer.

RULE 2: If the integers have unlike signs, then the PRODUCT or QUOTIENT is a
negative integer.

For example:

LIKE SIGNS UNLIKE SIGNS

(8) (9) = 72 (-8) (9) = -72

(-72)÷(-9) = 8 (-72) ÷ (9) = -8

Activity: Find the following product/quotient:

1. (3)(6)
2. (-8)(4)
3. (-9)(-7)
4. (5)(-7)
5. (18) ÷ (3)
6. (-72) ) ÷ (8)
7. (-56) ÷ ( -7)
8. (100) ) ÷ (-20)
9. (-3)(4)(6)
10. (-2)(5)(-6)(-3)

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Try this!

Click on the link below and practice multiplying and dividing

integers.

1. http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/multiply-integers.html
This website provides review of the rules of multiplying integers
and exercises on multiplication of integers.
Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers.
Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you
trouble. You can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue. Note
that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!

2. http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/dividing-integers.html
This website provides review of the rules of dividing integers and
exercises on division of integers.
Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the
"Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble. You
can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue. Note that you will lose
points if you ask for hints or clues!

Activity: Answer the following word problems using integers.

Type in the box the integer that makes the following sentence true. Hit
ENTER after typing your answer.

1. Type the integer that makes the following sentence true:

x -4 = -36
ENTER
Type in the box the integer that makes the following sentence true.
Hit ENTER after typing your answer.

2. Type the integer that makes the following sentence true:

-8 ÷ =1
ENTER

3. Mr. Johnson usually eats three meals a day. How many meals
does he eat in a normal week?

Solution:
3 meals x 7 days = 21 meals

4. Mommy bought four egg cartons, and each had six eggs. Two of the
eggs were bad. How many good eggs did Mommy get?

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 Solution:
4 egg cartons x 6 eggs each = 24 eggs – 2 bad eggs = 22 good eggs

5. On a family dinner table there are two plates for everybody, and only one
plate for little Hannah. 10 people and Hannah came to the dinner . How
many plates were on the table?

Solution:
0 people x 2 plates each = 20 plates + 1 plate for Hanna = 21 plates

END OF FIRM UP

In this section you have learned the rules in operating integers. What operations
of integers did you use to answer the problems? What keywords helped you
determine the proper operation? What realizations have you made for yourself with
regard to the usefulness of integers? Can you cite your own experience where
operations of integers are applied?

In this section, you will further learn how integers can help solve daily
problems. Click on the following link to start your practice.

1. Integer Word Problems .Click take the quiz now.

http://www.thatquiz.org/tq/previewtelow not ok forest?CKVU7766

2. Challenge Exercises
http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol5/challenge_vol5.html

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the skills needed to correctly answer the questions?

2. What were the difficulties you encountered while answering the
exercises? How would you overcome these difficulties?

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3. Are the concepts of integers useful to answer real-life problems? To what
extent are they useful in our daily life?

Try This!

Answer the following problems. Identify the operation/s used to answer the
problem.

1. Michael is allowed to have an initial capital of Php 297.00 by his class

adviser for a mini entrepreneur fund raising project during the school fair. If
a cola drink can be purchased at 9 peso each, how many bottles can he
buy for the project? At 2 peso gain per cola drink, what is the selling price
per bottle? With this price, how much is his total gain?

Click here to see the answer.

Answer: He can buy 33 bottles. Selling price: 11 peso. Total gain: 66 peso
What operation/s did you use?

2. Teddy spent 4 hours for his internet game. If he is charged of 12 peso

per hour, how much should he pay for the use?

Click here to see the answer.

Answer: Php 48.00
What operation/s did you use?

3. Toby’s room has a floor area of 40 ft2. If a square foot tile costs Php
38.00, how much should he pay for the tiles?

Click here to see the answer.

Answer: Php 1520.00
What operation/s did you use?

4. Rita bought the following items at the school canteen during her break. 2
pcs of ball pen at 6 peso each, 3 chocolate bars at 15 peso each, 3 bottles
of drinks at 12 peso each, and 2 hamburgers at 20 peso each. How much
did she pay at the cashier? If she gave 500 peso bill, how much was her
change?

Click here to see the answer.

What operation/s did you use?

5. Roy, a 7th grader, has the following scores in his 3 Math quizzes: 88, 94,&
86. What score should he get in the 4th quiz to get an average of 90?

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 Click here to see the answer
What operation/s did you use?

REFLECT!: In what way can integers help us solve real life problems?

END OF DEEPEN

Now that you have learned how integers are useful in solving daily problems,
in what areas do you still see the application of integers? Write about this in the
box below.

Now that you have deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

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 How do integers help in solving daily problems? In this section, you
will widen the application of integers by doing a given task. Are you ready?

PERFORMANCE TASK
TASK
How wide is the scope of the application of integers? Construct at least two word
problems involving integers for each situation. Present and justify a solution for
each problem.

1. In the market
2. In the school
3. In a department store
4. In a resort
5. In a business meeting

Write your answer here.

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RUBRIC of the Performance Task (Evaluation tool)

4 3 2 1
(Excellent) (Satisfactory) (Progressing) (Needs
Improvement
)
Accuracy Demonstrate Demonstrate Demonstrate Demonstrate
(40 %) d close d close d close d no concern
attention to attention to attention to for accuracy
accuracy, accuracy in accuracy in in this task
providing a all (most) some
justification problems problems but
or lacked
explanation precision in
for each others
problem
Relevance/ Problems Problems Problems Problems
Appropriatenes constructed constructed constructed constructed
s applies applies applies applies all
(30%) varied different number number
number number operations operations in
operations in operations but uses an incorrect
a non routine (the concepts some of them way (limited
way of integers) in an concepts of
(extensively incorrect way integers)
the concepts (few
of integers) concepts of
integers)
Realistic Problems Problems Problems are Problems are
(30%) appear appear somewhat confusing
realistic, and realistic realistic
formulated
reflecting
students’
experience

END OF TRANSFER
In this section, your task was to apply the operations of integers to real life
problems. How did you find it? Can you now say that Integers is an important
matter to learn? Explain your answer.

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POST ASSESSMENT

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer all
items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your score is not at
the expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

1. What is the sum of: -2 + 6?

A. 8
B. 4
C. -4
D. -8

2. What is (-1) – (-3) equal to?

A. -4
B. -2
C. 2
D. 4

3. Which is the product of (4)(-3)?

A. -12
B. -1
C. 1
D. 12

4. Which is the quotient of (-15) ÷ (-5)?

A. -75
B. -3
C. 3
D. 75

5. What is the result when you add two negative integers?

A. a small number
B. big number
C. a negative number
D. a positive number

6. What is the sum of -5 and 7?

A. -12
B. -2
C. 2
D. 12

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7. In subtracting integers, which should change sign?
A. Minuend
B. Subtrahend
C. Sign if larger number
D. Sign of smaller number

8. What should be the sign of the product of two positive integers?

A. Negative
B. Positive
C. Depends on the larger number
D. Depends on the smaller number

9. What is -16 + -24 equal to?

A. -40
B. -7
C. 7
D. 40

10. What is 50 ÷ (-10) equal to?

A. 10
B. 5
C. -5
D. -10

11. Which integer shows an expense of 6 pesos?

A. – 6
B. 6
C. 6x
D. 1/6 x

12. Which integer illustrates 8 meters below sea level?

A. 1/18
B. 18x
C. -8
D. 8

13. -6 + 13 = ?
A. -17
B. -7
C. 7
D. 17

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14. (-20)(-3) = ?
A. -60
B.-20
C. -19
D. 60

15. 18 – 25 = ?
A. -43
B. -7
C. 7
D. 43

16. (-2)(6)(-4) = ?
A. -48
B. -12
C. 2
D. 48

17. Ann has a 24 cm chocolate bar. She wants to share this fairly among
her 3 friends. How long a piece should each one get?
A. 6 cm
B. 8 cm
C. 12 cm
D. 21 cm

18. Alice gave her Php 100.00 to the cashier for the pair of earrings which
cost
Php 48.00. How much was her change?
A. Php 50
B. Php 51.00
C. Php 52.00
D. Php 53.00

19. Dante took an elevator from the 2nd floor to the 12th floor and took the
same 5 floors down. On what floor did Dante stop?
A. 5th
B. 6th
C. 7th
D. 8th

20. Faye bought 5 pcs of eggs at 6 pesos each. How much did she pay to
the clerk?
A. Php 25.00
B. Php 30.00
C. Php 35.00
D. Php 40.00

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Integer. A subset of real numbers which can be positive or negative.

Positive. A sign that indicates above or greater than 0.
Negative. A sign that indicates below or less than 0.

WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

http://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch03_integers/03_addsub/integers.htm
http://www.kutasoftware.com/FreeWorksheets/PreAlgWorksheets/Adding+Subtra
cting%20Integers.pdf
These two websites provides review of the rules and exercises on addition and
subtraction of integers.

http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol5/challenge_vol5.html
This website provides challenging application of integers to word problems.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/multiply-integers.html
This website provides review of the rules and exercises on multiplication of
integers.

http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/dividing-integers.html
This website provides review of the rules and exercises on division of integers.

http://www.thatquiz.org/tq/previewtest?CKVU7766
This website provides quiz on word problems involving integers.

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Lesson 2.3: RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

TOPIC INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION

Have you ever wondered what is between 1 and 2? Is there a need for us to
know the values between them? What use is there to know about these values?
How can the knowledge of these values help us solve problems in daily life?

Think about the following situations that you may encounter in daily life:

If a car can run 12 kilometers in 1 liter of gasoline, at least how many liters of
gasoline is needed for it to run 18 kilometers?

If a tailor has to divide a 4-meter long cloth into 3 equal parts, how long should
each part be?

If a pharmacist mixes 3 ounces of water for every 2 grams of a medicine, how

many ounces of water should he mix if he needs 3 grams of the medicine?

If a manufacturer needs to make wrappers for ice cream cones which are 4
inches long (diagonally) and 2 inches in diameter, how much paper (area in
terms of square inches) would he need for each cone?

If an engineer has to construct a ½-meter tall ramp with a 30-degree slope, how
long should the ramp be horizontally?
These are just some of situations in real-life that we cannot solve using
only integers. In these situations, we need to use rational and irrational
numbers.
In this module, we will try to answer the question, “How useful are rational
and irrational numbers in real life?”

LESSON COVERAGE

This lesson has the following topics:

Topic No. Title You’ll learn to… Estimated Time

Differentiate
What are Rational
rational numbers
Topic 1 and Irrational
from irrational 30 minutes
Numbers?
numbers
Rational Numbers Express rational
Topic 2
as Fractions, numbers as 30 minutes

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 Decimals and fractions, to
Percents percents
Where are the Illustrate rational
Rational Numbers numbers and
Topic 3
on the Number arrange them on a 1 hour
Line? number line
Add, subtract,
Operations on 1 hour
Topic 4 multiply and divide
Rational Numbers
rational numbers

Concept Map of the Module

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

What are
Irrational
Numbers Rational
?
Rational Where are the
Numbers as Rational Numbers
Fractions, on the Number
Decimals and Line?

Operations on
Rational
Numbers

Expected Skills

To do well in this topic, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Read and re-read. Try your best to really understand what you have read
before proceeding.
2. Write down notes. This will help you recall faster what you have studied.
3. Don’t skip. Answer all the exercises, including those in hyperlink. These
exercises have been designed to help you fully understand the topic.
4. Correct your own mistake. Should you have wrong answers in some items
in the exercises, go back to the explanation, find out your mistakes and
answer them again until you get them right.
5. Supplement yourself. There are numerous resources, printed and online,
that can help you in finishing this module.

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 6. Keep at it. Keep in mind that success depends on how much effort you exert
in learning this topic.

PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about rational and irrational numbers.

Exercise 1: Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, click “Submit” to see your score. Take
note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this lesson.

1). Which of the following statements is TRUE? (A)

A. Zero is an irrational number.
B. Fractions are irrational numbers.
C. Negative integers are rational numbers.
D. Only counting numbers are rational numbers.

2) Which two fractions are equal? (A)

A. ½ and 2/3
B. ¾ and 6/8
C. 4/6 and 1/2
D. 10/20 and ¾

3) Which of the following orders is from the greatest to least? (M)

A. -1, ½, 0.2
B. 0.2, -1, 1/2
C. ½, -1, 0.2
D. ½, 0.2, -1

4). What is 4/5 expressed in percent? (A)

A. 4%
B. 5%
C. 45%
D. 80%
.
5) Which of the following numbers is equivalent to 0.75 ? (A)
A. 2/3
B. 3/4
C. 4/3
D. 3/5
.
6) Which of the following numbers is equivalent to 4/5? (A)
A. 0.08
B. 0.18
C. 0.8

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D. 0.45

7) 2/9 + 3/9 = ? (A)

A. 1/9
B. 5/9
C. 6/9
D. 5/18

8) ½ + ¼ = ? (A)
A. 1/6
B. 2/6
C. 3/4
D. 2/8

9) 8/10 – 2/10 = ? (A)

A. 3/5
B. 4/5
C. 3/10
D. 6/20

10) Where is 7/2 located on this number line? (A)

A B C D

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

11). ¾ ÷ 2 ½ = ? (M)
A. 3/10
B. 3/5
C. 4/5
D. 15/8

12) 1 2/5 x 3/7 =? (A)

A. 3/5
B. 4/5
C. 21/30
D. 6/35

13) 6 x 4.2 = ? (A)

A. 2.42

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 B. 2.52
C. 24.2
D. 25.2
14) 6.51 ÷ 7 =? (A)
A. 0.93
B. 0.97
C. 9.7
D. 97

15 ) 8.27 + 4.35 = ? (A)

A. 3.92
B. 12.52
C. 12.62
D. 12.72

16. What is 2.22 expressed in fraction form? (M)

A. 2/9
B. 20/9
C. 2/22
D. 22/2

17) ½ + ¼ = ? (M)
A. 1/6
B. 2/6
C. 3/4
D. 2/8

18) 8/10 – 2/10 = ? (M)

A. 3/5
B. 4/5
C. 3/10
D. 6/20

19) 9/10 - I/2 = ? (M)

A. 1/5
B. 2/5
C. 3/5
D. 4/5

20). ¾ ÷ 2 ½ = ? (M)
A. 3/10
B. 3/5
C. 4/5
D. 15/8

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WHAT ARE RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS?

 
 

Let us start this topic by trying to classify rational and irrational

numbers. As you go through this part, keep in mind these questions:
 How do you differentiate rational numbers from irrational
numbers?
 How useful are rational and irrational numbers in real-life?

ACTIVITY 1. Anticipation/Reaction Guide

Instruction: Determine if the given number is rational or irrational by clicking on

the correct button. Click only in the columns under “Response Before Lesson”.
After you have answered all 10 items, click “SAVE” to save your responses. Then
proceed to answer the process questions. (Don’t answer “Response After Lesson”
yet. You will go back to that at the latter part of the topic.)

Topic: What
are Rational
Response Before Lesson Response After Lesson
and Irrational
Numbers?
Rational Irrational Given Rational Irrational
Number Number Number Number Number
3
5

100/3

0.25

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 2.5

15

2

0.151515

3
2

SAVE SUBMIT

PROCESS QUESTIONS: Answer these questions by completing the sentence.

Click “SAVE” after you have completed them.
1. How did you decide whether the given number is rational or irrational?

I think rational numbers are __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
while irrational numbers are _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. How useful are rational and irrational numbers in real life?

I think rational and irrational numbers are useful because __________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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END OF EXPLORE:
You have given your initial ideas regarding rational and irrational numbers.
You will now recheck your ideas by going to the next session!

 
 

Let us now learn more about rational numbers.

Your goals in this section are:
1. differentiate rational numbers from irrational numbers
2. to express fractions as decimals and decimals as fractions
3. locate rational numbers on the number line.

As you go through this part, keep on thinking about these questions:

 How do you convert fractions to decimals and decimals to
fractions?
 What process do you need to do to locate rational numbers in
the number line?
 How useful are rational numbers in real-life?

*Important concept/idea:
A rational number is any number which can be written as a quotient
of two integers where the divisor is not zero. The word “rational” comes from the
word ratio which means quotient.
Here are some examples:
4
is a rational number (4 divided by 5)
5
1
is a rational number (1 divided by 3)
3
0.5 is a rational number (1/2)
25 is a rational number (25/1)
-10 is a rational number (-10/1)
3.45 is a rational number (345/100)
-5.8 is a rational number (-58/10)
0.66 is a rational number (2/3)
0.23 is a rational number (23/99)

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  All fractions are rational
numbers (except with zero
A rational number is 5
denominator). Example:
7
where
b 0  All terminating decimals are
rational numbers. Example:
0.8

 All repeating non-

terminating decimals are
rational numbers. Example:

Let us now watch this short video on rational numbers. Click on the link below.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIRb7F7tKEM&feature=related

Process Questions: Write your answers below and click on “SAVE”.

1. Aside from the recipe of doughnut glaze, Can you think of one or two other
uses of rational numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________

2. How useful are rational numbers in real life?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________

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An irrational number is a number which cannot be written as a quotient (or ratio)
of two integers.
Here are some examples:

Many square roots are irrational, like

2 = 1.4142135623730950488016887… (and more)

3 = 1.7320508075688772935274463415059… (and more)

(But not all square roots are irrational. Some are rational like 4  2 . )
Other irrational numbers are
pi (  ) = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 (and more...)

Euler’s Number (e) = 2.7182818284590452353602874713527 (and more

...)

Golden Ratio (  ) = 1.61803398874989484820... (and more ...)

This video supplements real world use of irrational numbers. How useful are
irrational numbers in real life?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oORCAz-V_Bg&feature=related

Therefore, if a number can be written as a fraction or quotient of two integers,

Letthen
us now
it iswatch this number.
a rational video on Ifanit irrational
cannot benumber. Clickit on
done, then theirrational
is an link below.
number.

Process Questions: Write your answers below and click on “SAVE”.

1. Aside from that shown in the video, can you think of one or two other uses
of irrational numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. How useful are irrational numbers in real life?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Now try your hand at this:

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Instructions: Click and drag the given numbers to the basket where they belong.
Click “SUBMIT” after you have finished to find out if you got them right!

7
5 3.22 2 0.45 
10 
3

RATIONAL IRRATIONAL

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 0.45
7
2 5 
10 
3
3.22

RATIONAL IRRATIONAL

SUPPLEMENT: For more explanation on classifying rational and irrational

numbers, visit this website:

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/academy123/english/academy123_content/wl-
book-demo/ph-107s.html
This is a video explaining the rules in classifying rational and irrational numbers.
After watching the video, do the next activity for some fun!
Visit this website, play the game and try your best to get the perfect score!
http://www.math-play.com/rational-and-irrational-numbers-game/rational-and-
irrational-numbers-game.html
Rational and Irrational Numbers Game is an interactive and fast-paced game. The
object of this game is to quickly classify given numbers as rational or irrational
numbers by dragging them in the correct bin in less than 3 minutes.

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ACTIVITY 2. Anticipation/Reaction Guide

Let’s go back to the Anticipation/Reaction Guide that you have answered at the
start of this topic. Once again, determine if the given number is rational or irrational
by clicking on the correct button. But this time, click only in the columns under
“Response After Lesson”. After you have answered all 10 items, click “SUBMIT” to
find out if you got them right.
If you still have 2 or more mistakes, it would be best to go over the lessons again.
Find out why you made those mistakes and correct your understanding of the
lesson.
Read again your answers to the process questions. Is there anything you need to
change now that you have learned to classify rational and irrational numbers?

Topic:
Rational and
Response After Lesson
Response Before Lesson Irrational
Numbers
Rational Irrational Given Rational Irrational
Number Number Number Number Number
3
5

100/3

0.25

2.5

15

2

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 0.151515

3
2

PROCESS QUESTIONS: Answer these questions by completing the sentence.

Click “SAVE” after you have completed them.
1. How do you determine whether the given number is rational or irrational?

I learned that rational numbers are ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________
while irrational numbers are _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. How useful are rational and irrational numbers in real life?

I think rational and irrational numbers are useful because __________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

RATIONAL NUMBERS AS FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS

Converting Fractions to Decimals

Let us start by visiting the website given below. After reading on the 3 methods of
converting fractions to decimals given in the website, answer the exercises that
follow. Make sure to answer all 50 items as they are designed step-by-step to help
you understand more clearly the 3 methods. After you have finished the exercises,
check your overall score at the bottom of the webpage. If your overall score is
below 80%, refresh the webpage and answer the exercises again. You should only
be satisfied if your overall score has reached 80% or above. Always take note of
your mistakes and scroll back to find out how you can correct them.
http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book7/bk7i17/bk7_17i2.htm

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For more help in converting fractions to decimals, watch this video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiBwg5cNP84

To convert fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by the

denominator.
The result could be:
 an integer (example: 10/2 = 5, -24/8 = -3)

 a terminating decimal (example: 1/5 = 0.2, 5/8 = 0.625, 15/4 =

3.75)

 a repeating non-terminating decimal (example: 1/3 = 0.333…, 11/6

= 1.8333…)

ACTIVITY 3.

Now let us have a short quiz to check your understanding of the lesson.
Instruction. Convert the Fractions to Decimals. After you have answered all items,
click on “SUBMIT” to check your answers.

FRACTION DECIMAL

4
1.
5

15
2.
3

1
3.
9

7
4.
6

15
5.
8

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 FRACTION DECIMAL

4
1. 0.8
5

15
2. 5
3

1 0.111… or
3.
9 0.11

7 1.1666…
4.
6 or 1.166

15
5. 1.875
8

Rational Numbers Expressed as Percent

Many applications of rational numbers is in the form of percent. To express rational
numbers as percent is easy! All you need to do multiply the decimal by 100%. Take
a look at these examples.

Multiplied by
FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT
100%
1
0.2 X 100% 20%
5
2 66.67% (rounded-
0.666… X 100%
3 off)
5
1 1.625 X 100% 162.5%
8

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ACTIVITY 4.

Now try doing this yourself. Fill out the table and click on “SUBMIT” after you’re
done to check your answers.

FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

1
0.5
2
2
0.4
5
13
20
4
9
2
11
7
2
10
5
3
6

FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

1
0.5 50%
2
2
0.4 40%
5
13
0.65 65%
20
4 44.44% (rounded-
0.444…
9 off)
2
0.1818… 18.18%(rounded-off)
11
7
2 2.7 270%
10
5 383.33%(rounded-
3 3.8333…
6 off)

Next, let’s learn how convert decimals to fractions.

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 Converting Decimals to Fractions
There are two approaches that you have to learn. The first approach is for
terminating decimals, the second is for repeating non-terminating decimals.
A. Converting Terminating Decimals into Fractions
Let us do some reading! Visit the website below.
http://www.coolmath.com/prealgebra/02-decimals/05-decimals-converting-
decimal-to-fraction-01.htm
Questions:
1. How are terminating decimals expressed as fractions?
2. Under what situations is it more advantageous to write decimals as a
fraction?

ACTIVITY 5.

Let’s apply what have just learned from the website. Convert the following
terminating decimals into fractions. Click “SUBMIT” when you are done to
check your answers.

DECIMAL FRACTION

1. 0.3

2. 0.8

3. 0.44

4. 0.264

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 DECIMAL FRACTION

3
1. 0.3
10

4
2. 0.8
5

11
3. 0.44
25

33
4. 0.264
125

Let’s learn some more! Watch this video explaining how to convert terminating
decimals into fractions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyTFvx_ZVOs

ACTIVITY 6.

Let’s apply what we have just learned! Convert the terminating decimals into
fractions. Click on “SUBMIT” when you are done to check your answers.

DECIMAL FRACTION

1. 0.48

2. 0.345

3. 12.248

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 DECIMAL FRACTION

12
1. 0.48
25

69
2. 0.345
200

11
3. 12.248
25

B. Converting Repeating Non-Terminating Decimals into Fractions

Let’s do some reading! Visit the website below.
http://www.basic-mathematics.com/converting-repeating-decimals-to-
fractions.html
Questions:
a. How are non-terminating decimals expressed as a fraction?
b. What is the advantage of expressing non-terminating decimals as a fraction?
Cite an example to support your answer.

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ACTIVITY 7.

Let’s apply what you have just learned from the website. Convert the
repeating non-terminating decimals into fractions.

DECIMAL FRACTION

1. 0.4444…

2. 0.858585…

3. 2.161616…

4. 10.848484…

DECIMAL FRACTION

4
1. 0.4444…
9

85
2. 0.858585…
99

16
3. 2.0161616… 2
99

28
4. 10.848484… 10
33

Let’s learn some more! Watch this video explaining how to convert non-terminating
decimals into fractions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX1sqV1nSAQ&feature=relmfu

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ACTIVITY 8.

Let’s apply what you have just learned! Convert the repeating non-terminating
decimals into fractions. Click on “SUBMIT” when you are done to check your
answers.

DECIMAL FRACTION

1. 0.625625625…

2. 1.142857142857…

DECIMAL FRACTION

5
1. 0.625625625…
8

1
2. 1.142857142857… 1
7

Now that you have had several exercises on converting fractions to decimals and
vice versa, try your skills in this website. Click on the link below and answer at least
20 questions. If you make an incorrect answer, be sure to read the explanation
and learn from your mistake.
Here’s a challenge. Answer correctly as many items as you can in 20 minutes!
(Timer and score tally is at the right side of the webpage.)
http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/convert-between-decimals-and-fractions-or-
mixed-numbers

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For more exercises on expressing rational numbers as fractions, decimals or
percent, visit this website:
http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol4/challenge_vol4.html
Now it’s time for us to check how well you have learned the skill of expressing
rational numbers in fraction form, in decimal form and in percent form.

ACTIVITY 9. QUIZ.

Complete the table. Round off non-terminating decimals to the nearest hundredths
when converting to percent. Click on “SUBMIT” after you are done to check your
answers.

NO. FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

3
1
8
2 0.1875
5
3
22
4 30%

5 0.35
4
6 1
5
7 2.666…
3
8 1
11

NO. FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

1 3
0.375 37.5%
8
2 3
0.1875 18.75%
16

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 3 5 22.73% (rounded-
0.227272…
22 off)
4 3
0.3 30%
10
5 7
0.35 35%
20
6 4
1 1.8 180%
5
7 2 266.67%(rounded-
2 2.666…
3 off)
8 3 127.27% (rounded-
1 1.272727…
11 off)

ACTIVITY 10.

Now that you have learned how to express rational numbers as fractions, decimals
and percents, try to fill out this 3-2-1 reflection guide. Click on “SUBMIT” after you
are done.
3-2-1 Reflection
3 I learned statements…
1. I learned
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___
2. I learned
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___
3. I learned

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 2 usefulness of rational numbers
1. Rational numbers are useful
in________________________
_______________________________________________
__
2. Rational numbers are useful in
_______________________
_______________________________________________
1 Question I have is…
_______________________________________________
______
_______________________________________________
______

Let us now proceed to the next topic which is locating rational numbers on the
number line.

WHERE ARE THE RATIONAL NUMBERS ON THE NUMBER

LINE?
An easy way to locate rational numbers on the number line is to
express them first as integers or decimals. Check out these examples!

Image source: http://www.physicsforidiots.com/complex.html

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Image source: http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/Number_Sense.html
Watch this video to get a better idea.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqLSFflYTDM&feature=related
Now answer the questions:
1. How are rational numbers located in the number line?
2. In what way can you use this skill in real life?
Let’s apply what you have just learned from the video.

ACTIVITY 11.

Click and drag the rational numbers to their correct location on the number line.
Click on “SUBMIT” after you have finished locating them.

1.4  0.9 0.25

SUBMIT

 0.9 0.25 1.4

Let’s watch this video again (specifically at the 2:14 - 2:48 mark) to recall the idea.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiBwg5cNP84&feature=relmfu

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ACTIVITY 12.

Click and drag the rational numbers to their correct location on the number line.
Click on “SUBMIT” after you have finished locating them.

1 10 12 15 3
  
2 2 4 4 2

10 15 1 3 12
  
2 4 2 2 4

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Let’s watch another video to see a different approach in locating rational numbers.
Click on the link below.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xz6ahTCmSKM (specifically at the 1:00 – 2:14

mark)
Let’s apply what you have just learned from the video.

ACTIVITY 13.

Click and drag the rational numbers to their correct location on the number line.
Click on “SUBMIT” after you have finished locating them.
3
2  3.75 1.5 4.25
4

3.75
3

4 1.5 4.25
2

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ACTIVITY 14. QUIZ.

Take this quiz to check how well you have understood the lesson. Click “SUBMIT”
to check your answers.

For numbers 1- 4, write the letter that corresponds to each of the rational number
below.

Image source: http://math247.pbworks.com/w/page/20517248/4NS1-2

1. 8/2 __

1. 3.1 ______
2. 1.04 ______
3. 7/2 ______
4. 0.4 ______
5. Which graph represents 7/6?

Image source: http://worksheets.tutorvista.com/fraction-worksheets.html#

A. Figure 1
B. Figure 2
C. Figure 3
D. Figure 4

6. In which number line is the arrow pointing at 0.4?

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Image source: http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/Negative_Integer.html
A. Number line 1
B. Number line 2
C. Number line 3
D. Number line 4

How well did you do in the quiz? If you got a perfect score, you may proceed
answering the reflection questions. But if you made a mistake, find out first how to
correct your mistake before answering the reflection questions.

Try this: Some real life problems can be solved using the number line. Try using
this in each of the following problems.

1. Marsha lives 5 ½ blocks from school. Bert is 3 blocks closer. Jean lives 2 ¼
blocks from school in the opposite direction. How far apart do Bert and Jean live?

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J B M

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2. Carlos is making a change purse for his mother. He needs two 3 ½ inch piece
of leather. Can he cut both pieces from one 7 ¾ inch piece? How will you
illustrate this on the number line?

3. How useful are rational and irrational numbers are in daily life?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 15. REFLECTION QUESTIONS

Now that you have learned how to locate rational numbers on the number line,
reflect on these questions:
1. In the process of locating rational numbers on the number line, which do you
find the most difficult?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______
2. What new ideas do you have regarding the usefulness of rational numbers in
real-life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______

END OF FIRM UP

In this section, you found out how to express fractions into decimals and vice versa.
You also learned where the rational numbers are on the number line. Now, what if
you were asked to operate on these rational numbers? How will you do it?

Let’s go deeper by moving on to the next section.

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 Your goal in this section is to perform operations on rational numbers.
Here you will find more ideas on how useful rational numbers are in real-
life.

Dealing with rational numbers in the form of decimals requires skill in operations
on decimals combined with the rules of signed numbers.
For a quick review on operating on decimals, visit this website.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hct1iFJV6GM&feature=related

For a quick review on the rules of signed numbers, visit this website.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEU5uaf-Tu4

Let’s try combining what you just reviewed from the 2 videos. Check out these
examples.
Example 1. Addition of Positive and Negative Decimals

0.56 + 0.35 = 0.91

-0.22 + -0.76 = -0.98
-1.75 + 0.45 = -1.3

Questions:
1. How are decimals with like signs added?
2. How are decimals with unlike signs added?

Example 2. Subtraction of Positive and Negative Decimals

0.12 – 0.48 = -0.36

-0.35 – (-35) = 0
-0.9 – 0.25 = -1.15
2.57 – (-0.4) = 2.97

Questions:

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1. How are with like signs subtracted?
2. How are decimals with unlike signs subtracted?

Example 3. Multiplying and Dividing Positive and Negative Decimals

Like Sign
0.33 x 0.5 = 0.165
0.95  0.2  4.75
-0.15 x -0.82 = 0.123
 12.5  0.25  50

Unlike Signs
-0.9 x 0.22 = -0.198
 4.8  3.2  1.5
0.45 x -0.67 = -0.3015
0.75  1.25  0.6

Questions:
1. How are decimals with like signs multiplied?
2. How are decimal with unlike signs multiplied?

Now check your understanding on the operations by doing the next

activity.

ACTIVITY 16.

Try doing these on your own. Click on “SUBMIT” after you are done to check
your answers.
1. 0.25 + (-0.75) =
2. -1.25 + (-2.5) =
3. 4.1 – 2.3 =
4. 5.33 – (-0.14) =
5. -10.54 – 2.54 =
6. -5.5 – (-4.5) =
7. 2.42 x -3.12 =
8. -12.3 x -0.5 =
9.  0.65  ( 0.5) 
10. 4.9  (2.2) 

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How well is your performance in Activity 17? Which item did you find difficult? Why?
________________________________________________________________
_____________
_____________________________________________________________

If you buy a kilo of rice at ₱34.50 a kilo and a kilo of cooking oil at
₱68.25. How much should you pay for both items? This means 34.50
+ 68.25 which is ₱102.75. Suppose you pay ₱200.00. to the cashier, how much
change should you have? This means 200.00 – 102.75 which is ₱97.25. Suppose
one piece of egg costs ₱4.75 how much will you pay for a dozen? Here you
multiply 4.75 and 12. But if a dozen eggs costs ₱64.20 and you would like to know
how much each piece costs, you divide ₱64.20 by 12.
Cite your own real-life experiences where you applied the operations or rational
numbers. Decimals can be expressed in fraction form. If we multiply two fractions
like ½ times 2/3, is the product 1/3 bigger or smaller? This means a fraction of a
fraction implies a smaller value. Thus 1/3 is smaller than 2/3. Is the product of two
fractions that are both less than 1 always less than one and greater than zero?
How is multiplying by 1/5 x ½ like multiplying 0.2 x 0.5? How is it different?
If we divide two fractions like ½ ÷ 2/3 , the quotient is ¾; 4/3 ÷ ½ gives a quotient
of 8/3. This means when a bigger fraction is divided by a smaller one, the quotient
is bigger while dividing a smaller fraction by a bigger one, the quotient is smaller.
Will this hold true when 4 is divided by 1/2and when ½ is divided by 4?

Can you think of a real-life situation where you can use what you just
learned?
_____________________________________________________________

Dealing with rational numbers in the form of fractions requires skill in operations of
fractions combined with the rules of signed numbers.
To continue your lesson on operations of rational numbers, visit this website:
http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/rational-numbers-operations.html

This website gives brief explanations on operations of rational numbers (fractions)

in a more algebraic form. Be sure to click on Q1 to Q8 at the bottom of the webpage
for your exercise.

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Question:
1. How are fractions multiplied?
2. How are fractions divided?
3. How are fractions added?
4. How are fractions subtracted?

Let’s apply what you have just learned from the website!

ACTIVITY 17.

Perform the indicated operation. Click “SUBMIT” after you have answered all the
items.
2 3
 
1. 5 4
1 2
 
2. 3 7
4 1
 
3. 7 2
6 2
 
4. 5 3
1 3
1  
5. 2 4

Let’s further sgarpen or skills in adding and subtracting rational numbers (fractions)
with negative signs. Let’s watch this video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2Tk2nTsPOQ&feature=related

Now apply what you have learned.

ACTIVITY 18.

Perform the addition and subtraction of positive and negative fractions. Click on
“SUBMIT” after you have answered all items to check your answers.
Add these fractions with same denominators.
2 1
 
1. 3 3

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 7  3
   
2. 8  8
7 2
  
3. 9 9
 1  1
     
4.  4   4 
Add these fractions with different denominators.
1 1
 
1. 3 2
4  1
   
2. 5  2 
2 8
  
3. 3 9
 5  1
     
4.  6   4 

Subtract these fractions with same denominators.

2 1
 
1. 3 3
7  3
   
2. 8  8
7 2
  
3. 9 9
 1  1
     
4.  4   4 

Subtract these fractions with different denominators.

1 1
 
1. 3 2
4  1
   
2. 5  2
2 8
  
3. 3 9
 5  1
     
4.  6   4 

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How did you do in Activity 19? Remember to take note of your mistakes and
learn from them.

The following examples apply the real world use of the addition and
subtraction of integers.

1. Ana is designing a flower using a ribbon. She has ¾ yard of blue ribbon and
7/8 yard of red ribbon. How many yards of material does she have in all?
Here, you add ¾ and 7/8 = (3(2) + 7)/ 8 = 13/8 or 1 5/8 yards of ribbons.

2. John had a piece of wood that was 2/3 foot long. He cut off 1/6 foot to use as a
pedestal for a model car. How much is left?
Here, you subtract 2/3 – 1/6 = (2(2) – 1) / 6 = 3/6 = ½ foot long.

3. A recipe lists 1 ¾ cup milk, and another recipe lists 1 ½ cup milk. You measure
the milk in your refrigerator. You have about 3 cups. Do you have enough milk for
both recipes?
Here add 1 ¾ and 1 ½ . Is the sum smaller than or equal to 3 cups? Is this
enough for both recipes?

4. Lynn recycled ¾ kilo of news papers, ½ kilo of aluminum cans and 7/8 kilo of
clear glass. How many kilos of material did she recycle?
Here add ¾, ½ and 7/8. The LCD is 8. Thus ( 3(2) + 1(4) + 7) / 8 which is
equal to 17/8 or 2 1/8 kilos of material.

5. Will Lynn’s practice of recycling these materials manifests her care for the
environment? How else can you show your care for the environment?

Will the sum of many fractions less than ¼ ever be greater than 1? Support your
answer.

How useful are rational and irrational numbers in real-life?

For the next activity, you will hone your skills in adding and subtracting rational
numbers some more.

ACTIVITY 19.

For your first challenge, answer 20 problems and try to get the highest score that
you can. Be sure to read the explanation whenever you make a mistake. For

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your second challenge, try to get as many correct answers (and the least
mistakes) as you can in 10 minutes!
http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/add-and-subtract-rational-numbers
(This is an interactive website on adding and subtracting rational numbers with
accompanying explanation.)

Now that you have honed your skill in adding and subtracting rational numbers,
let’s try multiplying rational numbers. Watch this video on multiplying positive and
negative rational numbers (with mixed fractions). Pause the video while you try
your hand at the examples. Don’t forget to take some notes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vluGKOZjYM&feature=results_main&playnex
t=1&list=PLC37FB7E17127107A

Let’s apply what you have just learned!

ACTIVITY 20.

Perform the multiplication of positive and negative fractions. Click on “SUBMIT”

after you have answered all items to check your answers.
1
5 
1. 2
3 1
  
2. 7 6
5 2
 
3. 6 5
1 2
5 2 
4. 2 3
2 1
5. 1  2 
5 2
1
 3  4 
6. 3
1 1 1
 2  1 
7. 4 2 6

How did you do in Activity 21? Remember to take note of your mistakes and
learn from them.

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 Study the sample word problems below.

1. Nathan has 20 pets. Of the pets, 2/5 are rabbits, ½ are fish and 1/10 are dogs.
How many of each does he have?
Here 2/5 of 20 will give the number of rabbits which is 2/5 • 20 = 8. There
are 8 rabbits. How many fish and how many dogs does he have?

2. Daniel earned 400.00 php. He saved ¼ of it. He plans to donate ½ of what he

saved to a charity. How much will he donate?
To answer this problem, you may ask what is ¼ of 400. Then take ½ of
this result?

3. Samuel is cutting canvas into pieces. The canvas is ¾ yard long. How many
1/8 yard pieces can he cut?
Here, you divide ¾ by 1/8. This is equal to ¾ • 8/1 = ¾ • 8. Therefore he
can cut 6 pieces of 1/8 yard pieces.

4. Rex budgeted their class fund of ₱4000.00 as follows: ¾ - food; 1/5 – prizes;
the rest for the charity. How much is left for the charity?
Here, you solve ¾ of 4000; 1/5 of 4000. Get the sum of these two amount.
What will you do with the sum to answer the problem?

How useful are rational and irrational numbers in real –life?

Next, let’s hone your skill in dividing negative and positive rational numbers (with
mixed fractions). Watch this video on dividing positive and negative rational
numbers (with mixed fractions). Pause the video while you try your hand at the
examples. Don’t forget to take some notes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=b6Jup7mSjr4&NR=1

Let’s apply what you have just learned!

ACTIVITY 21.

Perform the division of positive and negative fractions. Click on “SUBMIT” after
you have answered all items to check your answers.
1
6 
1. 4
2 2
  
2. 3 5

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 7 2
  
3. 9 15
2 1
1 2 
4. 3 5
 1  1
 4   1  
5.  2  4
1  1
8    
6. 3  10 
1  2 1
1  1   2 
7. 2  3  3

For the next activity, we will hone your skills in multiplying and dividing rational
numbers some more.

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ACTIVITY 22.

For your first challenge, answer 20 problems and try to get the highest score that
you can. Be sure to read the explanation whenever you make a mistake. For
your second challenge, try to get as many correct answers (and the least
mistakes) as you can in 10 minutes!
http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/multiply-and-divide-rational-numbers
(This is an interactive website on multiplying and dividing rational numbers with
accompanying explanation.)

Next, let’s learn how to perform multiple operations on rational

numbers.
Check out these examples:
1  2 5
Example 1: 1    
9 9 9
First, we perform the operation inside the grouping symbol which is the
parenthesis. (Note: If there is no grouping symbol given, you have to follow the
order of operations.)

Next, we express the first fraction as improper. (Note that the parenthesis has been
removed.)

Next, since they have the same denominator, we can proceed with the subtraction.
Simplify (or reduce to its lowest term)

1 7
1 
9 9

10 7
 
9 9
3

9

1

3

1 2  1 3
Example 2:      2  
 2 3  2 4

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First, we perform the operation inside the grouping symbols. (Take note of using
improper fraction and reciprocal fraction when dividing in the 2nd parenthesis.)
Next, since they have the same denominator, we can proceed with the subtraction.
1 10
 
Lastly, simplify. 3 3

9

3

3

 1 1  1  1 1
Example 3:        
 3 3  2  4 2
First, we perform the operation in the innermost grouping symbol. (Take note that
the bracket symbol has been changed to parenthesis after performing the
operation.)
Next, we perform the operations inside the parentheses. (Take note of using the
reciprocal fraction when dividing in the 2nd parenthesis.) The parentheses were not
removed to denote multiplication.
Lastly, we perform the multiplication.

      
2 1 1 1
3 2  4 2

    
1 1
 6  2 

 1
12

Let’s apply what you have just learned!

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ACTIVITY 23.

Perform the indicated operations on rational numbers. Click on “SUBMIT” after you
have answered all items to check your answers.
4  2 1
  
1. 5  5 5
 5 2  4 3
    
2.  6 3   5 8 
 4 1  3  6 2 
  9  9   4   7  3  
3.    

4  2 1 1
  
1. 5  5 5 5
 5 2   4 3  31 11
     or1
2.  6 3   5 8  20 20
 4 1  3  6 2  39 11
  9  9       
4  7 3  28
or1
28
3.  

Now that you have done enough exercises on operations of rational numbers, it’s
time to check how well you have understood the lesson.

ACTIVITY 24. QUIZ.

Perform the indicated operations. Click “SUBMIT” to check your answers.

7 5
3  
1. 8 8
5 2
1 
2. 6 5
7 1
 1 
3. 8 8
 3  1
 2    2  
4.  4  3
1 1
10  2 
5. 2 10
3 5
 1 
6. 10 6

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 1 13
3  
7. 4 16
2 1
 5  1 
8. 3 5
2 3 4 1
     1  
9.  5 4   5 4
 1 3   3  1 1 
           
10.  4 4   4  2 2 

Study the samples below.

1. Leo made 30 cups of soup. How many 1 ¼ cup servings of soup does he
have?
Here divide 30 by 1 ¼. This becomes 30 ÷ 5/4 = 30 x 4/5 = 24. There are 24 1 ¼
cup servings.

2. Suppose you use 2 ¾ yard of felt on the top of the bulletin board display. Then
you use another 4 2/3 yard on the bottom of the display. How much felt do you
use altogether?
Here add 2 ¾ and 4 2/3. This becomes (2 + 4) (3/4 + 2/3) . Using LCD 12,
6 ( 3(3) + 2(4) / 12 = 6 (9+8)/12 = 6 17/12 = 7 5/12 felt.

3. Mr. Castillo is making leather belts. He has a design that is 1 ¾ inches long
and one that is 2 ½ inches long. Will both designs fit in a space on the belt that is
4 inches long?
Here , add 1 ¾ and 2 ½ . This becomes 7/4 + 5/2 = (7 + 5(2))/4 = 17/4 = 4
¼ . inches. Will these fit in a space on the belt? Why?

4. Peter is making a paper collage. He has covered 1/3 of his sheet of paper with
left over wall paper and another ½ of the sheet of paper with magazine pictures.
How much of the sheet of paper is left to cover?
Here , add 1/3 and ½. Subtract the result from 1. So, 1- 5/6 = 6/6 – 5/6 =
1/6 of the sheet of paper is left to cover.

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ACTIVITY 25. REFLECTIVE LESSON LOG

Now that you have learned how to operate on rational numbers, reflect
on these questions:

1. What keys ideas have you gathered while learning how to operate on rational
numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______
2. How can you apply these ideas to your own life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______
3. What other question/s do you have on operations on rational numbers?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______
4. How can the knowledge of rational and irrational numbers help us solve
problems in daily life?

You have now learned how to add, subtract, multiply, divide and perform multiple
operations on rational numbers. Let’s now learn some more on how rational
numbers are used in real-life as we solve more word problems. You will be
dealing with fractions, decimals and percents, negative and positive rational
numbers.

To learn a strategy in solving word problems, watch this video as it shows

examples of word problems involving percentages and how to solve them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KewfKIXRRtI&feature=relmfu

Now, let’s answer some problems similar to what you just learned.

ACTIVITY 26.

Solve these problems on a piece of paper. After you are done, click on
“ANSWER” to check your answer.
1. What is 12% of 40,000? __________
answer: 4,800
2. 3,600 is what percent of 60,000? ___________
answer: 6%
3. 4,000 is 8% of how much? _________
answer: 50,000

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4. Tony invested Php 60,000 at 12% interest rate, Php 50,000 at 8% interest rate
and Php 40,000 at 6% interest rate. How much will Tony earn in all from the
interests?
Answer: 12,400

Let’s look at more applications of rational numbers. Visit this website.

http://www.studyzone.org/mtestprep/math8/d/decwordp.cfm

Now, let’s answer some word problems similar to those shown in the previous
website
.

ACTIVITY 27.

Solve these problems on a piece of paper. Click on “ANSWER” to check your

answer.
1. Three siblings are sharing the cost of a gift for their mother. The gift costs Php
137.25. how much money must each sibling contribute?
Answer: Php 137.25
2. You have a savings account with a balance of Php 2,580.50. You withdrew Php
550.75 the next day. How much would be your balance left?
Answer: Php 2029.75
3. Jenny wants to buy 3 bananas for Php 4.50 each and 4 mangoes for 24.25 each.
If Jenny has Php 110, does she have enough money to buy the 3 bananas and 4
mangoes?
Answer: No. The total cost would be Php 110.50.

Watch this short video for an example of solving word problem involving managing
income.
http://www.youtube.com/user/EducatorVids?v=KdtD9tAHI3A&feature=pyv&ad=8
642527028&kw=multiplying%20rational%20numbers

Now, let’s answer a word problem similar to that shown in the previous website.

ACTIVITY 28.

Solve this problem on a piece of paper. Click on “ANSWER” to check your

answer.

Mario spends 1/4 of his monthly income on house rent, 1/5 on utilities (water,
electricity, etc), 3/8 on food, and the rest as savings. Mario makes Php 20,000 a
month. How much of his income is spent on rent, utilities and food? How much is
his monthly savings?
Answer: rent – ₱5,000
Utilities – ₱4,000

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 Food – ₱7,500
Savings – ₱3,500

Practice some more in solving word problems involving fractions applied in

different aspects. Visit this next website. Be sure to check the explanation if you
get an incorrect answer.
http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/add-subtract-multiply-and-divide-fractions-and-
mixed-numbers-word-problems

Here are more word problems that have real-life applications.

Exercise: Journal Writing – Recording one’s thoughts and feelings

Complete the sentence with a personal thought, feeling, idea or
realization based on the topic “Rational and Irrational Numbers”. Choose one
and write your sentence then click “Save”.

I discovered that… I am now aware of …

I remember … It seems like …
I’m not sure … I wonder …
I was surprised …

End of DEEPEN:
In this section, you learned how rational and irrational numbers are used to
solve problems in real life.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections
have you made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do
the tasks in the next section

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 After you have solved all the previous word problems which are similar
to many life situations, it is time for you to independently apply what you
have learned. You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate
your understanding on rational numbers. As you go through accomplishing this
task, keep asking yourself this question: How useful are rational numbers in
real-life situations?

ACTIVITY 29. Performance Task

You are a school researcher and you want to know how students spend
their weekly allowance. Survey 50 students then present this to the
parents’ association in written and oral form. You are required to give
recommendations based on your findings. The parents would like to see
appropriately organized data, accurate computation, practical recommendations
and a well-written report.

STANDARDS Excellent Satisfactory Developing Needs

4 3 2 Improvement
1
Organization The report uses the The report uses
The report uses The report did not
of Data appropriate method the appropriate
the appropriate use the
and aesthetically way of organizing
method of appropriate
pleasing. It also uses the data. It also
organizing the method of
the three forms of uses the three
data. However, it organizing the
rational numbers. forms of rational
uses limited data. It also uses
numbers. form/s of rational limited form/s of
numbers. rational numbers.
Accuracy of Data of the survey Data of the survey Data of the survey Data of the survey
Computation have been computed have been have slight errors have numerous
accurately without any computed in the errors in the
error. It also shows the accurately without computation. computation.
step-by-step any error.
computations that are
easy to follow.

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 Practicality of The recommendations The The The
the are beneficial to the recommendations recommendations recommendations
Recommendati students, feasible and are beneficial to are beneficial to are not beneficial
on/s cost-effective. It also the students, the students but at all, unlikely to
details how to feasible and cost- not very feasible be feasible and
undertake the effective. or costly. quite costly.
recommendations.
Proper The report has no The report has no The report has The report has
Grammar grammatical error and grammatical error. several numerous glaring
content is rich, grammatical grammatical
interesting and highly errors. errors.
convincing.

Write your out-put here.

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 PROCESS QUESTIONS

1. Which part of the performance task did you find most challenging? Why?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What step/s did you have to remember to do in order to solve the problem/s?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What do you think would have happened if you have forgotten to do the proper
steps?
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. What do you think is the best way to avoid errors in solving problems?
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. How did accomplishing the performance task help you see the real world use
of rational numbers?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

You have just learned how to use rational numbers in daily life. As you
continue learning, the application of rational numbers will become even
clearer to you. And as you continue with life, you will now be more
conscious of the rational numbers all around you.

END OF TRANSFER:

Congratulations! You have now completed this lesson! But before you can proceed
to the next module, you have to answer the following post-assessment.

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It is now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer all
the items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your score is not
at the expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all
items. After answering all the items, click “Submit” to see your score.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? (A)
a. Decimals are rational numbers.
b. Negative fractions are irrational numbers.
c. Repeating non-terminating decimals are irrational numbers.
d. Irrational numbers can be expressed as fractions.

2. Where is -7/2 located on this number line? (A)

A B C D

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

3. What is 1/8 expressed in decimal form?(A)

A. 0.18
B. 1.8
C. 0.125
D. 1.25

4. What is 4/25 expressed in percent? (A)

A. 4%
B. 16%
C. 25%
D. 45%

5. What is 0.81 expressed in fraction form? (M)

A. 1/9
B. 8/9
C. 81/99
D. 9/1

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6. Perform the indicated operations: [(1/5 + 2/5) – 1/10][-1/4 ÷ 1/2] (M)
A. 1/4
B. 1/9
C. -1/4
D. -1/9

7) Which of the following numbers is an irrational number? (A)

A. 5
B. – 1/5
C. 3
D. 4

8) 7/12 - 2/6 = ? (A)

A. 1/4
B. 1/3
C. 3/12
D. 4/12

9) What is 5/8 expressed in decimal form? (A)

A. 0.58
B. 5.8
C. 1.6
D. 0.625

10). What is 3/4 expressed in percent? (A)

A. 0.75%
B. 7.5%
C. 70%
D. 75%

11). What is 3.66 expressed in fraction form?(M)

A 3/6
B. 9/3
C. 10/3
D. 11/3

12). Perform the indicated operations: [(1/4 + 1/4) – 1/8][1/3 ÷ 1/2] (M)
A. 1/4
B. 1/9
C. 1/12
D. 1/48

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13) Which of the two fractions are equal? (A)

A. ½ and 2/3
B. ¾ and 9/12
C. 4/5 and 8/15
D. 5/6 and 10/18

14) Which is equivalent to 0.35? (A)

A. 3/5
B. 4/5
C. 7/20
D. 8/20

15) 2/3 ÷ 3 ¼ = ? (M)

A. 2/13
B. 8/16
C. 8/39
D. 26/12

16) 0.25 x 3.2 = ? (M)

A. 0.8
B. 0.08
C. 0.008
D. 0.0008

17) 5/12 + 7/12 = ? (A)

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 11/12

18) 1/3 + 1/5 = ? (M)

A. 1/8
B. 2/8
C. 8/15
D. 15/8

19) 3/15 – 8/15 = ? (A)

A. -5/15
B. -1/3
C. 1/3
D. 5/15

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20) 2 ¼ - 1 4/5 = ? (M)
A. 0
B. 1/9
C. 9/20
D. 18/20

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Capital - Cash or goods used to generate income either by investing in a
business or a different income property.
Decimals - A representation of a real number using the base ten and decimal
notation, such as 201.4, 3.89, or 0.0006.
Denominator - that term of a fraction, usually written under the line, that
indicates the number of equal parts into which the unit is divided; divisor
Fractions - a number usually expressed in the form a/b.
Integers - one of the positive or negative numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., or zero.
Interest rate - A rate which is charged or paid for the use of money.
Irrational numbers - Irrational numbers
Invest - To commit (money or capital) in order to gain a financial return
Non-repeating non-terminating decimal - A decimal that neither terminates nor
repeats; non-repeating decimals are also called as non-periodic decimals or non-
recurring decimals. An irrational number is a non-terminating and non-repeating
decimal.
Number line - A line that graphically expresses the real numbers as a series of
points distributed about a point arbitrarily designated as zero and in which the
magnitude of each number is represented by the distance of the corresponding
point from zero.
Numerator - A number written above or to the left of the line in a common
fraction to indicate the number of parts of the whole.
Percent - figured or expressed on the basis of a rate or proportion per hundred
(used in combination with a number in expressing rates of interest, proportions,
etc.). Symbol: %
Rational numbers - a number that can be expressed exactly by a ratio of two
integers.
Repeating non-terminating decimal - Decimals with repeating digits; that is, the
digits that repeat infinitely
Terminating decimal - a decimal numeral in which, after a finite number of
decimal places, all succeeding place values are 0; also called finite decimal
Venn diagram - a diagram in which mathematical sets or terms of a categorical
statement are represented by overlapping circles within a boundary representing
the universal set, so that all possible combinations of the relevant properties are
represented by the various distinct areas in the diagram

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References :
http://dictionary.reference.com/
This is an online dictionary.

http://mathandmultimedia.com/
This is an online dictionary of mathematical terms

http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/
This is an online dictionary of mathematical terms

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
This is an online dictionary.

http://www.investorwords.com/
This is an online dictionary on investing and business

WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIRb7F7tKEM&feature=related
this is a short video on the use of rational numbers

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/academy123/english/academy123_content/wl-
book-demo/ph-107s.html
This is a video explaining the rules in classifying rational and irrational numbers.

http://www.math-play.com/rational-and-irrational-numbers-game/rational-and-
irrational-numbers-game.html
Rational and Irrational Numbers Game is an interactive and fast-paced game.
The object of this game is to quickly classify given numbers as rational or
irrational numbers by dragging them in the correct bin in less than 3 minutes.

http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book7/bk7i17/bk7_17i2.htm
This website shows how to convert fractions to decimals. It also has a 50-item
exercise with over-all score

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiBwg5cNP84
this is a video showing how to convert fractions to decimals

http://www.coolmath.com/prealgebra/02-decimals/05-decimals-converting-
decimal-to-fraction-01.htm
This website explains how to convert terminating decimals to fractions.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyTFvx_ZVOs
This video explains how to convert terminating decimals to fractions.

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http://www.basic-mathematics.com/converting-repeating-decimals-to-
fractions.html
this is a website explaining how to convert repeating non-terminating decimals
into fractions

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX1sqV1nSAQ&feature=relmfu
This video explains how to convert non-terminating decimals to fractions.

http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/convert-between-decimals-and-fractions-or-
mixed-numbers
This is an interactive website with exercises on converting decimals to fractions
and vice versa

http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol4/challenge_vol4.html
This website has exercises on expressing rational numbers as fractions,
decimals or percents.

Image source: http://www.physicsforidiots.com/complex.html

Image source: http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/Number_Sense.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqLSFflYTDM&feature=related
This is a video on locating decimals on the number line

Image source:
http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&biw=1214&bih=600&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbn
id=C-BwPO-
Pc83mnM:&imgrefurl=http://www.enasco.com/product/TB24604T&docid=_1AWk
85nm8e9YM&imgurl=http://www.enasco.com/prod/images/products/5E/AC11101
6l.jpg&w=600&h=600&ei=GIKTT6T6B9HUmAWt6P3qAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx
=124&vpy=257&dur=5822&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=85&ty=96&sig=111088177
573868644810&page=2&tbnh=135&tbnw=164&start=18&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:
0,s:18,i:113

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xz6ahTCmSKM
This is a video on locating rational numbers on the number line.

Image source: http://math247.pbworks.com/w/page/20517248/4NS1-2

Image source: http://worksheets.tutorvista.com/fraction-worksheets.html#

Image source:
http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/Negative_Integer.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hct1iFJV6GM&feature=related
This website shows how to operate on decimals.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEU5uaf-Tu4
This website shows the rules of signed numbers.

http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/rational-numbers-operations.html
This website gives brief explanations on operations of rational numbers
(fractions) in a more algebraic form.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2Tk2nTsPOQ&feature=related
This is a video on adding and subtracting rational numbers (fractions) with
negative signs.

http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/add-and-subtract-rational-numbers
This is an interactive website on adding and subtracting rational numbers with
accompanying explanation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vluGKOZjYM&feature=results_main&playnex
t=1&list=PLC37FB7E17127107A
This is a video on multiplying positive and negative rational numbers (with mixed
fractions).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=b6Jup7mSjr4&NR=1
This is a video on dividing positive and negative rational numbers (with mixed
fractions).

http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/multiply-and-divide-rational-numbers
This is an interactive website on multiplying and dividing rational numbers with
accompanying explanation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KewfKIXRRtI&feature=relmfu
This video shows examples of word problems involving percentages and how to
solve them.

http://www.studyzone.org/mtestprep/math8/d/decwordp.cfm
This website shows applications of rational numbers.

http://www.youtube.com/user/EducatorVids?v=KdtD9tAHI3A&feature=pyv&ad=8
642527028&kw=multiplying%20rational%20numbers
This is a short video with an example of word problem involving income and
expenses.

http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/add-subtract-multiply-and-divide-fractions-and-
mixed-numbers-word-problems
This is an interactive website on operations of fractions and mixed numbers. It
also has explanation if answer is incorrect.

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Lesson 3: Square Root

LESSON INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

(Initial motivational statements and questions will be given for students to
focus on.)

We know all counting numbers consecutively such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and

so on. What are the numbers between 1 and 2? How about the numbers between
3 and 4? What are square roots of numbers? How are they represented? Have
you ever wondered if you can apply your knowledge and skills in square root
to real life situations? How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve
problems in daily life? Find out the answers in this lesson.

LESSON COVERAGE:
This lesson has the following topics:

Estimated
TOPIC NO. Title You will learn to…
time
Determine the square root
3.1 Square Root of a Number 1 hour
of a given real number.
Approximate the square
3.2 Estimating Square Roots 1 hour
root of a real number.
Graph of rational and
3.3 Graphing Square Roots 1 hour
irrational square roots.

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 Concept Map of the Lesson

Here is a simple illustration of the topics you will cover in this lesson:

Expected Skills

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Complete all the given exercises properly.
2. Read and follow directions carefully.
3. Take note of important details, processes and methods in each lesson.
4. Go back to the lesson if you can’t answer the given exercises.
5. Be persevering and study hard.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about square
roots.
Answer the exercise below.

Exercise 1: Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, click “Submit” to see your score. Take
note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this lesson.

1. Which of the following is the combination of a radical sign together with

a number under?
A. index
B. radical number
C. radicand
D. square root

2. Which one is the simplified form of 196 ?

A. 11
B. 12
C. 13
D. 14

3. Which of the following indicates the positive root of a number?

A. Radical number
B. Square Root
C. Radicand
D. Cube Root
4. Which of the following square roots is irrational?
A.
B.
C.
D.

5. Which of the following square roots has an approximate value of 3.2?

A.
B.
C.
D.

6. Which of the expressions below is equivalent to 202?

A. 20 + 20

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B. 20 – 20
C. 20 20
D. 20 x 20

7. Which of the following graph is NOT correct?

A.
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

B.
3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4

C.
5 6 7 8 9

D.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

8. Which statement is NOT true about square root?

A. A square root of a number a is a number y such that y2 = a.
B. Every positive number a has two square roots: and .
C. Square roots of positive whole numbers that are not perfect squares are
always irrational numbers.
D. Every negative number has only one square root, .

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9. Between which consecutive integers does lie?
A. 15 and 16
B. 16 and 17
C. 17 and 18
D. 18 and 19

10. Which symbol will make the given expression “ + ____

? TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of the Above

11. Which of the following real number has no real square root?
A. Positive number
B. Negative number
C. Fraction
D. Decimal

12. What is ( - ) equal to ?

A.
B. 2
C. 20
D. 99

13. What is the approximate square root of 70?

A. 8.4
B. 8.8
C 9.1
D. 9.5

14. Where in the number line is “ - ” located?

A.
0 -1 -2 -3 -4

B.
0 1 2 3 4

C.
11 12 13 14 15

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 D.
-11 -12 -13 -14 -15

15. Which symbol will make the given expression “ + ____ ”

TRUE?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of the Above

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Lesson 3.1: Square Root of a Number

Why do we need to know how to calculate the square root of a number? Are square
roots really needed in life outside math studies? How can you determine the
square root of a given real number? How can the knowledge of square roots
help us solve problems in daily life?

In this lesson we will address these questions and look at some important real-life
application of square roots.

Let us start by doing the activity below.

ACTIVITY 1. Read and solve the problem below.

Mrs. Morena asked the carpenter to cover a patch on the floor which is
2.56 sq. m. in area with square tiles. She asked the carpenter to recommend tile
size that would exactly fit the area without cutting any of the tiles. Available tile
sizes are the following: 20 cm , 25 cm, 30 cm and 35 cm. Help the carpenter
determine the size of the tiles to be used to cover the patch.

Questions:

1. What math concept will help you solve the problem?

2. How will the knowledge of perfect square numbers and square roots
help you in determining the correct size of the tile?

3. Is there another way of solving the problem?

You see from the activities that finding square roots are useful in real life. What
are square roots? How do we get the square root of a number?

Exercise 1: IRF SHEET

Below is an IRF Sheet. It will help check your understanding of the topics in this
lesson. You will be asked to fill in the information in different sections of this lesson.
For now you are supposed to complete the first row with what you know about the
topic. Click on “Save” to save your response.

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 INITIAL
What are your initial
REVISE FINAL
ideas about square
roots?

DO NOT ANSWER THIS DO NOT ANSWER THIS

PART YET PART YET

End of EXPLORE:
After giving your initial ideas regarding square roots using the IRF
Sheet . Let’s now look into what square roots of real numbers are and
how to determine square roots of numbers.

Your goal in this section is to understand what a square root is, how it is
denoted, how it is simplified and approximated. As you go through this part, keep
on thinking about this question: How can you determine the square root of a
given real number? Where and how are square roots used in real life?

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ACTIVITY 2. Squaring vs Extracting Square Roots

A. Complete the table below by giving the square of a given number

Number Process Square of the Number

3 3x3 9
4 4x4 16
5 5x5 25
6 6x6 36

Question: How did you get the square of a number? Can you use your knowledge
on finding squares of numbers in finding the square root?

B. Now complete the table below by giving the square root of a number.

Factored form of the Square Root of the

Number
Number Number
9 3x3
16 4x4
25 5x5
36 6x6

Questions:
1. How did you find the square of the numbers?
2. How did you find the square roots of number?
3. What are square roots of numbers?

You see from the activity that finding the square of a number and finding the
square root of a number are inverse process. What then is square root of a
number?

The square root of a number, n, written below is the number that gives n when
multiplied by itself. That is . n  a, a 2  n .

 the symbol is called radical sign or the square root sign

 n is called radicand it is the number inside the radical sign

Example: 144  12, because 12X12 =144

Use this definition to answer the exercises below.

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ACTIVITY 3. Taking Square Roots

Analyze and complete the table below.

Find: Process Answer

Find: Process Answer

10

11

20

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 50

Question:
1. What kind of numbers are the radicand?
2. How did you find the square root of the numbers?
3. What kind of numbers are the square roots of the given number?

For an in-depth know-how of finding the square roots, visit the following
websites.

Click the given site below to read the discussion on square roots.
http://www.algebra-class.com/square-roots.html
The site will deal with further discussions on square roots. It offers
additional examples and definitions of important terms related to square
roots.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ymcf14wC9Ck
The site will deal with further discussions on square roots. Some
strategies will be shown to strengthen your knowledge on simplifying
square roots.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CN1I81Suuks&feature=related
The site will deal with further discussions on square roots. Some strategies
will be shown to strengthen your knowledge on simplifying square roots.
The site provides a video that shows more examples together with
techniques of simplifying square roots.

http://www.slideshare.net/veggie189/square-roots-and-perfect-squares
The site will deal with further discussions on square roots. The site
gives a powerpoint presentation that deals with introduction to perfect
squares and square roots.

Exercise 2: Try to play this interactive game about solving the square root of the
given real number. You may reset the game to play again.

http://www.aplusmath.com/Flashcards/sqrt.html
Provides interactive game about solving the square root of the given real
number.

Doing this exercise will support your skill in finding the square root of a real
number.
Now that you have done a number of exercises you are ready to assess yourself.
Find how well you can perform.

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ACTIVITY 4.

Complete the table below by finding the correct value of the given
square root. Pick your answer from the choices below and drag it on
the space provided for each number. Click on “Submit” to check
your answers.

SQUARE ROOT VALUE SQUARE ROOT VALUE

13 14
1
0.6 60
19
0.5
7 100
90
15

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 SQUARE ROOT SQUARE ROOT
VALUE VALUE

60
13
7 15

1 100

14 0.5

90 0.6

You learned that when the numbers are perfect square numbers, the square roots
are always integers. How are the square roots of non-perfect square numbers
determined?
Irrational Numbers: Square Roots That Are Not Integers

In the previous lesson we saw that a perfect square is a number that has a positive
integer as a square root. Most numbers are not perfect squares. How do we
determine square of numbers that are perfect squares? What kind of numbers do
they have for their roots?

How can we use the concept of perfect squares in approximating square roots of
positive rational numbers? How are the square roots of decimal numbers
determined?
Now look at the examples below.

Example 1. What is the square root of 12?

Since 12 is a non-perfect integer, its square root is not a rational number. So, we
only approximate the value. How? By finding two consecutive perfect square
integers between which the given number lies.
Which two consecutive integers will the square root of 12 fall between? 12 is
between 9 and 16.
9  12  16
9  12  16
Thus, 3  12  4
This implies that the square root of 12 is a number greater than 3 but less than 4.
Sharpen your skills in approximating the square root of a non-perfect square
numbers by determining two integers between which the square root of the given
number lies.

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ACTIVITY 5.

Find two integers between which the square root of the given number lies.

Square root Second

First Integer
of Integer
4 8 9
24
45
54
120

Questions:
1. How can we determine the two consecutive integers between which the
square root of the given number lies?
2. In what way can we use this skill in mathematical computations?
In the activity, we only give the two integers between which the square root of a
number is located. But what single value can we express the given square root?

Approximating Square Roots of Irrational numbers.

One simple way to find a decimal approximation to the square roots of non-
perfect square numbers is by guess and check. How?

Let’s analyze the example below.

Example: What is 6 to the tenths place?
6 is between 4 and 9. So, 4  6  9 . This gives 2  6  3 .

Then its the time to make a guess, for example 2.3. Square that, and see if the
result is over or under 6 , and improve your guess based on that. Repeat the
process until you have the desired accuracy (amount of decimals).

Guess Square of guess High/low

2.30 5.29 Too low
2.35 5.523 Too low
2.40 5.760 Too low
2.5 6.250 Too high
2.44 5.954 Too low, but real close

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2.45 6.003 High, so between 2.44 and 2.45
2.447 5.988 Low, but close
2.449 5.998 Low, but very close

Thus, rounding to the nearest tenth, 6 = 2.449 2.5.

ACTIVITY 6. Find the square roots up to the tenths place.

Number Square Root Number Square Root

14 62
28 95
48 140

Questions:
1. Describe the process you used to find the square root of a number without
using a calculator.
___________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________
___

2. Why do we need to use paper and pencil method to find the square root
when this could easily be derived using the calculator?
___________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________
___

3. In what real life situation is the skill in approximation useful?

___________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________
___

4. Is there another way of approximating square roots of numbers?

___________________________________________________________
___
___________________________________________________________
___

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 Let’s go back to the question raised before the activity.

How can you determine the square root of a given real

number?
How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in daily
life?

Keep in mind or take note of your answer to this question.

Exercise 3: System Chart

Complete the chart below by filling-out the correct information.

End of FIRM UP:

In this section, the discussion was about determining the square root
of a number. You also learned that squaring a number and getting the square
root are inverse process.

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper by
moving on to the next section.

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 Your goal in this section is to extend your understanding of finding the
square roots of a real number to real life situations. Use your knowledge and
skills in solving the problem below.
Try to answer the given exercise below.

ACTIVITY 7. Read and solve the problem below. Show your process.

Try to solve this problem by answering the questions below.

You want to make a square pillow. You have 729 square inches of material for
the front of the pillow. If you use all the material, what is the length of one side of
the pillow? How can you solve his problem?

Answer the following questions.

1. What is required in the problem?

2. How will find the length the side of the square pillow?
3. What is the length of one side of the pillow?
4. How can your skill in finding square roots of a real number be applied to
solve real life problems?

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 Jot down your answers to the given questions above.

Knowledge and skills in square root can be use to solve real life problems or
situations. Go back to your answers in the questions from Exercise 3 as we solve
the given problem.

1. What is the problem?

You were required to find the length of the pillow.

2. What must be done to solve this problem?

Use the formula for solving the area of a square which is; A = s2

3. How will you able to solve for the length of the side of the square pillow?
Using the formula A = s2, where “A” stands for the area of the square
while “s” represents the measurement of its side, the given value of the
area may be substituted to “A” then solve for the side as shown in the
solution below.
A = s2
729 in2 = s2

27 in = s

4. What is the length of the side of the pillow?

Therefore the length of the one side of the sides of the square pillow is
27 in.

Questions:

1. What is the significance of your skill in finding the square root of a real
number?
2. How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in daily
life?

Assess your problem solving skills by doing the activity below.

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ACTIVITY 8. Problem-Solving

Solve the given problem. Fill-out the graphic organizer by writing your answer in
the answer box then click “Submit” to check your answer.

A man walks 4 kilometers to the east in going to

school and then walks 9 kilometers northward going to
the church. How far is he from the starting point which is
his house?

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 GOAL SOLUTION

CONDITION/NEEDED PROCESS

POSSIBLE POSSIBLE POSSIBLE SELECTED SOLUTION

SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

Jot down your answer to the question below.

How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in daily
life?

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Exercise 5: Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with
the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the
discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision?

Let’s go back to the IRF Sheet. Now fill-out the second column and click “Save”.

IRF SHEET

INITIAL REVISE
What are your initial ideas Write the revised initial FINAL
about square roots? ideas.

DO NOT ANSWER THIS

PART YET

End of DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about the application of the knowledge and
skills of finding the square root.

Now, you are ready to do your final task to show case your knowledge and skills
developed in this lesson.

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 Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life
situation. You will be given a practical task that will demonstrate your
understanding. How will you apply your knowledge and skills in square root
to real life situations or problems?

ACTIVITY 9. Performance Task.

You are an architect in a well-known establishment. You were tasked by the

CEO to give a proposal on the diameter of the establishment’s water tank
design. The tank should hold a minimum of 750 cm3 and 30 cm long. You were
required to have a proposal presented to the Board. The Board would like to
see the concept used, practicality, accuracy of computation and organization of
report.
.

Write your proposal below. Refer to the rubric to help you write you plan the
proposal then click “Submit”.

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 Now that you are done with your work, use the rubric below to check your
work. Your work should show the traits listed under SATISFACTORY or 3. If your
work shows these traits, you are ready to submit your work.
If you want to do more, you work should show the traits listed under
EXCELLENT or 4.
If your work does not have any traits under 3 or 4, revise your work before
submitting it.

RUBRIC
4 3 2 1
CATEGORIES
EXCELLENT SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING

Demonstrate a
Demonstrate a Demonstrate
satisfactory Shows lack of
thorough incomplete
Mathematica understanding of understanding
understanding of understanding
l Concept the concepts and and has severe
the topic and use and have some
use it to simply the misconceptions.
it appropriately to misconceptions.
problem.
solve the problem.

Generally,
All
The most of the Errors in
Accuracy of computations
computations computations computations
Computation are correct and
are correct. are not are severe.
are logically
correct.
presented.

The output is
suited to the
The output is The output is The output is
needs of the
suited to the suited to the not suited to
client and can
needs of the needs of the the needs of
Practicality be executed
client and can client and the client and
easily. Ideas
be executed cannot be cannot be
presented are
easily. executed executed
appropriate to
easily. easily.
solve the
problem.

Somewhat
Highly Satisfactorily
cluttered. Illogical and
organized. organized.
Flow is not obscure. No
Organization Flows Sentence flow is
consistently logical
of Report smoothly. generally
smooth, connections
Observes smooth and
appears of ideas.
logical logical.
disjointed. Difficult to

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 connections of determine the
points. meaning.

Exercise 6: Synthesis Journal

In this section, the discussion was about determining the square root of a
real number. Fill-out the synthesis journal with regards to this lesson then click
“save”.

Synthesis Journal

What I did. What I learned. How can the knowledge

of square roots help us
solve problems in daily
life?

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to produce a written and oral report with the
application of your knowledge and skills about square root.

You have completed the first topic. Now let’s go to the next.

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http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/why_need_square_roots.php
Provides a column that shows the importance of square roots and its
application to other fields.

http://gwenellenmorett.suite101.com/the-pythagorean-theorem-a21010
Provides a column that shows the importance of square roots and its
application to other fields.

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeak7k_how-to-apply-square-roots_tech
Provides a video that shows the application of finding the square
roots in solving real life word problems.

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeak7g_how-to-apply-estimation-of-
square-r_tech
Provides a video that shows the application of estimating square
roots in solving real life word problems.

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Lesson 3.2: Approximating square root.

As you go through this topic, keep on thinking about these questions:

How can you approximate the square root of a given real number?
How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in
daily life?

ACTIVITY 1. Table Completion

Complete the table below by identifying the perfect squares where the
given perfect square number lies in-between. The first given is set as an
example. Write your answer on the space then click “Submit” to check your
answer.

The following perfect

(Before)
squares are in
(After)
between
the other perfect
square numbers

4 9 16

16

81

100

144

196

441

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 900

2, 500

10, 000

Try to take note of your answer to these preliminary questions before we

further explore on approximating the square root of a number.

1) Based on activity, how did you by identifying the perfect squares

where the given perfect square number lies in-between.
2) Did you somehow, use the skill of “approximation”?
3) How can you approximate the square root of a number?
4) How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in
daily life?

Exercise 7: KWL CHART

Below is the KWL Chart. It will help check your understanding of the topics
in this lesson. You will be asked to fill in the information in different sections of
this topic. For now you are supposed to complete the first two rows with what you
know about the topic. Click on “Save” to save your response.

What I Know What I Want to know What I Learned

DO NOT ANSWER THIS

PART YET

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 After giving your initial ideas regarding identifying the perfect squares
where the given perfect square number lies in-between . Let’s now
look into what square roots of real numbers are and how to determine
square roots of numbers.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts on

approximating/estimating square roots of a real number.
Try to recall perfect square numbers and how will you identify
them.
As you go through this section keep on thinking this question: How can you
approximate the square root of a real number?

*Important concept/idea:
 Finding the square root of a real number is also called
extracting the root of a real number.
 Divide and average method is used to estimate square
root.

 It will be very helpful knowing as many perfect squares and their

square root.

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ACTIVITY 2.

Analyze the table below then answer the given questions.

These
are because and is equal to
perfect _______ square root of _____.
squares _____

4 = 2 x 2 = 22 = 2

9 = 3 x 3 = 32 = 3

36 = 6 x 6 = 62 = 6

81 = 9 x 9 = 92 = 9

25 = 5 x 5 = 52 = 5

64 = 8 x 8 = 82 = 8

100 = 10 x 10 = 102 = 10

121 = 11 x 11 = 112 = 11

400 = 20 x 20 = 202 = 20

2 500 = 50 x 50 = 502 = 50

Answer these questions before we deal with approximating square root.

1) How can you say that a number is perfect square?
2) As we get the square root of a perfect square number, what do you
notice with the answer?
3) Give other examples of a perfect square number.

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 *Important concept/idea:
 Here are the examples on how to estimate square roots
of real numbers.
 Let us now deal with approximating/estimating square
root.

Example 1: Estimate

Estimate/
approximate the
following real
numbers
Example 2: Estimate

Example 3: Estimate
 For PERFECT SQUARE NUMBERS

Example 1: Estimate

Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is close to the given radical.

Since is close to , so >6

Step 2: Divide 49 by 6. Disregard the reminder

8
6 49
- 48
1

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 Step 3: Find the average of the factors
6 + 8 = 14 = 7
2 2

Step 4: Use 7 as the new divisor.

7
7 49
- 49
0

Step 5: The factors are equal. Therefore = 7. If

the factors are not equal, repeat c and d.

ACTIVITY 3.

Try to estimate the given square roots by completing the provided

steps. Write your answer in the box then click “Submit” to check your answer.

1) Approximate

Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is close to the given radical.

Since is close to , so >

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Step 2: Divide 64 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the two factors is

 
Step 4: Use as the new divisor.

 
Step 5: The factors are equal. Therefore =

2) Approximate

Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is close to the given

radical.

Since is close to , so >

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Step 2: Divide 81 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the two factors is

 
Step 4: Use as the new divisor.

 
Step 5: The factors are equal. Therefore =

Try to take note of your answer to these questions before we

proceed on approximating the square root of a number.

1) Based on the exercise, how did you identify the root of the perfect
square number less than 100 that will be used as the divisor?
2) Did you somehow, use the skill of “approximation”?
3) Which of the steps did you find difficult or confusing? Why? How do
you plan to overcome this difficulty?
4) How can you approximate the square root of a number?

Let us now proceed to the next example.

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 Example 2: Estimate

Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is closest to the given

radical.

Since is close to , so < 20

Step 2: Divide 361 by 20. Disregard the reminder

18
20 361
- 20
161
160
1

Step 3: Find the average of the factors.

20 + 18 = 38 = 19
2 2

Step 4: Use 19 as the new divisor.

19
19 361
- 19
171
171
0

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ACTIVITY 4.

Try to estimate the given square roots by completing the provided

steps. Write your answer in the box then click “Submit” to check your answer.

1) Approximate

7
Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is close to the given
radical.

Since is close to , so >

 
Step 2: Divide 841 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the two factors is

 
Step 4: Use as the new divisor.

 
Step 5: The factors are equal. Therefore =

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 2) Approximate

Step 1: Think of a perfect square number that is close to the given radical.

Since is close to , so >

 
Step 2: Divide 9, 801 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the two factors is

 
Step 4: Use as the new divisor.

 
Step 5: The factors are equal. Therefore =

Try to take note of your answer to these questions before we proceed

on approximating the square root of a number.
1) Based on the exercise, how did you identify the root of the perfect
square number greater than 100 that will be used as the divisor?
2) Did you somehow, use the skill of “approximation”?
3) Which of the steps did you find difficult or confusing? Why? How do
you plan to overcome this difficulty?
4) How can you approximate the square root of a number?

Let us now proceed to the next example.

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For NOT PERFECT SQUARE NUMBERS

 Here are the examples on how to estimate square roots of real

numbers.
 Let us now deal with approximating/estimating square root. The root
must be round-off to the nearest tenths place,

Example 1: Estimate

Step 1: Think of TWO closest perfect square numbers before and after the given
radical.
Since is close to and , then < ,
so 2 <3

Step 2: Divide 8 by 2. Disregard the reminder

4
2 8
- 8
0

Step 3:Get the average of the factors.

2+4=6=3
2 2
..

Step 4: Divide 8 by 3. Consider the reminder

2.6
3 8.0
- 6
20
18
2

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 Step 5:Get the average of the factors.

3 + 2.6 = 5.6 = 2.8

2 2

Step 6: Divide 8 by 2.8. Consider the reminder

2.85
28 80.00
- 56
240
224
160
140

Step 7: Get the average of the factors.

2.8 + 2.85 = 5.65 = 2.825
2 2
You may stop dividing at this point.

Step 8: Round-off the average to the nearest tenths place.

2.825 will become 2.8

Step 9: Check your answer 2.8

2.8 x 2.8 or (2.8)2 = 7.84
We can see that 7.84 is close to 8. Hence, a
close estimate for is 2.8.

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 Activity 8: Try to estimate the given square roots by completing the provided
steps. Write your answer in the box then click “Submit” to check your answer.

1) Estimate

     
ඥ   ඥ   ඥ  
Step 1: Since is close to and , then < ,
   
so <

 
Step 2: Divide 20 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the factors is .

 
Step 4: Divide 20 by . Consider the reminder

 
Step 5: The average of the factors is .

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Step 6: Divide 20 by . Consider the reminder

 
Step 7 The average of the factors rounded-off to the nearest tenths is .
You may stop dividing at this point.

 
Step 8: Hence, a close estimate for is .

2) Estimate

     
ඥ   ඥ   ඥ  
Step 1: Since is close to and , then < ,
   
so <

 
Step 2: Divide 500 by . Disregard the reminder

 
Step 3: The average of the factors is .

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Step 4: Divide 500 by . Consider the reminder

 
Step 5: The average of the factors is .

 
Step 6: Divide 500 by . Consider the reminder

 
Step 7 The average of the factors rounded-off to the nearest tenths is .
You may stop dividing at this point.

 
Step 8: Hence, a close estimate for is .

Try to take note of your answer to these questions before we proceed on

approximating the square root of a number.
1) Based on the exercise, how did you identify the root of the not
perfect square number that will be used as the divisor?
2) Did you somehow, use the skill of “approximation”?
3) Which of the steps did you find difficult or confusing? Why? How do
you plan to overcome this difficulty?
4) How can you approximate the square root of a number?

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 5) How can rounding-off to the nearest tenths help you to approximate
the square root of a number?
 For an in-depth know-how of estimating/approximating square roots,
visit the following websites.
Click the given site below that will deal with discussion on estimating square
roots. Have your headset or speaker if possible. (www.youtube.com)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l106o7lE-sk
Provides discussion on estimating square roots

Click the given site below that will deal with another discussion on estimating
square roots. Have your headset or speaker if possible. (www.youtube.com)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFVrAk61xjE&feature=relmfu
Provides discussion on estimating square roots

Answer the following questions below. Try to remember or jot down your
answer.

1) Based on the discussion, how can you approximate square roots?

2) Can we apply approximation on all square roots?
3) What do you notice with the answer after approximating not perfect
square number?
4) What do you call with this type of number?
5) Do you think there are numbers between counting numbers? Why?
6) How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in
daily life?

ACTIVITY 5. Approximating Square Roots

Answer the following activity then click on “Submit” to check your answers.
I. State the two consecutive integers between which the number lies.

1. and

2. and

3. and

4. and

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 5. and

Approximate each square root to the nearest tenths.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

I. State the two consecutive integers between which the number lies.

1. 6 and 7

-11
2. -10 and

8 9
3. and

1 2
4. and

5. 8 and 9

II. Approximate each square root to the nearest tenths.

1. 10.44

2. 26.46

3. 4.12

4. -5.74

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 5. 2.64

Let’s go back to the questions raised before the lesson:

Have you ever wondered if there are still numbers in-between 1 and 2?
How about between 3 and 4? So on….

Keep in mind or take note of your answer to this question. Through them you
get to realize the whole point of extracting square roots.

Exercise 7: 3-2-1 – Recording one’s thoughts and feelings.

In this section, the discussion was about approximating the square root of
a real number. Fill-out the given 3-2-1 diagram with regards to this lesson.

End of Firm Up
In this section, the discussion was about approximating/estimating
square
root. You also learned to identify numbers that are perfect square.

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 For the questions that you still have, you may go back to the website and
try to find the answer.

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper on
approximating square roots.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the
topic.
That your knowledge and skills regarding square roots may be used in real
life situations.

Before we proceed to the next selection, let’s review your understanding of

square roots.

Exercise 7: Complete the diagram below by writing the steps in approximating

Square Root then click “Save”.
.

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Exercise 8:
Click on the given websites below and answer the questions to know the
importance of square roots.

1. http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/why_need_square_roots.p
hp
Provides a column that shows the importance of square roots and its
application to other fields.

2. http://gwenellenmorett.suite101.com/the-pythagorean-theorem-
a21010
Provides a column that shows the importance of square roots and its
application to other fields.

3. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeak7k_how-to-apply-square-
roots_tech
Provides a video that shows the application of finding the square
roots in solving real life word problems.

4. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeak7g_how-to-apply-estimation-
of-square-r_tech
Provides a video that shows the application of estimating square
roots in solving real life word problems.

Try to take note of your answer to these questions before we proceed on

approximating the square root of a number.

1. According to the videos and articles, why is your knowledge and

skill in square roots important in daily life?
2. According to the articles, why is your knowledge and skill in square
roots important to other fields?
3. What are the other application or important of square roots?

ACTIVITY 6. Problem-Solving

Solve the given problem. Fill-out diagram by writing your answer in the
answer box and answer the follow-up questions then click “Submit” to check your
answer.

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 1. A 20-foot ladder is placed against the wall of a building. The
ladder touches the building 15 ft from its base. How far is the ladder
from the foot of the building?
\

Answer:

1. How can your skill in approximating square roots be applied to solve

real life problems?

Answer:

2. How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in

daily life?

Answer:

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Exercise 9: Generalization Organizer

In this section, the discussion was about approximating the square root of
a real number. Fill-out the organizer below with regards to your generalizations to
this lesson then click “Save”.

ESTIMATING SQUARE ROOTS

End of DEEPEN:
In this section, the discussion was about the application of the knowledge and
skills of approximating and graphing square roots.

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 Before we begin this section, recall this question asked at the start of the
module. How can you approximate the square root of a given real number?
How can the knowledge of square roots help us solve problems in daily life?
The transfer section of the module will help guide you in determining the best answer
to the question.

Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life situation. You will be
given a practical task that will demonstrate your understanding. How will you apply
your knowledge and skills in square root to real life situations or problems?

TASK
Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You will be
given a practical task which will demonstrate your understanding.

For buildings to be accessible to handicapped persons, the engineering

department passed a bill that that the slope of the ramp be less than or equal to
1/12. You are required to have a proposal regarding the ramp’s dimensions
and present this to the Board. The Board will like to see its concept used,
practicality, accuracy of computation and organization of report.

Write your proposal below. Refer to the rubric below to help you write your
plan/proposal then click “Submit”.

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 Now that you are done with your work, use the rubric below to check your
work. Your work should show the traits listed under SATISFACTORY or 3. If your
work ahs these traits, you are ready to submit your work.

If you want to do more, you work should show the traits listed under
EXCELLENT or 4.

If your work does not have any traits under 3 or 4, revise your work before
submitting it.

RUBRIC: Center Table at the Lounge

3 2
CATEGORIE 4 1
SATISFACTO DEVELOPIN
S EXCELLENT BEGINNING
RY G

Demonstrate
Demonstrate a Demonstrate
a thorough Shows lack of
satisfactory incomplete
understanding understandin
understanding understandin
Mathematical of the topic g and has
of the concepts g and have
Concept and use it severe
and use it to some
appropriately misconceptio
simply the misconceptio
to solve the ns.
problem. ns.
problem.

The Generally, Errors in

Accuracy of All
computations most of the computations
Computation computations
are correct. computations are severe.
are correct

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 and are are not
logically correct.
presented.

The output is
suited to the
needs of the The output is The output is
The output is
client and can suited to the not suited to
suited to the
be executed needs of the the needs of
Practicality needs of the
easily. Ideas client and the client and
client and can
presented are cannot be cannot be
be executed
appropriate to executed executed
easily.
solve the easily. easily.
problem.

Highly Illogical and

Somewhat
organized. Satisfactorily obscure. No
cluttered.
Flows organized. logical
Flow is not
Organization smoothly. Sentence flow connections
consistently
of Report Observes is generally of ideas.
smooth,
logical smooth and Difficult to
appears
connections of logical. determine the
disjointed.
points. meaning.

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to produce a written and oral report with the
application of your knowledge and skills about approximating square root.

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LESSON 4: SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

LESSON INTRODUCTION:

Did you know that numbers can be significant or not? Yes, it’s just like our
personal experiences. We sometimes say that we have significant and
insignificant experiences. This labeling depends on how our experiences affect
our daily life. Numbers too, are labeled significant and insignificant depending on
the calculations made. How can we tell when a certain calculation is
significant to consider? What guidelines can we use to help us determine the
significance of a calculation? What then makes a calculation significant? Do you
want to know more about it? Read on!

LESSON COVERAGE:

In this lesson, you will examine this question when you take the following topics:

Topic No. Title You’ll learn to… Estimated Time

Rules in
What are
4.1 determining 1 hour
significant digits
significant digits
Significant Digits
Determining the
in Addtition,
appropriate
4.2 Subtraction, 1 hour
significant digits in
Multiplication, and
a calculation
Division

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

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To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Read the concepts very well. Write your ideas on a sheet of paper or on
your notebook. This will help you remember the ideas presented in each
lesson.
2. Complete all the exercises.
3. Supplement yourself with other learning materials if available and
necessary.
4. Keep in mind that success depends on how much effort you exert in
learning this module.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this lesson. Click on the letter that
you think best answers the question. Please answer all items. After taking this
short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items that you were not able
to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go through this lesson.

1. How many significant digits are there in 2,091?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

2. Which number has 4 significant digits?

A. 0.0001
B. 0.0234
C. 4,000
D. 2,004

3. Which value shows a significant zero-digit?

A. 0.01
B. 0.005
C. 1.05
D. 100

4. How many significant digits are there in 0.0432?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

5. How many significant digits should the product of 8.5 x 3.2 have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

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 Let us start by examining the different readings of calculations which we often
encounter in our daily activities. How can we tell when a certain calculation is
significant to consider? What guidelines can we use to help us determine the
significance of a calculation?

But first let us define what a significant digit is?

Significant digits are digits that carry meaning according to their

precision. Oftentimes, significant digits are related to rounding-off.
Study the following tables to grasp more on the concept of significant
digits.

Examine the different tables below. Each set represents a rule on determining
significant digits. Start with Table A.

TABLE A
Nutrient Daily Values based on Reference Daily Values
Nutrient Value No. of Significant Digits
Thiamin 1.5 mg 2
Riboflavin 1.7 mg 2
Vitamin B6 2 mg 1
Iron 18 mg 2

Study Questions:

1. What kind of digit was used in each value in Table A?

2. What can you say about the relationship of the number of digits in the
value and the number of significant digits in each?
3. What rule on significant digits can you conclude?

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Ans. Rule 1. All non-zero digits are significant.

TABLE B
Tiny numbers in Science
Quantity Value No. of
Sig.Digits
wavelength of 0.00000055 2
green light
radius of a 0.000000000025 2
hydrogen atom
charge of an 0.00000000000000000016 2
electron

Study Questions:

1. What kinds of digits were used in each value in Table B?

2. Which kind of digit was considered significant?
3. Describe the position of zero with respect to the decimal point and the
non-zero digit.
4. What rule can you conclude?

Ans. Rule 2. Zeroes written after a decimal point but before a nonzero digit is not
significant.

TABLE C
Linear Measures
Linear Measure Converted No. of
Value Sig.Digits
1 foot to meters 0.3048 4
1 rod to meters 5.029 4
1 mile to kilometers 1.6094 5
1 hectometer to feet 328.083 6

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Study Questions:

1. Describe the relationship of the number of digits in the value and the
number of significant digits in each.
2. Are the zeroes counted as significant?
3. Describe the position of zero with respect to nonzero digits.
4. What rule can you conclude?

Ans. Rule 3. Zeroes written in between nonzero digits are significant.

TABLE D
Volume Measures
Volume Measure Value No. of
Sig.Digits
1 fluid ounce to milliliters 29.60 4
1 tablespoon teaspoon 3.0 2
1 teaspoon to milliliters 5.0 2
1 ft3 to dm3 28.3170 6

Study Questions:

1. Describe the relationship of the number of digits and the number of

significant digits in each value.
2. Were the zeroes considered significant?
3. Describe the position of the zeroes with respect to the decimal point and
the non-zero digit.
4. What rule can you conclude?

Rule 4. Zeroes written after the decimal point and after a non-zero digit is
significant.

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END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out the rules in determining significant digits. Let’s us now
practice what you have discovered by doing the next part.

Your goal in this section is to practice what you have learned in the previous part
by answering the worksheets given.

Worksheet No. 1

How many significant digits does each have? State the rule to support your
response.

1. 0.041
2. 10.09
3. 4,000
4. 4.0
5. 2,341
6. 0.0041
7. 10.0039
8. 0.0029
9. 4.0051
10. 234,500

Think about this…

How would you know if a certain calculation is significant to consider? What

guidelines can we use to determine the significance of our calculations? Write your
idea in the box.

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END OF FIRM UP:

In this section, you practiced determining the number of significant digits in a given
value.

If you have incorrect answers, go back to the EXPLORE part for a review.

Now that you know the basic rules in determining significant digits, how would
you now know if your calculation is significant to discover? Read on!

The number of significant digits in the sum, difference, product or

quotient should equal the least number of digits in any one of the
numbers being added, subtracted, multiplied or divided.

When calculating sum, difference, product and quotient of two or more numbers,
how would you know the appropriate number of significant digits to use?

You must remember that:

For example:

A hair dryer uses 1.2 KW of power while a hair iron uses 1.14 KW of power. How
much power is needed if you wish to use the two at the same time?

1.2 has two significant digits

1.14 has three significant digits

Therefore the sum of 1.2 + 1.14 should have two significant digits

1.2 + 1.14 = 2.34 or 2.3 KW

Let’s have another example:

150.0 grams of water is to be combined with 0.507 grams of salt. What is the total
weight of the mixture?

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15.0 has 3 sig figures
0.51 has 2 sig. figures

Therefore the sum should have 3 sig. figures. So, 15.0 + 0.51 = 15.51 or 16

To further deepen, click on the website for more practice:

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/sigfig/sig.htm

END OF DEEPEN:

In this section, you deepened your understanding of significant digits by applying

the concept to the basic operations.

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

In this section you will be tasked to apply what you have learned on how
to express certain calculation in significant figure. Furthermore, for you
to achieve this you will practice determining the significance of a calculation
using the guidelines you have studied in the previous sections.

TASK

Performance Task

You are a school researcher and you want to know how students
spend their weekly allowance. This information will help the parents
association of your school to understand how their children budget
their allowance. Survey a good sample of students. Your research
will be judged according to the significance of your calculations, and
your presentation.

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PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

STANDARD Excellent Satisfactory Developing Needs

S 4 3 2 Improvement
1
Use of All All Some Few
Significant calculations calculations calculations calculations
Digits done in the done in the done in the done in the
research research research research
show show showed show
appropriate appropriate inappropriate appropriate
and effective consideration consideration of consideration
consideration of significance. of
of significance. significance.
significance
Presentation Written and Written and Written and Oral Written and
Oral Oral Presentations Oral
Presentation Presentation were delivered Presentation
s were s were unsystematically s were
delivered delivered and shows delivered
excellently. well. unpreparedness poorly. Lack
Written work Confidence . Written work of self-
is free from and poise had undergone confidence
errors. was few revisions. and poise
manifested was
during the manifested.
presentation.

END OF TRANSFER:

In this section, your task was to present to parents how students spend their weekly
allowance. Were you able to apply the concepts of significant digits? Great!

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to
answer the following post-assessment.

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POST ASSESSMENT

Let us find out how much you have learned on this lesson. Click on the letter that
you think best answers the question. Please answer all items. After taking this
short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items you were not able to
correctly and go back to the previous sections so you can correct your answer.

1. How many digits are significant in 89,018?

A. 5
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2

2. Which value has a significant zero digit?

A. 0.0045
B. 0.045
C. 0.45
D. 4.50

3. How many significant digits should the sum of 1.21 and 1.355 have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

4. Which product requires 5 significant digits?

A. 1.23 x 4.123
B. 2.035 x 4.0023
C. 0.00045 x 1.001
D. 4.2356 x 0.756432

5. When is a zero significant?

A. If the zero is placed after a decimal point and before a non-zero digit
B. If the zero is placed between two non-zero digits
C. If the zero is placed after a non-zero digit
D. If the zero is placed before a decimal point and before a non-zero digit.

6. How many significant digits should be considered when multiplying 0.23 and 0.5
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

7. The number 0.032040 has ___ significant digits?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

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8. The ± relative density error in the density of a metal rod is determined to be ±0.02.
If the calculated value of the density is 8.6321947…, how should the density be
reported?
A. 8.63
B. 8.6
C. 8.632
D. 8.6322

9. The answer to (4.166 x 2.2 x 32.0) ÷ 16.553 = 17.7180209 should be expressed

as:
A. 17.718021
B. 17.718
C. 17.7
D. 18

10. The answer to (4.8864 x 0.00900 x 665) ÷ 87.885421 should be expressed in

how many significant digits?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

11. The density of a metal is calculated to 8.9377 g/cm3, using weight and v olume
measurements. The ± absolute error is determined to be ±0.006 g/cm3. The density
should be correctly reported as”
A. 9
B. 8.9
C. 8.93
D. 8.938

12. The answer to the addition problem 10.11111 + 1.02 + 100.00001 + 0.04000 =
111.17112 should be expressed as?
A. 111.1712
B. 111.2
C. 111
D. 111.171

13. The atomic weight of silicon is 28.0855. Round this off to three significant figures.
A. 28.08
B. 28.09
C. 28.1
D. 28.0

14. Significant figures are important because they indicate ___?

A. The number of digits in a calculator
B. A counted number
C. The accuracy of a conversion factor
D. The number of measurements

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15. A calculator answer showed 423.6959. The answer should be rounded off to
three significant digits. What should be the reported answer?
A. 423.6
B. 424
C. 420
D. 423.7

16. Which of the following numbers contains the designated CORRECT number of
significant figures?
A. 3.0650 4 significant figures
B. 0.043 00 5 significant figures
C. 156 000 3 significant figures
D. 1.04 2 significant figures

17. The number of significant figures in the measurement of 45.030 mm is

__________.
A. four
B. six
C. three
D. five

18. Which of the following examples illustrates a number that is correctly rounded to
three significant figures?
A. 4.05438 grams to 4.054 grams
B. 103.692 grams to 103.7 grams
C. 109 526 grams to 109 500 grams
D. 20.0332 grams to 20.0 grams

19. How many significant figures are in the number 0.00208?

A. six
B. four
C. three
D. two

20. How many significant figures are in the number 9,000,000?

A. 7
B. 4
C. 3
D. 1

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Significant Digit. A number whose presence is given importance.

Non-zero digit. A number which is not zero.

WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/sigfig/sig.htm

http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/sig_fig_dig.htm

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/rounding2.htm

www.nutribase.com

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LESSON 5: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

LESSON INTRODUCTION:

Do you know that the earth weighs 6,588,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

tons? Have you heard that the human body contains 70,000 miles of blood
vessels? Do you know that it takes roughly 0.000000003 seconds for light to travel
one meter? These are some examples of big and small numbers facts. Do you
think it is possible to read and write these numbers in an easier way? What is the
best way to represent very large or very small numbers? Read on to find out!

LESSON COVERAGE

This lesson has the following topics:

Title You’ll learn to… Estimated

Time
5.1 Role of Scientific Notation in Discuss the use of scientific 1 hour
Real Numbers notation
5.2 Expressing big and small Convert big and small numbers 1 hour
numbers to scientific notation to scientific notation
5.3 Calculating with Scientific Add, subtract, multiply and 1 hour
Notation divide numbers in scientific
notation

Concept Map of the Module

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

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 Expected Skills

To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

1. Read the concepts very well. Write your ideas on a sheet of paper or on
your notebook. This will help you remember the ideas presented in each
lesson.
2. Complete all the exercises.
3. Supplement yourself with other learning materials if available and
necessary.
4. Keep in mind that success depends on how much effort you exert in
learning this module.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about scientific notation.

Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items
that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you
go through this lesson.

1. Why is scientific notation important to real numbers?

A. Because it makes real numbers mathematical
B. Because it helps in mathematical computations
C. Because it simplifies big and small numbers
D. Because it makes use of the powers of 10

2. In the scientific notation 6.0 x 104, which is the coefficient?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 10
D. X

3. In the scientific notation 4.65 x 10-3, which shows the number of times the
decimal place is moved?
A. -3
B. 0.65
C. 3
D. 4.65

4. Which part of the scientific notation indicates the direction of the movement of
the decimal point?
A. Power of 10
B. Sign of coefficient
C. Sign of exponent
D. Position of decimal point

5. Which is the scientific notation of 456,000,000,000?

A. 456 x 109
B. 45.6 x 1010
C. 4.56 x 1011
D. 0.456 x 1012

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 Let’s begin the module by writing your initial thoughts on scientific
notation using the table below. Write your thoughts on the first column.

ACTIVITY 1. Generalization Table

Generalization Table on Scientific Notation

MY
INITIAL
THOUGHT MY FINDINGS QUALIFYIN
SUPPORTIN MY
S ON AND G
G GENERALIZATIO
SCIENTIFI CORRECTIO CONDITIO
EVIDENCE NS
C NS NS
NOTATIO
N

Next, try to find out what other people know about scientific notation.

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ACTIVITY 2. Other people’s initial ideas on scientific notation

Interview 2 to 3 persons (these can be your classmates, parents or friends) on

what they know about scientific notation. Use the following guide questions in
your interview.

1. Are you familiar with scientific notation?

2. Where do we use scientific notation?
3. Is scientific notation helpful in life?

Now that you have some ideas on scientific notation, try to write your idea on
representing very large and very small numbers.

ACTIVITY 3. My Idea of Representing Large and Small Numbers

Try represent123,456,000,000,000. Write your ideas in the box. You can use any
mathematical concept or method you have previously studied to represent this
very big number easily.

Think…
1. How did you represent the given value?
2. Was it easy to represent a large value?
3. What do you think is the best way to represent very small or very big
numbers?

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END OF EXPLORE:

You just gave your initial ideas on scientific notation. Let us now continue to
discover the best way to represent very small and very large numbers.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of

scientific notation and how it can help represent very small and very big
numbers. To help you know more about scientific notation, click on any of the
links below.

Web Readings:

1. IERR Online Classroom - http://www.ieer.org/clssroom/scinote.html

2. Slideshare Scientific Notation

http://www.slideshare.net/penningm52/scientific-notation-rules

3. Math and ScienceActivityCenter edinformatics.com

http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/scinot.htm

4. Math Rap – Scientific Notation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtXTKrigYqk

ACTIVITY 4. Comprehension Check

Which is right?

Click on the item that shows correct scientific notation.

1. 234,567,000  2.34567 x 108

2. 0.0987 98.7 x 103
3. 6,700 6.7 x 10-3
4. 0.000007789  7.789 x 10-6
5. 8,000,000 8.0 x 106

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Correct Answers: Numbers 1, 4, and 5

Based on the web readings, answer the following questions:

1. What is scientific notation?

2. Why is it useful?
3. How do we express big and small numbers in scientific notation?
4. Is scientific notation the best way to represent very large or very small
numbers? Why?
5. How does it help you in writing very large or very small numbers? Why
do you say so?

Let us put into practice what you have read on expressing numbers in standard
form to scientific notation. Click on the following links for an interactive exercise.

ACTIVITY 5. Interactive Activity

1. Converting Large Numbers to Scientific Notation

http://www.xpmath.com/forums/arcade.php?do=play&gameid=21

2. Converting Small Numbers to Scientific Notation

http://www.aaamath.com/dec71ix2.htm

ACTIVITY 6. What have you discovered?

Fill in the second, third and fourth column of the Generalization. This will help you
organize your thought and understanding in Scientific Notation.

Generalization Table on Scientific Notation

MY MY FINDINGS SUPPORTIN QUALIFYIN MY

INITIAL AND G G GENERALIZATIO
THOUGHT EVIDENCE NS

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 S ON CORRECTIO CONDITIO
SCIENTIFI NS NS
C
NOTATIO
N

How much of your initial ideas are found in the discussion? Which ideas are
different and need revision?

END OF FIRM UP:

In this section, you found out how useful scientific notation is in expressing very
small or very big numbers and how to express small and big numbers to scientific
notation.

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper by
moving on to the next section

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of

the topic. You have already found out the use of scientific notation in
representing very large and small numbers. Now, what if you are
asked to operate these numbers? How will you do it? Is scientific
notation still the best way to represent very small or very large numbers?

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Click on the following links to help you decide whether scientific notation is still
the best way to represent very small and very big numbers.

Web Videos:

1. Adding and Subtracting Scientific Notations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYTp75sryWA

2. Multiplication and Division of Scientific Notations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciFOlirz4Js

ACTIVITY 7. Comprehension Check

From the video you have watched, answer the following questions:

1. How do we add and subtract numbers in scientific notation?

2. How do we multiply and divide numbers in scientific notation?
3. Is it easy to operate very large and very small numbers using scientific
notation? Elaborate your answer.
4. Is scientific notation still the best way to represent very large and very
small numbers?

Let us practice calculating with scientific notation.

1. Scientific Notation - The Astronomy Workshop

http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/scinote/

Note: Click on the Practice Add/Subtract and Practice Multiply/Divide Button.

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ACTIVITY 8. Generalization Table

Generalization Table on Scientific Notation

MY MY FINDINGS SUPPORTIN QUALIFYIN MY

INITIAL AND G G GENERALIZATIO
THOUGHT CORRECTIO EVIDENCE CONDITIO NS
S ON NS NS
SCIENTIFI
C
NOTATIO
N

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

END OF DEEPEN:

In this section, you have deepened your learning on how scientific notation helps
in representing very small and very big numbers.

What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new connections have
you made for yourself? Let’s go back to the Generalization Table in the first
section, fill up the last column.

Your goal in this section is to apply your learning to real life situations.
You will test what you have discovered about how useful scientific
notation is in representing very big and very small numbers. Are you ready?

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ACTIVITY 9. Application of Scientific Notation

1. What is the ratio of Milky Way radius to our solar system radius given
that, the distance from Pluto to sun is 5,900,000,000,000 meters and the
Milky Way disk radius is. 390,000,000,000,000,000,000 meters. Round the
coefficient to the nearest tenth.

Submit Correct answer: 6.6x107

2. The speed of light is 380,000,000 meters/second. If the sun is

150,000,000,000 meters from earth, how many seconds does it take light to
reach the Earth. Express your answer in scientific notation.

Submit Correct answer: 5.7x102

seconds

How did you find the two problems? Were you able to answer it correctly? I hope
you did.

ACTIVITY 10. Reflect on this

Having studied this module on Scientific Notation, do you agree that Scientific
notation is the best way to represent very large or very small numbers? Cite
specific evidences to support your answer. Write your answer in paragraph form.

My Realizations on Scientific Notation

_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Now, you will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding on scientific notation.

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 In this section you will be tasked to apply what you have learned on
how to express certain calculation in scientific notation. Furthermore,
for you to achieve this you will practice determining the significance of a
calculation using the guidelines you have studied in the previous sections.

TASK

ACTIVITY 11. Performance Task

You are a researcher in NASA, you are tasked to create word

problems involving the different distances and relationships of
the planets in our solar system. This set of problems will be
given to 7th Grade students of a nearby school for an astronomy
quiz bee. Your word problems will be judged according to your
creativity and to how scientific notation is applied in each
problem.

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PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

STANDARDS Excellent Satisfactory Developing Needs

4 3 2 Improvement
1
Use of The The problems The The problems
Scientific problems reflect varied problems reflect no
Notation reflect the simple reflect few application of
varied applications of simple scientific
complex scientific applications notation.
applications notation. of scientific Problems
of scientific Problems notation. involved no
notation. involved the Problems operations on
Problems simple involved scientific
involved operations on limited and notation
complex scientific sometimes
operations notation erroneous
on scientific operations
notation. on scientific
notation
Creativity Problems are Problems are Problems are Problems are
varied, interesting simple and plain and
interesting and are plain. Few simple. No
and related to the problems are problem is
engaging experiences related to the related to the
and are of Grade 7 experiences experiences
related to the students. of Grade 7 of Grade 7
experiences students. students.
of Grade 7
students.

END OF TRANSFER:

In this section, your task was to create problems involving scientific notation.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real
world use of scientific notation and real numbers?

Congratulations to you! You have now completed this lesson! Before you
proceed to the next module, you have to answer the following post-assessment.

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Coefficient. It is the part of a scientific notation which should be greater than 0

but less than 10.

Base. The base of a scientific notation should always be 10.

Exponent. He power of 10. It shows the number of places the decimal needs to
move in changing numbers to standard notation.

WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

1. IERR Online Classroom - http://www.ieer.org/clssroom/scinote.html

2. Slideshare Scientific Notation

http://www.slideshare.net/penningm52/scientific-notation-rules

3. Math and ScienceActivityCenter edinformatics.com

http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/scinot.htm

4. Adding and Subtracting Scientific Notations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYTp75sryWA

5. Multiplication and Division of Scientific Notations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciFOlirz4Js

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It is now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer all
the items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your score is
not at the expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

1. Which of the following shows a correct scientific notation representation?

A. 437.60 x 102
B. 43.760 x 103
C. 4.376 x 103
D. 0.4376 x 104

2. Which is the scientific notation of 1,345,000?

A. 1345 x 103
B. 1345 x 10-3
C. 1.345 x 106
D. 1.345 x 10-6

3. Which statement is true about scientific notation?

A. The whole number called mantissa should be 0<M<1.
B. A movement of the decimal point to the right results to a negative exponent.
C. Scientific notation uses powers of 10.
D. Zeroes are insignificant in scientific notation.

(5  10 6 )(2  10 3 )(3  10 3 )
4. Simplify:
5  10 4
A. 6 x 108
B. 6 x 105
C. 5 x 108
D. 5 x 105

5. Simplify: 3 x 104 + 2.5 x 105

A. 5.5 x 109
B. 5.5 x 105
C. 2.8 x 109
D. 2.8 x 105

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MODULE: NUMBER and NUMBERS SENSE>POST-ASSESSMENT

UNIT POST TEST

DIRECTION: Choose the best answer among the given options.

(A)
1) How many subsets will a set of 5 elements have?
A. 10
B. 25
C.32
D. 64

(M)
2)Where does each of the following real numbers belong on the Venn Diagram?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Prime Even

A. * 5 2 4
11 8
7
3 10
6
9

Multiples of 3

Prime Even

B. 5 4
11 8
7
2 3 10
6
9

Multiples of 3

Prime Even

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 C. 4 2 5
8
10 7
3
6
9

Multiples of 3

Prime Even

D. 2

3
6

Multiples of 3

(T)
3) As a canteen incharge , you are to make a survey of the food preferred by 36
nursery pupils for their Christmas Party options. The result will be presented to
their class and class adviser. Your survey shows the following;
Spaghetti = 18 pupils
Sandwich = 15 pupils
Palabok = 13 pupils
Spaghetti and Sandwich = 6 pupils
Sandwich and Palabok = 3 pupils
Spaghetti and Palabok = 3 pupils
Sandwich, Spaghetti and Palabok = 2

How many students preferred spaghetti only?

A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7

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4) Which of the following shows the Distributive Property of integers? (A)
A. 6x ( 4 + y ) = ( 6x + 4 ) ( 6x + y )
B. ( 6x + 4 ) + y = 6x + ( 4 + y )
C. 6x ( 4 + y ) = ( 4 + y ) 6x
D. 6x ( 4 + y ) = 6x ( 4 ) + 6x ( y )

5) Which should be done first in the process of subtracting integers with unlike
signs? (A)
A. add integers with unlike signs
B. Subtract integers with unlike signs
C. Change the sign of the subtrahend
D. follow the rules of addition

6) Which of the following statements is false? (M)

A. (-2)(-2)(-2) = -6
B. (-6)(-5)(1) = 30
C. (-11)(2)(1) = -22
D. (-3)(3)(-2) = 18

(T)
7) As a nursing aid of MG hospital asked to closely monitor a 5-minute interval of
a patient’s temperature in the emergency room. The initial body temperature as
recorded at 4:00pm was 39°C. Your monitoring noted the following; up 1°C,
down 5°C, up 3°C, up 1°C, down 2°C, down 2°C and up 5°C. What is the
patient’s body temperature at 4:35pm?
A. 35°C
B. 37°C
C. 38°C
D. 40°C

8. You are a business owner and you want to know if you have made a profit for
the month. You are given the following information:

i. The monthly salary of your employees is Php 8000.00 each and

you
have 5 employees.
ii. The store rent is Php 20,000.
iii. Utilities expenses amount to Php 20,000.00
iv. 100 pieces of your product were sold at Php 1000.00 each.

Did your business make a profit for the month? (T)

A. Yes, the business made a profit of Php 100,000.00 for the month.
B. Yes, the business made a profit of Php 20,000.00 for the month.

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C. No, the business just managed to break even for the month.
Notes for the choices:
Choice A – you may have forgotten to subtract the expenses from the total sales
Choice C – the total of the expenses is not equal to the total sales
Choice D – the total of the expenses is not more than the total sales

9. Perform the indicated operations. (3/4 ÷1/2) + (1/3 • 6/5) – 4/5 (A)
A. 1/7
B. 6/7
C. 9/10
D. 11/10

10. Which of the following is an irrational number? (A)

A. 2/3
B. 2/5
C.
D.

11. You want to save up to buy an item worth Php 500.00. If you earn Php
250.00 daily, which of the following would let you save for the item in the least
number of days?(M)
A. saving 1/10 of your daily earning
B. saving 1/5 of your earnings every 4 days
C. saving 0.2 of your daily earning
D. saving 0.3 of your earnings every 6 days

12. A capitalist is investing 50 million pesos in putting up a chain of stores. 20

million of the capital is to be spent for the main store and the rest to be spent
equally for the 6 store branches. What part of the capital will each store branch
get? (M)
A. 1/10
B. 1/7
C. 1/5
D. 3/5

13. You are going to put up a business that needs a capital of Php 800,000. You
already have 1/4 of the needed capital and there are 5 investors willing to
contribute equally for the rest. How much should each of the investors
contribute? (T)
A. Php 50,000
B. Php 80,000
C. Php 120,000
D. Php 150,000

14) What is the simplified form of ? (A)

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 A. 2
B. 20
C. 900
D. 90
15) Which of the following is TRUE? (M)
A. The principal root of 0 is ± 0.
B. Each odd real number has no real square root.
C. Every positive number has two square roots.
D. The symbol is called radicand.

16) Perimeter of a polygon is computed by adding the measurement of all the

sides. Given the triangle below, find its perimeter. (T)

A.
B.
C. 53
D. 23

17) Which is NOT a significant digit? (A)

A. a non zero digit
B. a zero placed before a non zero digit
C. a zero placed between two non zero digit
D. a zero placed after a non zero digit but after a decimal point

18) Which of the following shows a correct way of writing scientific notation? (A)

A. 0.40 x 102
B. 4.00 x 102
C. 14.50 x 102
D. 0.40 x 102

19) Which scenario results to a number whose digits are all significant? (M)
A. measuring the length of book.
B. converting centimeters to meters
C. multiplying multiples of 10
D. giving a number with placeholder

20) In chemistry, which of the following quantities is best expressed in scientific

notation? (T)
A. mass of 1 moles of gold atoms

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 B. electron mass
C. empirical mass
D. relative atomic mass

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Module 1.2: Measurement

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Measurement is an indispensable process in many aspects of daily life. We

describe the sizes, capacities and values of many things, from the large
distances involved in space travel, to the very small quantities in computer
design. To do this, we must be able to choose an appropriate level of accuracy
for a measurement; to select what measuring instruments to use and to
correctly determine the measures of objects, space and time. These activities
require us to use standard instruments including rulers, volume and capacity
measures, timers and emerging measurement technologies found in the home
and workplace.
How does one make an accurate and precise measurement? How are
different measuring devices useful? When do we need to convert one unit of
measure to another? How can one tell that a reasonable estimate has been
made? When is it appropriate to express measurements in scientific notation?

In this module you will try to answer the questions above. You will acquire
deeper understanding of what measurement is by knowing the importance of
precision and accuracy in measurement, the tools used in measurement, and
its many uses in life.

MODULE LESSONS AND COVERAGE:

Lesson Title You’ll learn … Estimated

No. Time
-the concept of measurement and the
different measuring devices and their
1 Measurement in respective uses
3 days
Real Life - the development of measurement from
primitive to the present international
system of units.
Standards and The uses of non-standard units of
Non-Standard measure and why there is a need for the
2 3 days
Units of Measure standards in measurement.
of Measure
The unit of measures used in the SI or
Metric System (SI)
Metric System and
and Customary
3 Customary System of Measurement and 3 days
System of
use appropriate units in
Measurement
expressing measures

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 Measures of
Length,
-to measure length, weight/mass, volume,
Weight/Mass,
4 time , angle and temperature 7 days
Volume/Capacity,
Time, Angle and
Temperature
How to express one unit of measure to
Conversion of
5 another. 2 days
Units
How to approximate/estimate measures
6 Approximating of quantities particularly length,
2 days
Measures weight/mass, volume, time, angle and
temperature.
How to express very large and very small
7 Using Scientific measures in Scientific Notation
3 days
Notation

Applications of the concepts and skills in

measurement to solve real-life
problems involving measurements such
as perimeter, area weight, time, speed,
8 Applications temperature, volume/capacity and utilities 4 days
usage (meter reading) using a variety of
strategies.

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Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

MEASUREMENT

Definition of measurement Non-Standard Standard

Measurement Measurement
Uses of measurement

Development of SI System Customary

Measurement System

Measuring Length
Accuracy and
Precision Applications

Measuring Time
Approximation/
Estimation
Measuring Measuring Energy
Weight/Mass Consumption
Conversion

Measuring Volume
Scientific Measuring Water
Notation Consumption

Measuring
Temperature

Measuring Angles

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 To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

 Carefully read the module and do the activities neatly and

accurately.
 Break tasks into manageable parts.
 Complete all activities even if you may not be asked to hand these
in, but they will help you learn the material.
 Keep copies of all accomplished activities. These are needed to
assess your progress and for grading.
 If you are having problems, do NOT wait to request help. The
longer you wait the bigger the problem becomes!
 Form study groups if possible.

Before we start, find out where you are in terms of knowledge and skills
and understanding of the concept of measurement by taking the pre-test.

PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click
on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, you will see your score.
Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer
and look for the right answer as you go through this module.

1. Which one is a measuring device is used by early Filipinos to measure

distance?
A. sandali B. metro C. ruler D. talaro

2. Which of the following is a common characteristic of a contemporary

measuring device ?
A. simplicity of design B. handy C. electronic D. atomic

3. Lina was asked by her Mother to buy curtain material for their big window at
home. She has to deliver the new material to the sewer right away.
Unfortunately Lina can not find a measuring device to measure the height of
the curtain rod from the floor. What is the most practical way to get the height
accurately?
A. Count the number of span using her hand
B. Use her feet to measure the length
C. Get a stick and count the number of sticks from the rod to the floor
D. Get a long string, tie it to the metal rod and extend to the floor and cut.

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4. If the top line is 2 units, then the bottom line is ABOUT how many units?

A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

5. The weight of a clothespin is 9.2 g. Which of these is the best estimate of the
total weight (mass) of 1000 clothespins?
A. 920 g B. 9,200 g C. 92,000 D. 920,000

6. Tessie is making 7 patches . Each patch uses 4 1/2 inches of ribbon. She
wants to buy the exact amount of ribbon needed to make the patches . How
much ribbon should she buy?
A. 21.5 in B. 28.5 in C. 30 in D. 31.5 in

7. How many millimetres long is the green rectangle?

A. 0.17 C. 17
B. 1.7 D. 170

8. How much blue solution is in the beaker?

A. 150 mL C. 0 mL
B. 200 mL D. 50 mL

9. What is the mass of the item?

A. 210 g C.6.5 g
B. 16.5 g D. 216.5 g

A 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm wooden block is painted red on

all of its faces. It is then cut into cubes, 1-cm on each
edge. How many cubic centimeter pieces have exactly 2
faces painted?
A. 64 B. 96 C. 100 D. 104

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10.

B
11.

At the right is a drawing of Jeff’s house. Which C

A
of the marked angles measures approximately
63? D
A. A C. C
B. B D. D

12. Which of these would most likely be measured in milliliters?

A. The amount of syrup in tease spoon
B. The weight of a safety pin
C. The amount of water in a jar
D. The thickness of a writing paper

13. At 6:00 a.m., a pump began filling the water tank shaped like a rectangular
prism, at a constant rate of 10 cubic meters per minute. The table below
shows the depth of the water in the tank at different times during filling.

Water in Tank Depth in cm

6:00 a.m. 1
8:20 a.m. 5
10:40 a.m. 9
1:00 p.m 13

Assuming the same rate of filling, what was the depth, in centimeters of the
water in the tank at 8:00 p.m. that same day?
A. 17 B. 21 C. 25 D. 29

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14. Jose was awarded by the government to construct road in Cagayan de Oro
City. Using one truck and one mixing machine. He covers one-half kilometer
in 8 hours. If they only work 6 hours in a day, how many days will it take
Jose to cover 60-kilometer road?
A. 80 B. 120 C. 160 D. 240

15. Mark wanted to put in tile in his room. The rectangular room is 9 feet wide by
12 feet long. Mark bought 12 inches square tiles that were only sold in boxes
of 20 tiles. How many boxes are needed to cover the floor?
A. 1.5 B. 2 C. 2.5 D. 3

16. Marie, Tina and Sharon would like to build a shed in the garden. They wrote
notes about building the shed and its location. Below is their shed notes.
A. Dimensions: 10 ft x 12 ft x 10 ft
B. A sheet of plywood is 4 ft x 8 ft
C. The shed will have one door
D. The garden is 40 ft x 75 ft
Which information is not needed to figure out how many sheets of plywood
to buy?

4 cm
17. Maria was preparing a bread stick container shown at 4 cm
the right. If the space outside the cylinder was filled 8 cm
with strawberry dip, what is the volume of the dip in
cubic centimeters?
A. 12.6 C. 128
B.115.4 D. 243.4

18. The tank of Karen’s car can hold 8 gallons of gasoline when it is full. She
wants to fill the tank with regular unleaded gasoline.
Empty Full
Gasoline Prices
Regular Unleaded P55.96
Unleaded plus P60.00
Supreme P65.00 Fuel Gauge
Diesel fuel P51.00
How much will Karen pay for filling the tank to the full?
A. P335.76 B. P447. 68 C. P480 D. P810

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19. Casie drives to work 6 days a week. In the morning, she takes a 10-mile
route. In the afternoon, she takes a 12-mile route home to avoid traffic.
Casie’s car gets 20 miles to the gallon. How many gallons of gasoline will
Casie use each week driving to and from work?
A. 6.6 B. 200 C. 240 D. 440

20. Mrs. Joson is making a flower garden with an area of 100 square meters
and a perimeter of 40 meters . He outlines the sections using squares with
5- meter sides. How might his garden look like?

A B C D

Let’s begin by looking into what measurement is, the many devices
used to measure and the usefulness of measurement in real life. As
we go through the module try to find answers to the following
questions.
 How are different measuring devices useful?
 How useful are measurement in real life?
 How does one know when a measurement is precise?
accurate?
 Why are the units of measurement converted?
 Why are measurement approximated?
 How can one tell a reasonable approximation has been made?

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Lesson 1: Measurement in Real Life

Reflecting on what we know about the measurement is a good practice in

expanding our knowledge of measurement. Seriously look into what you know
and what you want to learn about measurement so that you will be energized to
learn more about measurement. Do the activity below.

ACTIVITY 1. Looking back, Looking Forward

Fill up the first two columns of the KWL Chart below.

What I know about What I want to know What I have learned… So what…
measurement about measurement

Why do you need to study measurement? In what way will it help you in real life?
Where in real life do we use measurement? Why is measurement important?
How does one know when a measurement is precise? accurate?
What could be some of the consequences when measurement are not correct?
Could it be life threatening? Let’s answer these questions in the succeeding
activities.

In the next activity you will see a real life example that will illustrate how
important measurement is in real life and the possible consequence if we fail to
do it right.

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ACTIVITY 2. Fuel Miscalculation Caused Emergency Landing

Read the news article below and answer the questions that follow:

On 23 July 1983, Air Canada flight 143, a

Boeing 767 flying from Montreal to Edmonton
via Ottawa, ran out of fuel about an hour into its
flight. At an altitude of 41,000 feet the crew

received its first indication of low fuel pressure in one fuel pump, and a few
seconds later, in the other fuel pump.

Fortunately, the captain was an experienced glider pilot and the first officer knew
of an unused air force base about 20 kilometers away. Together, they landed the
plane on the runway, and only a few passengers sustained minor injuries.

This incident was due partially to the airplane’s fuel indication system, which had
been malfunctioning. Maintenance workers resorted to manual calculations in
order to fuel the craft. They estimated that 7,682 liters of fuel were in the tank.
They knew that 22,300 kg of fuel was needed the remaining flight, so the question
was, how much fuel, in liters, should be pumped from the fuel truck into the aircraft?
They know that density of the fuel is 1.77 pounds per liter. Their calculation yields
4,916 L, which was pumped into the aircraft. They ended up with less than half of
the required amount of fuel on board. What went wrong?

Questions:

1. Why was it necessary for the maintenance workers to calculate for

the amount of fuel to be pumped to the aircraft?
2. What could be the source of error in the computation?
3. What should be the correct number of liters of fuel to be pumped into
the aircraft?
4. How did you arrive at this answer?
5. In what other situations in life is accurate and precise measurement
needed?
6. What devices or tools can be used to measure physical quantities?

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You just explored examples in real life where measurement is needed and why
precision and accuracy in measurement is important. You will now try to answer
those questions considering the uses of measurement in many other areas in life.

In the next session you will find comprehensive answers to questions we have
asked earlier.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand how to

measure different physical quantities, the devices used in
measurement, how to ensure accuracy and precision, systems of
measurement and their many uses. Indeed where in real life do
we use measurement? What units of measures are appropriate to
use? Under what conditions do we need to be very precise and
accurate? What tools will help use make accurate and precise
measurement?

One of the areas in real life where there is a need to have a precise and
accurate measurement of a variety of physical quantities is in Olympics.
In Olympics we measure length, time, area, volume and other physical
quantities like speed. Do the activity below and see if you have a good
knowledge of the measurements needed in Olympics. Is measurement
really important? Are there sports events that do not involve
measurement?

ACTIVITY 3. Winners or Losers?

People all over the world are becoming sports – lovers. When people play
sports, they need some way of comparing performances: whether in netball court
or a sprint track, measures are needed to separate the winners from the losers.
Choose your favorite Olympic game. Then interview a person involved in sports:
a teacher, coach, trainer to help you answer the following questions.

Questions Answers

a. How is measurement used to

determine the winners of the sport
event?

b. What units of measurement are

used in the different sport events?

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 c. What devices are used to measure
these units?

d. What other measures are needed to

be taken in order to prepare for the
game?

e. Are there measurements that are

obtained without using a device?
Cite an example.

f. What is measurement?

g. How does one know if the

measurement is precise? accurate?

h. What conditions are needed to make

measurement accurate and precise?

From ancient times, man has needed a way to measure things. Measurement
provides a way to answer questions about “how many,” “how much” and “how
far.” It is required to build things, to administer medicine, to make equitable
division of resources, and to specify information about distance, weight or
volume. In our modern world, advanced electronic devices have replaced the
simple devices used in the past.

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What does it mean to measure something?

According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000),

"Measurement is the assignment of a numerical value to an attribute of an object,
such as the length of a pencil.

To be able to assign a numerical value to an attribute of an object, we must first

be able to identify the attribute, and then we must have some kind of unit against
which to compare that attribute. Most often we need a measurement tool that
supplies us with our units. If our units are smaller than the attribute in question,
then our measurement is in terms of numbers (quantities) of those units. On the
other hand, if our units are larger than the attribute in question, then our
measurement is in terms of parts of the unit. Most often measurement includes a
quantity of whole units along with a part of a unit. The fractional part of a unit
determines the precision with which we measure. Greater precision results from
smaller partitions.

Measurement helps us not only to compare but also predict many events. It is
important for calculation and precision. It also can tell a story as to how long. For
example it takes 25 years for narra trees to be harvested as timbers. The average
life span of a television set is 4-6 years.

In the next activity find out the many uses of measurement in real life. You may
interview people working in the given field or find answers in the internet to help
you complete the task.

ACTIVITY 4. Why Measure?

You are given five areas in life where measurements are very useful. Choose an
area and describe in what way is measurement important in this field. Cite an
example to illustrate your point. What could be the consequence if measurement
is not accurate in the situation you have cited. Write your answer in the
appropriate column.

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 Areas In what way is What could be the
measurement consequence if accurate
important? measurement is not
observed?
1. Medicine
Administration

2. Cooking and
food preparation

3. Transportation

4. Architecture &
Engineering

5. Buying and
Selling

Is it possible to measure height of an object without actual contact with that

object? In the next activity explore how to measure heights using the same
method used in the early days.

ACTIVITY 5. Scaling Trees

Your task is to find the height of the tree using your partner’s shadow. With a
partner on a sunny day find the height of the tree nearest to your house. You
might have to pick your time for this task.

Wait until the tree casts a shadow then measure the length of the shadow. Ask
your partner to stand next to the tree, then measure his/her shadow. Be sure to
do it as soon as you can after you measure the tree shadow! Measure the height
of your partner. Record your observations.

Data Computation
length of the tree's shadow Tree's Height = (Tree's Shadow /
length of your partner’s Your Partner’s Shadow) x Your
shadow Partner’s Height

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 your partner’s height Tree’s Height =
Divide the length of the tree's shadow by the length of your partner’s shadow.
Then multiply the answer by your partner’s height. This will tell you how tall the
tree is!

Questions:

Think-Write -Share:

1. Why does this process work?

2. How else can you use this method?

3. Is there another way of finding heights of tall trees and buildings ?

How?

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Lesson 2: Standards and Non-Standard Units of Measure

There are two types of units of measures that we use. The standard and the non-
standard units of measures.

Non-Standard Units of Measures

Non-standard units of measurement are units that are not universally accepted.
These are units that we invent to compare sizes, capacities and other physical
quantities. Some of these are toothpicks, popsicle sticks, paper clips, tennis ball
and others.

Example:
The width of the art paper is twice as long as a popsicle stick. In the next activity
we will experience the use of these units. The activity will give you an idea on
how you can use things around you to measure quantities.

ACTIVITY 6. What is my Measure?

Materials:

Straws, toothpicks, popsicle sticks, paper clips

A. Using the materials cited, measure your body parts. You may ask a partner to
help you on this activity.

Body Parts How many of these objects are your body parts?

Number of Number of Number of Number of

toothpicks straws popsicle Paper clips
sticks
1. Palm
2. feet
3. thumb
4. span
5. arms length

B. Using the data that you have gathered, predict the measures of the
following
parts of your body.
Body Parts Measure

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 Number of Number of Number of Number of
toothpicks straws popsicle sticks Paper clips
1. wrist
2. ankle
3. neck
4. waist

Questions:

1. How did you measure some of your body parts?

2. In what way can you use these measures of your body parts?
3. What difficulties did you encounter to be able to measure?
4. How can measurement be made easier?
5. Why is it important to use standards of measurement?

In many instances standard measuring devices are not available. Our knowledge
and skills in the use of non-standard units will help us do the necessary
measurement.

In the next activity you will explore the difference between the nonstandard
measures and the standard measures. Be very observant and be able to
compare and contrast the nonstandard and the standard unit of measure.

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ACTIVITY 7. Which Measure?

You are given five objects to measure. You are task to measure these objects
using the devices identified. Record your observation in the appropriate column.

Units of Measurement
Objects A B C
“Dangkal” “Hakbang” Meter
stick

1. Width of the stairs

2. Width of the door.
3. Length of the a room
4. Height of a chair.
5. Length of a book

Questions Answers

a. How did you measure?

b. Compare the results in column A, B and

C. Are there differences in the
measures? If there are , how do you
explain the differences?

c. How can these differences in measures

be minimized if not eliminated?
d. How do you know which measure is
precise? accurate?
d. Why is it necessary to have a standard
of measurement?
e. What is a standard of measurement?

In the activity above, you saw that it is important to use the common reference to
the same units of measurement. You learned why the use of standards is needed
in many instances. In the next lesson you will learn the standard unit of
measures.

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 Standard Unit of Measurement
The units that we use to measure are most often standard units, which means
that they are universally available and are the same size for all who use them.
Standard units of measurement are important because they provide reference
points that everyone can use. They allow us to build, do commerce and trade,
invent, and to communicate successfully. Standard is a necessity in almost all
activities of man.

For example, if you want to buy something, then you have to decide how much,
what, and how you are going to agree to exchange your money : 5 meters , 10
liters or 1000 pounds of something with units of measurement that you both
agree to.

You both have to use the same units of measurement to get to the point of the
exchange. To understand each other requires us to have the same perspective,
viewpoint, enough to get the other person to see the same thing we saw. In the
final analysis that means we have the same set of measurements.
.
In science, standards is necessary to ensure that scientific findings can be
analyzed and understood by everyone around the world.

ACTIVITY 8. We have Gone a Long Way!

Read the History of Measurement (Hand Out #1) and identify the measuring devices
used for each of the given quantities. Use other resources like books, journals and
internet. Write your answers on the appropriate column.

Quantities Earliest Description/Meaning Measuring Advantages/

Measuring devices Disadvantages
Device Today
Length

Time

Mass

Volume

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 Questions:

1. What are the key features of the earliest measuring devices?

2. In what way is the modern measuring devices different from ancient
devices?
3. Are there devices used in the early times that are still used today? Can
you cite and example?

In the next activity your knowledge of the measuring devices will be

challenged. You need to be familiar with theses devices for you to be
able to use it well. See if you can identify the given devices.

ACTIVITY 9. Who Am I?

Look at the picture and complete the table below.

Device What is What quantity Device What is What

the does it the quantity
device? measure? device? does it
measure?
1. 6.

2 7.
.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

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 Questions:

a) What conditions affect accuracy of measurement when using the

devices cited above?

b) What skills needs to be developed to ensure accuracy and precision in

measurement?

c) What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

d) Can a measurement be accurate but not precise? Cite an example to

illustrate your point

e) Can a measurement be very precise but not accurate? Cite and

example.

You saw from the previous activities that accuracy and precision in
measurement are important in many instances. In the next activity you
will see how accuracy and precision can affect even decision in real
life.

ACTIVITY 10. Who Won the Gold?

Read the story below and answer questions that follow.

In 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, Australian’s John Devitt and America’s

Lance Larson finished neck-and-neck in the final of the 100 meters freestyle
swimming event. Two of the three first place judges had Devitt as the winner, but
two of the three second place judges had Devitt second. Among the timekeepers
there was no doubt: all three on Devitt’s lane gave him 55.2 seconds, while
timekeepers on Larson’s lane gave him 55.0, 55.1 and 55.1 seconds – all faster
than Devitt.

Hand – held stop watches that time was declared to be uncertain by at

least 0.2 of a second and all six measurements where within 0.2 of a second of
each other; thus, they did little to help decide the winner.
Who got the gold medal?

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 Questions:
a. Who do you think got the medal?
b. What is the basis of your decision?
c. How was the measuring device used in this game useful in
determining the winner?
d. Note that recorded time for Larson smaller than that of Devitt. What
do you think Larson felt if he was not declared winner?
e. How does one know when a measurement is precise?
accurate?
f. How are these kinds of difficulties in measurement of time in
competitions like this were addressed today?

In the swimming event cited above, John Devitt got the gold medal
on the basis of the decision of the first place judges. This is an
example of a situation that depends highly on the precision of the
instrument used and the accuracy of measurement. This serves as
a motivation to find ways and means of improving the precision
measuring devices.

Now, look back and summarize what you learned by filling up the
table below.

ACTIVITY 11. Understanding Check!

CORNELL’ S NOTE

TOPICS THINGS I LEARNED

Question I want to be answered:

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Lesson 3: The Metric System and the Customary System of Measurement

The Metric System

The metric system is an international decimalized system of measurement.
France was first to adopt a metric system, in 1799, and a metric system is
now the official system of measurement, used in almost every country in
the world

The system derives its name from measuring distance (metre), but includes other
variables, such as weight (gram) and time (century). At first, one meter was
derived from the earth's circumference, but it now seems to be 1,650,763.73
wavelengths of radiation from a line in the spectrum of Krypton-86.

The basic units of measures cited above maybe used with one of the following
prefixes:

Physical Quantity Unit of Measure Symbols

1. Length meter m
2. Weight/Mass gram g
3. Capacity/volume liter L
4. temperature Kelvin/Celsius k. C
5. power watt w
6. time second s

These units are used with none or one of the following prefixes:

Prefixes Symbols Equivalent Prefixes Symbols Equivalent

nano n 1,000,000,000 deca D 10 units
micro  1/1,000,000 unit hecto h 100 units
milli m 1/1,000 unit kilo k 1,000 units
centi c 1/100 unit mega M 1,000,000 units
deci d 1/10 unit giga G 1,000,000,000

The prefix system allows you to size up or down metric units to almost any size
you possibly ever need — without having to know special unit names for each
and every physical quantity. Learn the prefixes once, and they work for every
possible unit.

Examples:

Units Equivalent Units Equivalent

1 micrometer 1/1,000,000 meter 1 decagram 10 grams
1 millimeter 1/1,000 meter 1 hectogram 100 gram
1 centimeter 1/100 meter 1 kilogram 1,000 grams
1 decimeter 1/10 meter 1 megagram 1,000,000 grams

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 In the Philippines, Batas Pambansa Bilang 8 mandates that effective
January 1, 1983, the metric system (SI) shall be the sole measurement
system to be used in the Philippines for all products, commodities,
materials, utilities, services, and commercial transactions, in all contracts,
deeds and other official and legal instruments and documents, in
accordance with the provisions of Presidential Decree 187 as amended by
Presidential Decree 748 and this Act and their implementing rules and
regulations.

Customary System of Measurement

In the customary system of measurement used in the United States, the
common units to measure length include inch, foot, yard, and mile. You
should know the following equivalencies and abbreviations.

Length
12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft)
3 feet (ft) = 1 yard (yd)
36 inches (in.) = 1 yard (yd)
5,280 feet (ft) = 1 mile (mi)
1,760 yards (yd) = 1 mile (mi)

Weight
16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb)
2,000 pounds (lb) = 1 ton (T)

Capacity
8 fluid ounces (fl oz) = 1 cup (c)
2 cups (c) = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints (pt) = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts (qt) = 1 gallon (gal)

ACTIVITY 12. . Measurement in the News

Measurement is used in almost all our endeavors. This role of measurement

is reflected in the most common source of updated information. Browse any
news papers and list measures found in the paper.

Measures Units of Quantity it System of

Measure Measures Measurement

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 Questions:
a) What are the systems of measurement included in your list?
b) In what kind of quantity is one system preferred over the other?
c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of one system
compared to each other?
d) Are there quantities that do not have a unit of measure? What are
those quantities?

Can we use units of measures from both system of

measurement? Under what condition? What could happen if
these conditions are not met? Try to answer these questions as
you do the next activities.

ACTIVITY 13. The Mars Probe: What Went Wrong?

Read the story and answer the question that follows.

In December 11,1998 NASA sent Mars Climate Orbiter.

The probe was supposed to land on a part of Mars that
had not been studied before. It was going to collect
samples of materials found in the atmosphere and take
photographs of the polar region of the planet. Scientists
world-wide waited expectantly for the first reports from
the probe, but they never came. As the days passed,
they gave up hope and began looking for possible
causes of the failure.

What they discovered was this: U.S. scientists had used English measurements
when programming a portion of the system. The rest of the system had been
programmed using metric measurements.

Do you think that this could have caused the mission to fail? Write down what
you think and why.

My initial Answer My Revised Answer My Final Answer

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Do the next activity to help you further clarify your answers.

ACTIVITY 14. Metric, English or Both?

1. Look at the following objects and make an approximation of their

dimensions. Write your answers on the appropriate boxes.

How long? How wide?

Objects I think …
1. table
2. book
3. a table
4. a sheet of paper

2. Now use a ruler to find the dimensions. Record you observations.

A B C
Objects How long How long in How do the numbers in
in inches? centimeters? column A compare with
the numbers in column
B?
1. table
2. book
3. a table
4. a sheet of paper

3. Now measure again using the ruler. Record your observations.

A B C D
Objects How long How wide How long in How wide in
in inches? in inches? centimeters? centimeters?
1. table
2. book
3. a table
4. a sheet of paper

4. Compare numbers in columns A and B. What did you observe?

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 ___________________________________________________

5. Compare numbers in column C and D. What did you observe?

____________________________________________________

6. What is the difference between the measurements in centimeters and

the ones in inches? Do you think you would always get the same results?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

7. Based on your observations, will using two differing systems of

measurement to construct something cause problems? In what way?

8. Has your prediction about what happened to the Mars probe changed?
Why or why not? What did you learn from this lesson that helps you back
up or changed your initial idea. Do you think that what you have learned
will always be true?

The Mars Climate Orbiter could have actually overshot Mars and kept
going in space or could have exploded due to a faulty programming. In
order for the mission to succeed, the probe needed to be programmed
with the same exact unit of measurement instead of using different units of
measurement. To know more about the mishap you may access:

http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric.02/
CNN News on the loss of NASA Orbiter
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/462264.stm

Go back to your answer to the questions and complete column 2. Discuss your
answer with a peer or your teacher. Is there a need to revise your answer? Write
it down on the third column.

My initial Answer My Revised Answer My Final Answer

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 Now that you understand the basic concepts of measurement,
measuring devices and units of measurement, your are ready to
deepen your knowledge further.

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Lesson 4: Measuring Length, Weight/Mass, Volume, Time,
Angle and Temperature

Measurement of Length
Metric length is collected with a ruler measured in meter (m), centimeter
(cm), and/or millimeter (mm) units. We use this instrument the same way
we would use a foot ruler or yard stick of the English system. Get a meter
stick and centimeter ruler and study its features.

Locate the centimeter and millimeter markings.

Questions:

1. How many centimeters are there in the meter stick?

2. How many millimeters are there in the meter stick?
3. How long is the centimeter ruler in cm? In mm?

Practice measuring length by doing the activity below.

ACTIVITY 15. Turning my Measures Metric!

Complete the table below. You may ask assistance in taking the measurement .

PERSONAL DATA SHEET

Height ____cm
Finger tip to
____cm
finger tip
Top of head to
____cm
chin
Top of head to
____cm
eyes
Around neck ____cm
Around biceps ____cm
Length of foot ____cm
Elbow to wrist ____cm

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 Questions:

1. What instruments can you use to find the length?

2. What are the units of measures for length?
3. What are the systems of measurement?
4. What skills are needed to be able to measure length accurately?
5. What real life situations in life require accurate measurement of
length?
6. What could be a consequence when measurement of length is not
accurate?
7. In what way can you and your health provider make use of the
measures of your body parts to monitor your health and wellbeing?

http://www.ehow.com/video_4755255_measuring-length.html
Measuring length is a straightforward process, but the measurer must be able to
use different units of length. Discover how to relate inches to other length units
with help from a math teacher in this free video on basic math lessons.

Measurement of Time?

Time is a measure but it is a different from the other measures in

that it can neither be seen nor touched. However, we are
surrounded by the effect of time passing, for example, when day
turns into night and when one season changes into another. There
are two aspects of time you must develop:

 time as an instant which can be named, for example, 6:15;

 time as a duration which describes an amount of time that
has passed, for example, a minute, the afternoon, the year

Time appears to be a crucial element in many types of

measurements. Time is a component of speed, force and pressure.
Gravity, electricity, light, radiation and other waves are all
phenomena taking place over time. Just like the meter is derived
from radiation, the second is defined as the time of 9,192,631,770
periods of the electro-magnetic radiation corresponding to a
transition in the Cesium-133 atom. Such measurements may
remain relatively stable over time, but they are not absolutely
constant.

It is very important that you can distinguish specific clock times as

well as intervals of time. Telling time refer refers not only to clock
time but also the day in a week, the month of the year and the
season of the year.

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ACTIVITY 16. Show or Tell the Time!

I. Draw the hands on the clock to show the correct time.

7:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. 12:15 p.m. 3:48 p.m.

II. What time is it?

__________ _________ _________ _________

Questions:
1. Why is it important to know how to read time?
2. What situations in life requires you to read time?
3. What could happen if you didn’t know how to read time?
4. What situations in life requires accurately and precisely read or set the
time?

Now, that you know how to read the time, see if you have a very
good approximation of the length of time needed to do the
following tasks. This skills is as important as knowing how to
read time.

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ACTIVITY 17. How long?

Predict how long will it take to do the following?

Event Length of Time

seconds minutes
1. count numbers from 1 to 60
1. sing happy birthday song
2. cook 4 cups of rice for the family
3. boil 3 cups of water
4. cook 1 boiled egg
5. cool 1 cup of boiled water

Questions:
1. Why is it important that we develop the skill in approximating length of
time specially in doing some task?
2. How good are you in approximating length of time?
3. When and how can you use this skill in real life?

Now let’s see if you can use what you know about time
measurement to solve problems. Problem solving is a very
important skill. To become a good problem solver you should
learn how to organize the given information, make a reasonable
estimations, check your estimate, draw conclusions and make
predictions about future situations. The more problems you solve
the more successful problem solver you will become.

ACTIVITY 18. Let’s Solve!

Solve the following. Show the process you used to get your answers.
1. At 9.25 a.m. mother set a timer to ring in 45 minutes so that she
could remove the stuffed she had in the oven. chicken with cashew
nuts and lemon grass stuffing from the oven. What time will it be when
the timer rings?

2. Leo was planting sweet potato on Saturday morning at 9.38 a.m. He finished
the entire work at 11:46 a.m. How long did it take him to plant sweet
potato?

3. Suppose that tides vary from 5 feet above to 5 feet below sea level and that
successive low tides occur every 20 hours. Assuming that on a particular day
low tide occurs at 6:00 am, determine the water level at noon.

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4. For a school Project, Ron recorded how much TV he watched in
one weekend and what kinds of programs he watched. His list is
shown below.
SATURDAY: 9:30-10:30AM; 1:00-3:30PM; 8:00-10:00 PM
SUNDAY: 1:00-2:30PM; 8:00-10:00PM

Ron watched sports programs for one half of the time. He watched movies for
one third of the time. He watched cartoons with his sister Ronnette the rest of
the time. How many minutes did Ron watch cartoons? Make sure you explain
all of the steps and label your answers.

Measuring Mass/Weight and Volume

Understanding weight is very important. Is that object too heavy to pick up

by yourself or do you need to use something to lift it? Some may think this
is not important but it is pretty easy to hurt yourself if you lift objects that
are too heavy.

Mass is measured in gram (g) units and is a measure of how much of a

substance in an object consists of. Mass differs from weight because it is
unaffected by gravity. The mass of an astronaut on Earth or the moon is
constant even though the weight of the astronaut is less at the moon than
on Earth. To measure mass we use a balance. Mass is determined with a
balance similar to how an object might be weighed. Different types of
balances are available to measure weight or mass. An example of
balances used today is shown at the right.

To use, place an object in the pan of the balance.

Using the counterbalances of known mass (1g,
10g, or 100g), slide the counterbalances toward the
right until the arm rests at the centerline. If the arm
falls below the centerline, move the counterbalance
towards the left. Practice balancing other objects

You also need to learn proper use of capacity or volume. Volume is the
measure of how much space an object occupies. Volume is a cubic
measurement, thus to to find volume you need to consider not only the
length and width of an object but also the height. Thus for rectangular
solids,

Volume = length x width x height

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 For other regular solids you can use the following formula for volume:
Sphere: V = 4/3r3
Prism: V = Abh
Pyramid: V = 1/3 Abh
Cube : V = s3
Cylinder: V = r2h
Cone: V = 1/3 r2h

Liquids and gases conform to the shape of the container they occupy. To
calculate the volume of a liquid you need only to pour the liquid that is
being measured into a container of known volume. In the laboratory, a
container called a graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of a
liquid.

When measuring the volume of a liquid it is important to remember that

liquids often adhere to surfaces. How?

Place some liquid in a graduated cylinder and look at the

meniscus (where the liquid meets the air). Notice that the
meniscus is bent such that the edges are higher than the
center. To get an accurate measure of volume, read the
meniscus
middle (lowest point) of the meniscus. It is also important
to have your eyes at the same level as the meniscus
when reading the measurement.

Let’s practice. See if you can tell the volume of the liquid shown below.

ACTIVITY 19. Can you Read Me?

What is the volume of liquid shown in each of the following.

Reading

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 Why is it important to have a concept of capacity? Can you cite examples
in real life the will illustrate this?

In the next activity you will use your knowledge and skills in
finding weights using the balance.

ACTIVITY 20. How Heavy?

Materials: balance, measuring cups , sugar, water

Using a balance, find the weights of sugar and water. How best can you do
this? Record your observations.

Value
Weight of the cup
Weight of the cup and sugar
Weight of sugar
Weight of the cup and water
Weight of water

Questions:
o How did you determine the weight of sugar? Water?
o Is the weight of 1 cup of sugar the same as the weight of 1 cup of
water?
o How do you explain the difference if there is any?
o What is the difference between mass and weight of an object?
o How is the volume of sugar determined?
o How is the volume of water determined?

Extra Mile Challenge!

o How are volumes of regularly shaped solids determined?

o How can the volume of irregularly shaped solids determined?
You can conduct a interview or do some readings to answer this questions
comprehensively.

Now let’s again put to use your knowledge on volume or capacity

and weights by doing the next activity. Be able to justify your
answer.

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ACTIVITY 21. Can You Solve?

Solve the problems below.

1. Last December 17, 2011 typhoon 90 inches

Sendong hit Cagayan de Oro . Mr. Nieles
130 inches
basement got flooded! He wondered just
how much water he could collect if he
used his shop vac that could hold up to 10
gallons of water. The height of water in the 250 inches
backwards `L' shaped section of his
basement is 5 inches. (See diagram at the 140 inches
right.) How many gallons of water were in
his basement and how many times did he 90 inches
have to empty his shop vac?

2. Mary’s Café serves fudge made from an old secret recipe.

Mark works at the shop after school. He does not know what all
of the ingredients are, but he knows that in 3 days they use 15
pounds of dark chocolate, 30 pounds of sugar, and 21 pounds
of butter. When Mark orders chocolate, sugar, and butter for 3
weeks, how many pounds of each ingredient does he order?

3. Each Filipino throws away about 60 kilograms of plastic

packaging each year. At this rate, about how many years
will it take one person to throw away a ton of plastic?

Measuring Temperature

Now that you know how to measure volume of materials, let’s learn
how to measure temperature. First what is temperature? What
devices can we use to measure temperatures? What units of
measurement are used to express temperatures of matter? Do we
need to measure temperature in real life?

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 What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the
average heat or thermal energy of
the particles in a substance. Since it
is an average measurement, it does
not depend on the number of
particles in an object. In that sense it
does not depend on the size of it.

For example, the temperature of a small cup of boiling water is the same as the
temperature of a large pot of boiling water even if the large pot is much bigger
than the cup and has millions and millions more water molecules.

How is temperature measured?

Many devices have been invented to accurately measure temperature. It

all started with the establishment of a temperature scale. This scale transformed
the measurement of temperature into meaningful numbers.

The three main temperature scales used for measuring temperature are
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is used for most scientific work
because it is proportional to the kinetic energy in a substance.

When working with very low temperatures it is more appropriate to use the Kelvin
temperature scale. This scale is very convenient for measuring the very low
temperatures of liquid nitrogen. On this scale liquid nitrogen would have a
temperature of 77 K. At this temperature any cells that are touched by the liquid
will be instantly frozen!

At a temperature of Absolute Zero there is no motion and no heat. Absolute zero

is where all atomic and molecular motion stop since it is the lowest temperature
possible. Absolute Zero occurs at 0 degrees Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius or
at -460 degrees Fahrenheit. All objects emit thermal energy or heat unless they
have a temperature of absolute zero.

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Reading a Glass Thermometer

A thermometer measures temperature through a glass tube sealed

with mercury that expands or contracts as the temperature rises or falls.

The tiny size of the bulb and micro-fine size of the tube help the mercury reach
the temperature of what it is measuring very rapidly.

Bulb thermometers follow the simple principle that liquids change their volumes
relative to their temperature. As temperatures rise, the mercury-filled bulb
expands into the capillary tube. Its rate of expansion is calibrated on the glass
scale. Two different scales can be found on thermometers--the Fahrenheit scale
and the Celsius scale.

Reading a glass thermometer, also known as a mercury thermometer or alcohol

thermometer, takes a bit of practice and skill. Let’s learn proper technique for
reading a glass thermometer.

Reading a Glass Thermometer

 Place the bulb of the thermometer in the testing medium. For example, if you
are testing the temperature of ice water, place the bulb in the water, below
the ice, but not touching the bottom of the flask or cup the water is held in.
Why?
 Interpret the readings. Etched into the body of the thermometer are markings
indicating degrees in Fahrenheit and/or Celsius. Relevant periodic markings
of degree units will also be present on the thermometer. For instance, if you
are measuring in degrees Celsius, every 10 degrees will be marked on the
scale, with smaller lines indicating single degrees. Thus, ice water will show
up as 0 degrees Celsius, room temperature water might be 20 or so degrees.

Example:
What is the temperature in degrees centigrade?
degrees Fahrenheit?
Look at the scaling at the left. The tip of the
mercury is at the second division. Thus the
temperature is 54ºF. Look at the scaling at the
right. The tip is at two division above 10. Thus the
temperature is 12ºC

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Common Temperature Reference Points:

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

Absolute Zero -460 -273 0
Water (freezing) 32 0 273
Water (boiling) 212 100 373

Questions:
1. Why are these pieces of information important? In what way can
you use them?
2. Where else in real life is the knowledge and skills on measuring
temperature
important?

ACTIVITY 22. How Hot is Hot?

Six thermometers were dipped into six bowls of soup. The readings are
shown below. How hot or how cold is the soup?

A B C D E F

A B C D E F
F
C

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 Questions:
1. Why is it important to know how to measure temperature?
2. What situations in real life requires precise and accurate
measurement of temperatures? Cite at least two.
3. What could be some of the consequences when temperature
reading is incorrect?

ACTIVITY 23. The Temperature Challenge!

Solve the following problems below.

1. The temperature on Monday is 35 °C warmer than it was on Sunday.

Saturday's temperature was 7 °C cooler than Sunday's. At 45 °C, Friday's
temperature was 22 °C warmer than Saturday’s. What was each day’s
temperature? What is the average temperature for the time period from
Saturday to Monday?

2. Beneath Earth’s surface, the temperature increases 10°C every

kilometer. Suppose that the surface temperature is 22°C,and the
temperature at the bottom of a gold mine is 45°C.What is the depth of the
gold mine?

3. The temperature at a ski slope decreases 2.5°F for every thousand feet
of elevation above the base. The temperature at the base is 28°F and the
temperature at the summit is 24°F.How many thousand feet above the
base is the summit?

Questions:
1. In what way is your knowledge and skills in measuring temperature
useful in monitoring your health status?
2. What does it imply when your body temperature in above 37°C ? below
37°C ?
3. Where else in real life is measurement of temperature very important?

Measuring Angles

An angle measures the amount of turn. It may also be

described as a figure formed by two lines or rays diverging
from a common point (the vertex). Where do we use angles?
In the activity below see if you can identify the angles in the
pictures.

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ACTIVITY 24. . Oh My Angles!

Trace and identify the types of angles in each of the pictures below.

Questions:

Can you explain why the angles are there? Where else in real life
do we see angles? Why is measuring angles important?

How are angles measured?

We measure angles using a tool

called a protractor. A protractor is
half of a circle. A protractor uses
units called degrees to measure
angles.

A protractor can measure angles starting from the left or from the right. It
measures from 0 to 180 degrees. 180 degrees is half of the measure of a
circle.

Look at the protractor in the picture to see how this works! This protractor
is measuring an angle starting from the left. What is the measure of the
angle?

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 Look at the figure below. Note the measure of the angles shown.

360  The angle around a complete circle is 360º

The angle around a point on a straight line is

180º.

A right angle is 90º.

In what situations in life we need to use our skill of approximating

measures of angles? When is accurate and precise measurement of
angles needed?

Now use your new knowledge on angles to do the next activity.

ACTIVITY 25. Guess and Check!

Approximate the measure of each of the angles below. Check using a protractor.

ANGLES My Guess My
Measure

a) _______ _______

b) _______ _______

c) _______ ________

d) ________ ________

e) ________ ________

f) ________ _________

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Questions:
1. How do you rate your skill in approximating measures of angles?
2. Where and under what condition can you use this skill in real life?

ACTIVITY 26. What’s in a Pie?

What is the role of angles in drawing a pie chart? Use the pie chart below to
answer the questions.

The pie chart below shows the component of the human body.

Questions:

1. What percentage of proteins of the human body is equivalent to the weight of

its skin?

2. To represent the percentage of the skin, what central angle must be marked?

3. How much of the human body is neither made of bones or skin ?

What measure of central angle will represent this figure?

4. What is measure of central angle representing the percentage of muscles?

5. Why is the measure of central angle needed in drawing a pie chart?

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ACTIVITY 27. Draw Me

Construct the following:

1. Draw a polygon with four equal angles in the circle. What do you call
this polygon?
2. Draw a regular pentagon. What is the measure of each angle? How did
you know?
3. Draw an isosceles triangle. Justify why it is an isosceles triangle.

End of FIRM UP:

In this section, the discussion was about measuring the basic

quantities: length, mass or weight, volume, temperature and angles.
You learned about the different devices used in measuring quantities
and the units used in measurement.

Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with
the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the
discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision?

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go
deeper by moving on to the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of

the topic. We will see that knowing how to measure is more than
knowing how to use the device. It is also very important that we know
how to express our measures correctly and appropriately. Let’s
deepen our answer to the questions we tried to answer from the start
of the lesson. How does one know when a measurement is
precise? Accurate? How can one tell a reasonable approximation
has been made? Let’s answer these questions in the next activities.

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Lesson 5: Conversion of Units

In many instances you are required to express one unit of measure to another
unit. Can you cite an example? In the next activity you will learn how to convert
one unit of measure to another.

ACTIVITY 28. Measuring Up!

1. Fill 10 glasses of the same sizes with water.

Transfer all of these to a dipper. How many
dippers were filled with water dipper?. Now
compare the number of glasses and the
number of dippers of water. 10 gallons of
water ______ dipper of water? Which one is
bigger?

2. Using a meter stick measure 4 yards of plastic

straw. Now cut this in such a way that each
piece is 1 foot each. How many small pieces
are there? 4 yards = _____ feet? Did the
number of units of measures becomes bigger
or smaller?

You see from the activity that the numerical part of the measurement
changes when units are expressed in other units of measures. In the
next activity you will learn how to convert a unit of measure to another
by using conversion factor.

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ACTIVITY 29. Can You Follow?

Study the examples of expressing one unit of measure to another unit of

measurement, then answer the questions that follow.

Conversion of Metric Units

Express 2 kg in g
Process:

×1000 ÷1000

2 kg = 2000 g 2,300 g = 2.3 kg

1000 g 1000 g
2 kg   2000 g 2,300 g   2.3 kg
1 kg 1 kg

1 kg
2,300 mg   2.3 kg
×1000 1000 mg

3.5 km = 3500 m 100

560 cm = 5.6 m

1000 g 1m
3.5 km   3,500 m 560 cm   5.6 m
1 km 100 cm

Question:
How do we change a metric unit of measure to another?

Conversion of Customary System

Look at the example for converting customary unit of measures another unit of
measure.

Express 320 inches in yd

Express 2 lb in oz Process:
Process:
320 in = 8.9 yd
2lb = 32 oz
1 ft 1 yd
16 oz 320 in    8.9 yd
2 lb   32 oz 12 in 3 ft
1lb

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 Questions:
1. How are units expressed in another unit?
2. What happens to the numerical value when a big unit of measurement
is changed to smaller unit of measurement? Small unit of measurement
are expressed in big units of measurement?
3. What is similar in the process of converting units of measurement
from metric system to the customary system? What is different?

Conversion of units involves comparison of different standard

physical values, either of a single physical quantity or of a physical
quantity and a combination of other physical quantities. The
process of conversion is summarized below.

1. Find facts relating the original unit to the desired unit:

1 mile = 5280 feet and 1 hour = 3600 seconds
2. Next use the above equations to construct a fraction that has a
value of 1 and that contains units such that, when it is multiplied
to the original physical value, will cancel the original units.
3. Last, multiply the original expression of the physical value by the
fraction, called a conversion factor, to obtain the same physical
value expressed in terms of a different unit. Note: since valid
conversion factors are dimensionless and have a numerical
value of one, multiplying any physical quantity by such a
conversion factor (which is 1) does not change that physical
quantity.

Now check your knowledge and skills in conversion by doing the next activity.

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ACTIVITY 30. Let’s Do Conversion

A. Convert the following metric units measures to the required units:

1. 520 cm = _______ dm
2. 2.4m = _________ cm
3. 540 dm = _______ dam
4. 5.2 kg = ________ cg
5. 5.1 L = _________ mL
6. 50 cm = ________ dm
7. 1.5m = _________ cm
8. 620 dm = _______ dam
9. 7.2 kg = ________ cg
10. 1.2 L = ________ mL

B. Convert the following English units to the required units:

1. 4.2 ft = ___ in

2. 32 in = ___ yd

3. 12 oz = ___ lb

4. 24 c = ___ pt

5. 1.8 gal = ___ oz

6. 36 pt = ___ c

7. 0.6 T = ___ lb

8. 320 qt = ___ pt

9. 48 c = ___ qt

10. 620 oz = ___ lb

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 How are units of measures for temperature converted into other
units of measurement? The following formulas may be used to
convert from one temperature scale to another.

Formulas:

 Degrees Fahrenheit = (9/5 * Degrees Celsius) + 32

 Degrees Celsius = 5/9(Degrees Fahrenheit - 32)
 Kelvin = Degrees Celsius + 273

Examples:
1. Convert 40C in Kelvin and Fahrenheit scale
Solution:
a. K = Degrees Celsius + 273
= 40 +273
= 313K

b. F = (9/5 * Degrees Celsius) + 32

= (9/5 * 40) + 32
= 104F
2. 100 F convert to C and K
a. Degrees Celsius = 5/9(100F - 32)
= 5/9(100F - 32)
= 37.78
b. Kelvin = Degrees Celsius + 273
From a, degrees Celsius is 37.78
Thus, Degrees Kelvin = 37.78 + 273
= 310.78
3. Convert 400K to C and F
a. Kelvin = Degrees Celsius + 273
So, Degrees Celsius = Kelvin – 273
= 400 – 273
= 127C
b. F = (9/5 * Degrees Celsius) + 32
= (9/5 * 127) + 32
= 260 F

Now, apply what you have learned about conversion by doing the activity below.

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ACTIVITY 31. My Other Names Please!

Complete the table below by expressing the given temperature in other units.

Temperature Degrees Degrees Kelvin

Celsius Fahrenheit
1. Boiling point of water 100°C
2. Freezing point of water 32°F
3. Normal Human Body Temperature 37°C
4. Room Temperature 68°F
5. Lowest Temperature Possible 0K
6. Temperature on top of Mt. Apo at night 3°C
7. Temperature in Baguio City in the morning 290K

Questions:
1. Where in real life is the Celsius scale commonly used? Fahrenheit scale?
Kelvin scale?
2. How are their uses justified?

Now that you have mastered how to express one unit of measure to
another, find out how you can prepare measuring tools that uses
metric units of measure. Start by doing the next activity.

ACTIVITY 32. Turn your Measuring Tools Metric!

Materials: balance, measuring cups and spoons, graduated cylinder, beaker

rice, water

1. Pour the rice into a measuring cup. Scrape and transfer into the beaker.
What is its volume in milliliter? Record your reading.
2. Do the same for other measuring tools: ¾ cup, ½ cup and others.
Record their volumes in milliliters.
3. Fill the cup with water then transfer to the graduated cylinder. What is the
volume in milliliters? Record your reading.
4. Do the same for the other measuring tools.
5. Compare the readings for rice and water. Is there a difference in their
volumes? How will you explain the difference if there is any?

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 English Metric Equivalent English Metric Equivalent
Measuring In milliliter Measuring In milliliter
Tool Tool
Rice Water Rice Water
1 cup 1 tablespoon
¾ cup ½ tablespoon
½ cup 1 teaspoon
¼ cup ½ teaspoon

Questions:
 How should the reading of volume of liquids be obtained?
 How are volumes of regularly shaped solids determined?
 How can the volume of irregularly shaped solids be determined?
 How does one know when the measurement of volume is precise?
accurate?
 When do we need to convert one unit of volume to another? How
does one express a unit of volume to another?

If you were able to answer the questions above, then you are ready to
assess yourself by doing the activity below. Use the knowledge and
skills you have acquired in conversion of units to answer the problems
below.

ACTIVITY 33. Conversion Challenge!

Solve the following problems. Always look back and check your answer.
1. John adds 250 ml of water to a jug that already contains 1.2 liters of water.
How much water is now in the jug?
2. A cake recipe requires 0.25 kg of flour.
Rachel has 550 grams of flour. How many recipes can Rachel have?
3. A chemistry teacher requires 250 milligrams of a chemical for an
experiment per group. He has 30 grams of the chemical. How many
groups can perform the experiment?
4. A bottle contains 1.5 liters of cola. Hannah drinks 300 ml of the cola and
then Ben drinks 450 ml. How much of the cola is left?
5. Emma estimates that the mass of one sweet is 20 grams. A packet
contains 0.36 kg of these sweets. How many sweets would you expect to
find in the packet?

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 6. The temperature at the top of Mt. Apo at night is usually 3°C Express
this in Fahrenheit and Kelvin scale.

ACTIVITY 34. Do you Know This?

Given Answer
1. The height of the tallest building in the
Philippines is 259 meters. ( Philippine Bank of
Communications) How high is that in
centimeters?
2. Mt. Apo peaks at 2,956 meters. How high is
that in millimeters?

3. The weight of a ten peso coin is 8.7 g . What is

the weight in milligrams?

4. 4. The volume of sea water in Manila Ocean

Park is 12,000 cubic meters. What is this
volume in gallons?

Question: Under what condition do we need to express this facts in other units of
measures?

In the next activity you are expected to express a recipe in metric units of
measures. This will test your mastery of the conversion process.

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ACTIVITY 35. Recipes in Metric Units

Given the recipes below, convert the units of measures indicated to metric
units.

Recipes:

Moist Banana Bread

Recipe

English Metric
sugar 1 cup
egg 1
butter at room temperature ½ cup
bananas, peeled and mashed 1 cup
milk 2 tablespoons
sifted flour 2 cups
baking powder 1 teaspoons
baking soda ½ teaspoon
Questions:
1. What are some of the metric utensils that are used in
measuring quantities at home?

2. What could be the reasons why the English utensils are the ones
usually used at home?
3. Construct at least three metric measuring devices for measuring
quantities of components of a recipe.

4. Be ready to explain and show how your measuring devices

should be used.

5. Can 1 cup of flour be expressed in other units of measurement?

What unit will it be? Support your answer.

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Lesson 6- Approximating Measures

In the next activity, you will try to develop your skills in

approximation. It is an exciting game that you can play with your
friends or classmates.

ACTIVITY 36. Shopping Spree

Advertising flyers from Stores

Paper Money
Timer

Rules:
1. Only one player for each group will be assigned per round.
2. Each player will be given the amount for shopping.
3. From the advertising flyers, players will choose and list prices of the items
they would like to buy for the given amount of money.
4. The player who comes closest to spending the given amount without
going over that amount is the winner.
Questions:
1. How did you fare in the activity?
2. Were able to make a good approximation of the prices of the items?

Approximation is a process of finding a representation of something

that is not exact, but close enough to be useful.

Approximations may be used because incomplete information prevents use

of exact representations. It is a skill that is learned through trial and error.
Each time you make an estimate of something and then receive feedback
about the accuracy of your estimate, you take a step in learning the skill of
estimation in that particular context. The more times you make an estimate
in a particular context and then receive feedback, the more skilled you will
become in estimation in that particular context.

Thus, you should be spending a lot of time building and developing our
estimation skills in a variety of contexts. Ask questions like: How much
water do I need for bathing? How much money should I be saving for a
mobile phone? How much money do I need for one month water bill? Our
lives are full of estimates of measurements from the time we wake up in
the morning until the time we go to bed at night.

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 Now try the next activity.

ACTIVITY 37. How Close is you Guess?

Look around in your house and identify the object listed below. Approximate the
physical attributes and complete the table below.

Approximate Values Exact Measures

Objects Length Width Weight Length Width Weight
1. book
2. box
3. picture frame
4. paper weight
5. cellular phone

Now, test your skill and understanding in approximation by doing the Self-
Check below.

Self-Check:

1. Find a object in your house about twice the length of the book. Record it.
2. Find an object about one-half the weight of the cellular phone.
3. Find a object thrice as long as the picture frame.
4. Cite a situation in life where approximation is preferred than the exact
value.
5. What is a good strategy to use when you need to approximate?
6. Where in real life can you use your skill in approximation?

ACTIVITY 38. Is Rounding an Approximation?

Give a good approximation of the required measurement when you convert it.
Round your answers to the nearest hundredth.

1. 2.3 meters to yards

2. 0.6 kilometers to miles

3. 258 centimeters to inches

4. 2.4 kilograms to pounds

5. 158 grams to ounces

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 6. 35 liters to quarts

7. 0.85 liters to gallons

8. 180 meters to miles

9. 1.4 kilograms to ounces

10. 5.6 decigrams to ounces

ACTIVITY 39. Do News Reporters Approximate?

With a group or friends , write down big numbers ( more than 4 digits) you saw
on the newspaper. What quantity does each number describe? Write your
answers on the appropriate column.

Newspaper What does it describe? Rounded Value

Number

Now go to the number on the paper and read again using the rounded value.

Questions:
1. How do the rounded number affect what is being describe?
2. Is the description still accurate? Why?
3. Do the rounded numbers change how well someone would
understand what is being described?
4. (Extend) Give at least three examples when exact numbers are
necessary.
5. (Extend) Give at least three examples when rounded number is
satisfactory.

Now that you know how to measure using different devices, how to covert one
unit of measurement to another and how to ensure that your measurement is
precise and accurate, assess yourself by doing the activity below.

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ACTIVITY 40. Designing the Best Packaging

As a packaging designer of Pinoy Toy company you are task to design a

box to house 36 cubes. The box must use the least area of packaging materials
to minimize cost. You are to choose from available materials for box making
considering its weight and durability. You are to present a design proposal with
prototype model to production department of the toy company, store owner and
mothers.
Your proposal should include justification of design in terms of the
computation of the volume and the area of the box materials, shape, weight,
practicality in storing and transporting the products, mass production in an
assembly line and attractiveness to customers.

Your product will be judge according to the following standards: accuracy

of computation, clarity of report and presentation, workmanship, compliance to
specifications.

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Lesson 7: Using Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is a compact form of writing numbers that are

very large or very small. It is especially useful when expressing
measurements such as distances to stars, eons of time, or the
sizes of objects that are extremely large or small. This type of
notation helps simplify calculations and comparisons of these
numbers, and it helps express the precision with which quantities
have been measured.

Examples:

Measure Value Scientific

Notation
1. Moon’s mass 734770000000000000000000 kg 7.3477x1023
2. Earth’s mass 5,973,600,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg 5.9736×1024 kg
3. Electron’s mass 0.00000000000000000000000000000091093826 kg 9.1093826×10−31 kg
4. proton's mass 0.00000000000000000000000000167 kg 1.67 x 10 -27 kg
5. speed of light 300,000,000 meters per second 3×108 m/s

Questions:
1. Look at the examples above . How are the measures expressed in
scientific notation?
2. When are the exponents of 10 positive? negative?
3. What does the exponent of 10 indicate?
4. What is the advantage of writing measures in scientific notation?

Scientific notation allows us to report the precision of a measurement.

Suppose the instrument you used could only determine the distance to
within 10 km? How could you write down a distance of 100 km and indicate
that the precision was only to within 10 km?

In scientific notation, we write numbers so that no matter how large or how

small they are, they always have a decimal point in them. The way we do
this is to represent a number as a something times a power of ten. For
example, “50” could be written in scientific notation as “5 x 10.” The number
“150” could be written as “1.5 x 100.”

Do you see why this helps us in writing down the precision of our original
measurement?

Instead of writing the distance as 100 km, I could write it as 1.0 x 100. How
does this help? When reporting values that were the result of a

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 measurement or calculated using measured values, it is important to have a
way to indicate the certainty of the measurement. This is accomplished
through the use of significant figures. Significant figures are the digits in a
value that are known with some degree of confidence. As the number of
significant figures increases, the more certain the measurement. As
precision of a measurement increases, so does the number of significant
figures.

According to our rules of significant figures, the zero in 1.0 is significant,

because it is at the end of the number and to the right of the decimal. Thus,
by writing down our measurement this way, we indicate that the zero was
actually measured and that the measurement is precise to within 10 km.
There is no way to do that with normal, decimal notation, because neither of
the zeros in 100 is significant. Scientific notation, then, gives us a way to
make zeros significant if they need to be. If our measurement of 100 km
was precise to within 1 km, we could indicate that by reporting the
measurement as 1.00 x 100 km. Since both zeros in 1.00 are significant,
this tells us that both zeros were measured, so our precision is within 1 km.
How do we express numbers written in scientific notation back to decimal
form? Look at the examples below.

Example 1: Write 1.34 ×10-4 in non-exponential form.

1.34 ×10-4 = 0.000134

Example 2: Write 2.045 ×10-6 in non-exponential form.

2.45 ×10-6 = 0.000002045
2.46
Questions:
What happened to the position of the decimal point?
What happened to the exponent of 10?

Now, check if you understand this technique by doing the next activity.

ACTIVITY 41. In Power or Decimal, That is Still Me!

A. Convert the following numbers into scientific notation.

1. 3,450,000

2. 63,045,000

3. 70,100,000,000

4. 0.00000912

5. 0.0000000061300

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 6. 0.0000000007801

B. Convert the following numbers written in scientific notation to decimal form.

1.
3.1 × 105
2.
5.03 × 107
3.
9.007 × 1015
4.
4.6 × 10-5
5.
7.03 × 10-7
6.
8.152 × 10-12

Questions:
1. How do are very big numbers expressed in scientific notation?
2. How are very small numbers expressed in scientific notation?
3. How are numbers written in scientific notation expressed as a non-
exponential quantity?

In the next activity you will test your knowledge and skills in using scientific
notation to perform basic operations.

ACTIVITY 42. The Power Challenge

1. Light travels about 1.9 x 105 miles per second. How long does it take for
light to reach earth from the sun 9.3 x 107 miles away?

2. The surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4r2. Ryan’s Company

manufactures hollow rubber balls 5.2 inches in diameter. About how many
square inches of the rubber is needed to produce 103 balls?
4 3
r
3. The volume of a sphere with radius r is 3 . How many cubic meters of
rubber are needed to produce 104 solid rubber balls with a diameter of
2.2x10-4 meter?

4. The speed of the radio wave is about 1x109 ft per second. How far does a
radio wave travel in 10 nanosecond?

If a water lettuce doubles everyday and it takes

30 days to completely cover a pond,
5. a. on what day will the pond be 1/4 covered? ½
covered?

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 b. What kind of environmental consequences can be expected as the
30th day approaches?

c. What will begin to happen at one minute past the 30th

day?
d. At what point (what day) would preventative action become necessary
to prevent unpleasant events?

Questions:

1. In what way are addition and subtraction of scientific numbers

different from addition of decimals?
2. How are multiplication and division of numbers in scientific notation
different from multiplication and division of decimals?

Now that you have acquired knowledge and skills on measurement,

you are ready to apply what you have learned. Where in real life can
you use your knowledge and skills?

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding.

ACTIVITY 43.

Construct and solve problems based on the situation below. You are encouraged
to pose problems that are challenging and creative.

Your score will be based on the rubric below:

Rubric for Problem Posing and Solving

Components 1 2 3 4
Beginning Developing Good Excellent

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Statement of Did not pose a Posed at least a Posed at least Posed at least
the problem problem solvable problem two multi-step multi-step problems
problem interesting
challenging and
relevant

Strategy/ Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy appropriate

Procedure ineffective and appropriate but appropriate and effective and
inappropriate inefficient efficient efficient

Completion Process not All but three of All but two of All problems were
completed the problems the problems completed
were completed were
completed
Mathematical Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation shows
Concepts shows limited shows some shows complete
understanding understanding of substantial understanding of
of the the underlying understanding the underlying
underlying concepts used to of the concepts used to
concepts used solve the problem underlying solve the problem
to solve the concepts used
problem to solve the
problem
Accuracy 75% of the 75% - 84% of the 85- -89 % of 90 – 100% of the
steps have steps have no the steps have steps have no
errors errors no errors errors

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For each of the given situation formulate your own problem. Then solve your
problem. Show your process and label your final answer.

Given Problems Solutions

1. A playground is 15 feet
wide and 30 feet long.
Around the playground is a
sidewalk that is 3 feet wide.
2. Mrs. Castro is a cook for
the Neri family. She usually
makes a 5 kilos of roast for
dinner on Thursdays. She
knows that it takes 2 1/2
hours to cook this roast. Her
boss is having a dinner party
and she needs to make
more food. She decides that
she needs 15 kilos of meat.
She only has one oven and
it will not hold a roast bigger
than 10 kilos .

3. Adieh is planning to have

a party for 105 people. She
wants to serve at least 2
cups of fruit punch to each
guest. She has 4 fruit punch
bowls which can hold 3
gallons.

How is your performance so far? Check your progress by doing the journal
writing below.

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ACTIVITY 44. Journal Writing

Focus: Self-assessment (A-M) How Is My Progress?

Answer the questions below.

What have I learned so far What still confuses me? How can I use what I’ve
in this lesson? learned outside the
classroom?

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Lesson 8: Applications

Power Consumption

One of the quantities that we regularly use and pay for is the use of energy.
Would you like to know how your energy bill is computed? Would you like
to know ahead of time how much energy you will consume for the use of
certain appliances?

This session will help you with these concerns. You will learn how to read
and interpret electric meters and electric bills. You will also learn how to
compute for electric power consumption based on the use of appliances,
and how to check the computation of your electric bill.
Electricity Meter
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the
amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, business, or an
electrically powered device.
Electricity meters are typically calibrated in
billing units, the most common one being the
kilowatt hour.

There are two types of electric meters that

are commonly used in our country. One is
the digital type which indicates kilowatt-hour
Dial Type
(KWH) readings by digital numbers as
Electricity
illustrated.
t
In Dial type, you will notice that there are five
dials and inside each dial is a pointer which
indicates the number to be read. The
pointers will alternately turn clockwise and
counterclockwise .
digital
electricity
meter

How to Read Your Meter

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 The pointer of Dial A has to
complete one revolution from "0"
back to "0" before the pointer of
Dial A is equivalent to one point of
Dial B. The same procedure
follows for Dial B and Dial C.
Same goes for Dials C and D,
Dials D and E.

1. Always read the dials from the

right to
the left, starting from Dial A to
Dial E.

2. Read the number by the pointer

of
the dial. When the pointer is
between
two (2) numbers, the lower
number
is recorded.

3. To compute your electric

consumption, simply subtract
the
previous reading from the
present
What is the reading shown above?

Suppose the previous reading is 08275. What is the energy consumption?

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If the Electric Company charges P8.00 per kilowatt-hour, how much should
your bill be?

Appliances consume electric power. But how much electricity do they use?
Appliances have a power rating that indicates the amount of electric power
they
consume. The power rating or wattage is measured in watts or kilowatts.
The symbol for watts is “W” and the symbol for kilowatts is “kW.” You can
determine the power rating or wattage of an appliance by looking at the
back panel where it is indicated or else you can look it up in the appliance
manual.

Look at the back panel of a radio or your television set.

Electric power consumption is the amount of electric energy

that an appliance consumes within a certain period of time.
Electric power consumption is obtained by multiplying the
power rating of the appliance with the amount of time the
appliance
was used.

Power rating × Time used = Electric consumption

Example :

Problem Power Time of Power

Rating use Consumption
A desk fan with a power rating 80 W = 10 h 0.80 kWh
of 0.08 kW
80 W is used for a period of 10
hours. What is the electric
power
consumption?

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ACTIVITY 45. Know your Power!

Read each problem then identify the given power rating and the number of hours
the appliances are used. Using the formula, find the power consumed. Write your
answers in appropriate column.

Problem Power Time of Power

Rating use in Consumption
Hours in kWh
1. In a kitchen, an oven (1,500 W), a
rice cooker (450 W) and a
refrigerator
(180 W) are used for three hours.
What is the total electric power
consumption?
2. A light bulb with a power rating of
50 W is turned on for 12 hours.
What is its total power
consumption?
3. In a living room, a flat iron (1000 W),
an electric fan (70 W) and a
television
(120 W) are used for 3 hours. What
is
the total electric power
consumption?
4. In a bedroom, a television (80 W),
an
air conditioner (1,420 W) and a light
bulb (100 W) are used for 6 hours.
What is the total power
consumption?

Now that you know how to determine the amount of power your appliances
consume for certain number of hours used, how will you know how much
are you supposed to pay?

Electric companies are charging other fees related to the use of electricity.
To approximate the amount determine the average unit price per kilowatt-
hour. Then multiply the number of kWh consumed to this unit price.

ACTIVITY 46. Oh Is That What I Pay?

Now look at your energy bill for the past three months. Is your family
consuming the same amount of energy? What is the average amount that

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you consume? How much is the company charging you each month? How
much is the cost of one kilowatt-hour of power consumed?

List the appliances you are using at home, their power rating and number
of hours used. How much are you suppose to pay for the use of these
appliances?

Numbe Number Power Cost of Cost of

Item r of Hours Consu Power Power
of Used/day mption/ Consumpti Consumpti
watts day on/day on/30 days
electric bulb
refrigerator
TV
flat iron
rice cooker
radio
oven
water heater
electric clock

2. If an appliance, such as a television, is left switched on for a long period

of
time, what is the impact on electric consumption?
_________________________________________________________

3. What are some ways to reduce electric power consumption?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

4. What are the benefits of reducing electric power consumption?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

5. How can you help in conserving energy

a. in school

b. at home

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Another basic commodity that we consume is water. How are we billed for
the water that we consume from the water district? In this session you will
answer this question.

WATER CONSUMPTION

Recognizing the amount of water you use each month can have a positive impact
on your utility bill. There are several methods to measure and reduce your water
consumption.

Questions:

1. How is the water consumption measured?

2. How is the cost of water consumption determined?

3. What is the basic rate of water in Cagayan de Oro?

4. In what way can your knowledge and skills in determining cost of

water consumed be of used ?

5. In what way have you helped conserve the water supply in your
community?

The Water Meter

Most meters look like the one

pictured at the right. It has a
dial, low flow indicator and
odometer.

Dial: the dial will rotate when

water passes through the
meter. One full rotation of the
dial equals 1 cubic foot of
water or 7.48 gallons.

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 Low Flow Indicator: the Low Flow Indicator will rotate with very little
water movement. Any water moving through the meter is detected so even
small leaks will register.

Odometer: the odometer records total water use. The water meter
odometer records water use in cubic feet and displays as follows: The
digits from right to left represent 1 cubic foot, 10 cubic feet, 100 cubic feet
and so on.

ACTIVITY 47. What is my Bill?

Read and use the information to answer the questions below.

Basic rate of Water Consumption:

a. Residential:
P 210.00 for the first 10 cu.m. + excess
Excess Rates:

21-30 31-40 41-50 Over 50

11-20
29.40 30.60 32.40 34.60 34.60

b. Commercial:
P 420 for the first 10 cu.m. + excess
Excess Rates:

11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 Over 50

58.80 61.20 64.80 69.20 69.20

1. What is the cost of the different amounts of water consumed?

READING CHARGES
CU. M. Residential Commercial
45
50
68
102

6. How can you conserve water?

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End of DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about conversion of the different

units of measures both in the English and the Metric system,
approximation of measures, expression of very large and very small
measures in scientific notation, and applications of measurement
specially on reading meters for electric consumption and water
consumption.
What new realizations do you have about the measurement? What
new connections have you made for yourself?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of measurement , you

are ready to do the tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a set of practical tasks which will demonstrate
your understanding.

Check your faucets at home and in school -- do any of them drip?

Well, maybe it's just a small drip -- how much water can a little drip
waste?

ACTIVITY 48. Catch That Precious Water!

Collect the drips of water for 10 minutes. Measure the volume. How many
milliliters of water did you collect. Record the volume. Use this data to answer the
questions below.

Time 10 1 hour 1 day 1 month 1 year

minutes
Volume
in mL

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 Questions:

1. If there are three leaking faucets in your home how many liters of
water is wasted in a day? In a month
2. If there are 100 home in your community and each home has al
least three leaking faucets, how many liters are wasted.?
3. How will your prevent wastage of water through the leaking
faucets?
4. Why do we need to conserve water?

You see from the previous activity how you can use your knowledge and skills to
help conserve our resources such as water. How can you apply this in the use of
other resources such as energy?

Now check if indeed you were able to master the knowledge and skill that you
ought to acquire and develop in this module. It is hoped that you gained a deep
understanding of the concepts that you have learned so as to be able to use
them in life situations.

Now summarize what you have learned by doing the next activity.

ACTIVITY 49. Summing It Up

Answer as required.

1. How are different measuring devices useful?

2. How does one know when a measurement is precise? Accurate?

3. Complete the concept map below.

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 Is used to

Is accurate when
Is precise when
Measurement
Commonly used system are

English Metric System of

System of Measurement
Measurement
Uses basic units for
Examples of units

length timevolume
mass

2. Draw a flow chart to demonstrate how to convert a unit of measure to another

measure.

How was your performance in the activity? What did you discover about your
understanding of the topics covered in this module? If you did very well, then you
are ready for the next challenge which is your final performance task for this
module.

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Performance Task:

ACTIVITY 50. Love Food, Avoid Waste

You are a researcher in the National Food Authority. You are

task
TASK to make a study on the food that is wasted during lunch. Make
appropriate recommendation on the amount of food that should be
prepared for family members. The food to be measured includes
the main course, side dish, dessert, soup, appetizer and drinks (if
served). Your report should include data on the amount of food
prepared for lunch, the amount of left over food and the average
number of family members. It should also include your
recommendations for the amount of food that should be served for
a given number of family members such that waste can be avoided.

Present your report creatively to the senior officers of NFA and to

the representative of the Philippine Information Agency. Your report
will be graded based on the authenticity of data, accuracy of
measurement and computation, use of appropriate mathematical
concepts and formula, use of appropriate unit of measurement,
clarity of presentation , validity of recommendations and fluency
and confidence in the delivery of report.

Rubric: Project Making and Presentation of Output

Components 1 2 3 4
Beginning Developing Satisfactory Excellent
Use of Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation
appropriate shows limited shows some shows shows
Mathematical understanding understanding substantial outstanding
Concepts of the of the understanding understanding
underlying underlying of the of the
concepts used concepts used underlying underlying
to process to process data concepts used concepts used
data. to process data to process data
Accuracy of 75% of the 76%-84% of 85%-89%the 90% -100% of
measurement measures the measures measures the measures
obtained are obtained are obtained are obtained are
erroneous accurate accurate accurate
Use of 60% of the Measuring Measuring Measuring
appropriate measuring tools used are tools used are tools used are
measuring tools used are appropriate but appropriate and appropriate
tools inappropriate improperly properly and accurate
and improperly calibrated calibrated and precise
calibrated

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Accuracy of Errors in Most of the The All
computation computations computations computations computations
are serious are not are correct are correct
correct and are
logically
presented
Fluency of Hesitant, not Somewhat Generally Fluent,
presentation confident. hesitant, less fluent, confident and
Explanation is confident and confident and thoroughly
missing. failed to clearly explained
explain explained the each point by
significant proposal. providing
number of support that
points contains rich,
vivid and
powerful
detail .
Organization Illogical and Somewhat Satisfactorily Highly
of the report obscure. No cluttered . organized. organized.
logical Flow is not Sentence flow Flows
connections consistently is generally smoothly.
of ideas. smooth, smooth and Observes
Difficult to appears logical logical
determine the disjointed. connections
meaning. of points
Quality of Not Creative but Creative, Creative ,
Presentation presentable not done done done
thoroughly thoroughly but thoroughly,
and appearance and attractive
appearance not attractive
not attractive

Questions:
1. In what way did the measuring devices help you in doing this task?
2. How did you that your measurements ant accurate and precise?
3. What insights did you gain from your study?
4. Why is there a need to avoid waste of food?
5. How can you use your knowledge of measurement in ensuring
reduction of food wastage if not totally eliminated?
6. What concrete steps can you do to help avoid food wastage?
7. What can you do to inform the public of the need to avoid food
wastage?

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End of TRANSFER:

In this section, your task was to use your knowledge and skills in
measurement to understand and solve problems related to
measurement in real life.

How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you
see the real world use of the measurement? In what other aspects
in real life can you use your knowledge and skills in measurement?

The knowledge and skills that you have acquired and developed in
this module have to be nurtured and developed further because
measuring is a basic skill. It will greatly affect your performance
later in other disciplines especially in sciences. Measurement is
also a tool that will help you perform successfully in your daily life
endeavor.

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson,
you have to answer the following post-assessment.

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the
answer that you think best answers the question. Your score will only
appear after you answer all items. If you do well, you may move on to
the next module. If your score is not at the expected level, you have
to go back and take the module again.

Direction: Choose the best answer.

1. Which one is a measuring device is used by early Filipinos to measure

weight?
A. sandali B. metro C. ruler D. talaro

2. Which of these devices is used since early times until now?

A. protractor B. digital clock C. ultrasonic scale D. laser sensor

3. What is the weight shown on the scale?

A. 153 g C. 165 g
B. 160 g D. 180 g

4. How many degrees does the thermometer show?

A. 0C
B. -20C
C. 40C
D. 50C

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5. A bar of carrot soap was placed on a pan
of the balance. What is the mass
of this object?
A. 128 g C. 25.4 g
B. 125 g D. 20.4 g

6. If the top line is 3 units, then the bottom line is ABOUT how many units?

A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 14

7. Sugie is baking. She needs 4 cups of sugar. Her problem is that she only has
a 1/2 cup measure and a 3/4 cup measure. What is the least number of
scoops that she could make in order to get 4 cups?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8

8. At 98C degrees, would your drink be:

A. cold B. cool C. hot d. very hot

9. Carl bought a carpet for his room. Which unit of measure is MOST
appropriate to describe the size of the carpet ?
A. cubic meters
B. square meters
C. square kilometers
D. kilometers

10. What piece of laboratory equipment is best-suited for accurately measuring

the volume of a liquid?
A. graduated cylinder
B. beaker
C. Erlenmeyer flask
D. thermometer

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11. Which of the following instrument can be used to measure the power
consumed?

A. C.

B. D.

12. Nora took a picture of a butterfly and she

turned the image to get a good view.
How many degrees counterclockwise did she
turned the picture to get the second view?
A. 90° B. 180° C. 270° D. 360°

13. The maximum weight per piece of luggage allowed by an airline is 25

kilograms. A passenger travels with a large suitcase that weighs 2 kilos and
450 grams when it is empty. What is the maximum allowed weight of
belongings the passenger can pack into the suitcase?
A. 550 grams
B. 22 kilograms and 550 grams
C. 23 kilos and 450 grams
D. 23 kilograms and 550 grams

14. A nurse was ordered to give a patient 30 mg of a certain medication. The

medication is stored 3 mg per 5-mL dose. How many milliliters needs to be
given?
A. 15 mL B. 50 mL C. 90 mL D. 150 mL

15. Trinidad is going to buy a new TV. She already has a cabinet and she wants
to be sure that the new TV will fit. Her cabinet is 24 inches wide by 24 inches
high by 12 inches deep. She wants to have 1 inch clearance on each side, 1
inch on top and 1 inch behind so the TV will slide in easily. Which of these
would be her best choice?
A. Volume of 5280 cu. in. w = 22", h = 20"
B. Volume of 5290 cu. in. d = 10", base and height the same
C. Volume of 5566 cu. in. w = 22", d = 11"
D. Volume of 4840 cu. In. w = 22” , d =10”

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under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
16. Lorna would prepare a gift for her Mom. The dimension
of the box she used is 4 inches x4 inches x 8 inches.
She wants to tie it with a ribbon as shown at the right. If
the bow is 14 inches long, how many yards of ribbon
does she need?
A. 1.5 B. 40 C. 48 D. 128

17. Mercy’s container can hold 20 L. She

wants to fill her water container to the full. If a liter 20L

of water cost P15.00, how much will Mercy pay?

A. P75.00 C. P225.00
B. P150.00 D. P300.00 5L

18. The family of Mr. Morena together with the family of Mang Jose, their tenant
cooks 4.5 kilograms of rice a day for five days. On Saturday and Sunday,
Mang Jose’s family stays in the farm and Mr. Morena cooks only
2.5 kilograms. If Mr. Morena buys rice in bags containing 10 kilograms
each? How many bags of rice does he buy every week?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

19. May is packing a set of wooden blocks into a rectangular box.

Each wooden block is a 2 cm cube. If the dimensions of the
rectangular box are 12 cm by 6 cm by 8 cm, how many wooden
blocks can the box hold?
A. 24 B. 72 C. 576 D. 2304

20. What is the perimeter of the figure with the

4 cm
semicircular top shown at the right?
A. 20 cm C. 17 + 3 3 cm
3 cm
B. 20 + 2.25 D. 17 + 1.5
7 cm

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 329

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS MODULE:

Measurement is the assignment of a numerical value to an attribute of an

object, such as the length , weight and volume.

Non-Standard Units of Measurement are units that are not universally

accepted. These are units that we invent to compare sizes, capacities and other
physical quantities.

Standard Units of Measurement are the units that are universally available and
are the same size for all who use them.

Metric system, also known as the International System (SI), is the primary
system of measurement that has a base unit to which prefixes are added to
indicate multiples of ten.

Customary System of Measurement are based on based on nature and

everyday activities. The system for measuring length in the United States
customary system is based on the inch, foot, yard, and mile.

Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value.

Precision is defined as, "(1) The ability of a measurement to be consistently

reproduced" and "(2) The number of significant digits to which a value has been
reliably measured".

Approximation an estimate of the value of some quantity to a desired degree of

accuracy

Power consumption refers to the electrical energy over time that must be
supplied to an electrical appliance or device to maintain its operation.

Water consumption is the amount of water consumed for a period of time as

determined by using a water meter.

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WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac07
Gives the comprehensive history of measurement

http://www.french-metrology.com/en/history/history-mesurement.asp
Gives the history of measurement

http://www.theweatherprediction.com/habyhints/246/
Differentiate accuracy from precision

http://atlantis.coe.uh.edu/archive/science/science_lessons/scienceles3/measure/
Gives the history, standard units and interactive drill for both metric and
customary system of measurement. Click on Drill and Practice for the interactive
exercises.

http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/scinote/
Provides interactive practice converting between scientific notation
and normal numbers. Click go to start the quiz.

http://www.convert-me.com/en/
Choose interactive units converter, pick the conversion you need by clicking
alphabetical list, the use conversion online.

http://www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/morgan/resources/sigfigs/index.html
Tutorial on the use of scientific notation

http://www.cobbk12.org/sites/literacy/math/math2.htm
Select measurement, Choose the activity by clicking.

http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/measure.html
Gives suggestions on how to save electricity

http://ed.fnal.gov/ntep/f98/projects/nrel_energy_2/measurement.html
Gives information on the general power rating of some appliances, formula for
finding annual cost of power consumption and sample word problems related to
measuring

http://www.erc.gov.ph/pdf/Cepalco_Annexes_11.14.07.pdf
Gives existing schedule of rates residential meter and general services
applicable only to areas served.

Developed by the Private Education Assistance Committee 331

under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education