Senior High School

Reading and Writing

Quarter 3: Module 1 - Lesson 1
Making Sense in a Paragraph

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Reading and Writing – Senior High School
Module 1 – Lesson 1: Making Sense in Paragraph
First Edition, 2020

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 MODULE 1 – LESSON 1

Making Sense in Paragraph

Most academic essays have an overall structure- introduction, body and conclusion.
The units of support that constitute the body of an essay are ordered logically in a way that’s
appropriate to the essay. This logical order for the support, has different ways to organize
information which are called patterns of development. This mirrors the ways in which humans
think about their worlds and organize their thoughts in order to communicate.

This module presents the different patterns of development across disciplines. It will
help you understand various examples of the patterns and will guide you to identify their
features. As you go through the different lessons and activities in this module, you will be able
to compare and contrast the different patterns of development across disciplines.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 determine the different patterns of development

 identify the features of each pattern of development
 enumerate the transitions that signal each pattern of development.

For better understanding of the lesson, some important terms are defined.

1. Pattern. A particular way in which something is done, is organized or happens.

2. Discipline. A subject and a systematic way of approaching subject.

3. Feature. Distinctive attributes or aspects of something.

4. Transition. A process or a period of changing from one state or condition to

another.

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 Let’s see if you have a background knowledge about the topic.
Match Me!
Directions: Match the pattern of development in column A to the transitional device in
column B. Write only the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
A B
______1. Cause and Effect a. consequently
______2. Narration b. the next category
______3. Classification c. as defined
______4. Definition d. arguably
______5. Persuasion e. meanwhile

In this portion, you will be exposed to the different patterns of

paragraph development. Read carefully the information to accomplish
the next tasks accurately.
A pattern of development in writing refers to the particular strategy writers use to
develop ideas. It is the logical arrangement of ideas in a text. The pattern helps you follow
ideas easily and understand a text better. Moreover, knowing that these common patterns of
human thought exist, will help you to both develop and organize information in your essays or
compositions.
The pattern of paragraph development presents ideas in logical and consistent
structure to manage information in an essay. Thus, the logical organization of paragraphs
greatly enhances the ease with which one can understand and remember the information
presented. People seek out patterns to help make sense of information. When a reader is not
able to find a pattern that make sense, chaos and confusion abound.

Narration. It is the most basic

pattern of development. It describes how,
when and where an event or occurrence
actually happened. Likewise, it is used to
tell a story or focus on a set of related
events.

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Example

It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would
become the first human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several
days earlier, when July 16th, the Apollo 11 launch from Earth headed into outer space. On
board with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. The crew landed on the
moon in the Sea of Tranquility a day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first step onto the
moon’s surface, he declared. “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
It sure was!

Powerpoint presentation of KRISMELLEH CASSANDRA LORENZITA D. BELARO

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 Aside from before, identify the transitional devices used in the paragraph which
indicate narration. Write your answers in the box provided.

Description. The pattern of

development which goes into details
about a specific object, person, or
location, in order to firmly set its
appearance.

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Example

Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There
are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a
blender. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to
take its place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow to crawl, entranced, fully
forgetting the deeds that still must be done. There is coolness, a calmness, when the sun
does set.

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 Aside from behind, what are the other transitional devices used in the paragraph which
indicate description? Write your answers in the box provided.

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 Definition. It explains not just
what something means or is, but also
what something does, what something is
used for

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Example
Déjà vu
Déjà vu is a French word meaning “already seen”. It has also been described as a
feeling or experience that one has seen something before. For example, you are waiting
in line to check out the grocery store and the lady behind you asks you to hand her a pack
of gum. Suddenly you get an overwhelming feeling that you have been there in the exact
same spot, talking to the same lady, even the same brand gum. Even though everything
seems so familiar you know there is no way that could have happened before. There are
many theories as to why and how this phenomenon happens. One theory is that déjà vu
is connected with temporal-lobe epilepsy, but people without a history of epilepsy have
also experienced déjà vu. Psychiatrists believe it is something in your brain that confuses
an event that happened in the past with the present. Another theory is parapsychologist
think it is connected with past life experiences. Whether déjà vu is an experience of the
paranormal or simply some confusion in the brain, it a perplexing feeling of having “already
seen.”
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 Means is a signal word that shows definition as a pattern of development. Give another
transitional device that indicates definition. Write it on the box provided.

Classification. A classification
pattern organizes ideas into categories or
divisions based on criteria and standards.
This pattern can be used when classifying
people, objects, events, things, places and
other items.

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Example

There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best
sellers – unread, untouched (this deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink, not books).
The second has many great books – a few of them read through, most of them dipped
into, but all of them read as clean and shiny as the day they were bought (this person
would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect of their
physical appearance). The third has a few books or many – every one of them dog eared
and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front
to back (this man owns his books). In which classification would you belong?
Mortimer J. Adler, “Book Owners”
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 Aside from kinds, enumerate the transitional devices used in the paragraph which
signal classification. Write your answers in the box provided.

Exemplification. This pattern

presents the general statement and then
provides specific and concrete examples to
expound on the main idea. Simply put, this
pattern is used to provide an example of
something.

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Example

While Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides. One of
these is phishing, which refers to act of obtaining personal information, such a s passwords
and credit card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of
cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. He received an email stating
that his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed to click a link to update
personal information. If. Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal information will be illegally
acquired by cybercriminals.
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  Specifically signals exemplification. Identify the transitional device used in the
paragraph which indicates exemplification pattern. Write your answer in the box
provided.

Comparison-Contrast. This pattern

organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things and concepts are
similar to or different from one another.

Example

Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are quite different. Both are
bodies of water, but ocean are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller
bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what
surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them. The ocean is home to
the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life. When
\ it is time for vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy.

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 Aside from whereas, what are other transitional devices used in the paragraph which
indicate comparison and contrast. Write your answers in the box provided.

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 Cause and Effect. This pattern
explains why something happens or
what results a particular event produces.
It organizes details based on the
causes, the reason, and the result or
consequences of certain phenomenon.

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Example

I do well in school, and people think I am smart because of it. But it’s not true. In
fact, three years ago I struggled in school. However, two years ago I decided to get serious
about school and made a few changes. First, I decided I would become interested in
whatever was being taught, regardless of what other people thought. I also decided I would
work hard every day and never give up on any assignment. I decided to never, never fall
behind. Finally, I decided to make school a priority over friend and fun. After implementing
these changes, I became an active participant in classroom discussions. Then, my test
scores began to rise. I still remember the first time that someone made fun of me because
“ I was smart:. How exciting! It seems to me that being smart is simply a matter of working
hard and being interested. Unfortunately, learning a new video game doesn’t help you get
into college or get a good job.
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 Consequently is an example of transitional device that shows cause and effect.

Enumerate the transitional devices used in the paragraph which indicate the same
pattern. Write down your answers in the box provided.

Problem Solution. This pattern

organizes ideas into problems and
proposed solutions. The problem section
usually includes the what, who, when, why
and how of the problem. The other part then
presents the major effects of the problem
and the possible solutions to address it, as
well as the steps in implementing the
solution.

7 https://www/slideshare.net/tinelachica04/lesson-4-patterns-of-development-in-writing
Example

Last week we installed a kitty door so that out cat come and go as she pleases.
Unfortunately, we ran into a problem. Our cat was afraid to use the kitty door. We tried
pushing her through, and that caused her to be even more afraid. The kitty door was dark,
and she couldn’t see what was on the other side. The first step we took in solving this
problem was taping the kitty door open. After a couple of days, she was confidently coming
and going through the open door. However, when we removed the tape and closed the
door, once again, she would not go through. They say you catch more bees with honey,
so we decided to use food as bait. We would sit next to the kitty door with a can of wet
food and click the top of the can. When kitty came through the closed door, we would open
the can and feed her. It took five days of doing this to make her unafraid of using the kitty
door. Now we have just one last problem, our kitty controls our lives!

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 What are other transitional devices used in the paragraph that indicate problem
solution aside from so? Write down your answers in the box provided.

Transitional Devices/ Signal Words

Persuasion. A persuasion pattern

organizes ideas to show how a set of
evidence lead to a logical conclusion or
argument. Specifically, this pattern
presents the issue, the position, and the
supporting evidence that supports the
position.

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Example
Last year was the first time I had ever been the new kid at school. For the first four
days, I was completely alone. I don’t think I even spoke to a single person. Finally, at lunch
http://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-examples
on the fifth day, Karen Watson walked past her usual table and sat down right next to me.
Evenpowerpoint
ccto: though I presentation
was new, I ofhadKRISMELLEH CASSANDRA
already figured out whoLORENZITA D. BELARO
Karen Watson was. She was
popular. Pretty soon, all Karen’s friends were sitting there right next to me. I never became
great friend with Karen, but after lunch that day. It seemed like all sorts of people were
happy to be my friend. You cannot convince me that Karen did not know what she was
doing. I have a great a great respect for her, and I learned a great deal about what it means
http://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-examples
to be a true leader.

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  Identify the transitional devices used in the paragraph which indicate persuasion.
Write your answers in the box provided.

Now, let’s summarize the features of each pattern of

development. Take note of the following information for this will be
useful in your next tasks.

PATTERN PURPOSE TRANSITIONAL

DEVICES
 Narration The purpose of narration is to tell a About
story or relate an event Later
meanwhile
prior to
tomorrow
 Description The purpose of description is to Above
recreate, invent, or visually present a across
person, place, event or action so that alongside
the readers can picture that which is between
beyond
being described.

 Definition It moves beyond a dictionary definition is defined as

to deeply examine a word or concept as defined
as we actually use and understand it. means
refers to
to define
 Classification It is used to classify people, objects, Another
events, things, places and other items. another kind
classified
final type
the first category
 Exemplification This pattern is use to extend the idea For instance
further: it carries one or more examples as an example
into great detail in order to show the for example
details of a complex problem in a way in particular
namely
that’s easy for readers to understand.

 Comparison The goal of comparison and contrast is Also

and Contrast generally to show that one item is as
superior to another, based on a set of equally
evaluations included as part of the in a similar fashion
both
writing.

 Cause and This pattern is used to show the as

different causes and effects of various since,
Effect due to
conditions.
for the reason
consequently

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  Problem This pattern is designed to compel the nonetheless
reader to make some kind of change in one reason
Solution one solution is
opinion or behavior by establishing that
a problem exists, then providing a one way is
the problem
solution
.
 Persuasion This is used to presents the issue, the truly
position, and the supporting evidence in fact
that supports the position. inevitably
in essence
certainly

Have you learned new ideas after doing the task?

Identifying the transitional devices may help you in
determining the pattern used in the paragraphs. Once you know how
the paragraphs were organized, using the transitional devices and
the specific details, it will be easy for you recognize the pattern of
paragraphs development.

You have learned the different patterns of development and how they
differ from each other. The signal words have helped you to identify each pattern and
have shown you how they are used in paragraphs.

This time, let’s practice what you have learned. Write your answers on a separate
sheet.

Practice Task 1: Let’s Relate!

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer to each given question.
1. Last week, I traveled to Singapore. To write my travelogue, what would be the best
pattern to use?
a. Description
b. Definition
c. Narration
d. Classification
2. What kind of words would put a picture of a person, place or object into a reader’s
mind?
a. Signal Words
b. Accurate words
c. Short words
d. Descriptive words
3. How would you explain two terms that mean the same thing?
a. By using negation
b. By using synonym
c. By using classification
d. By comparing

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 4. What kind of definition is this, “An Estero is not a river but an extension of a lost part
of a river”?
a. Synonym
b. Negation
c. Denotation
d. Classification
5. What would make a classification paragraph effective?
a. by using picture words
b. by using examples
c. by being very detailed
d. by giving description
6. How would you make a paragraph of exemplification more interesting and more
convincing?
a. By using more illustrations
b. By using more specific examples
c. By using a good topic sentence
d. By using descriptions
7. What pattern of paragraph development stick to one basis?
a. Classification
b. Exemplification
c. Persuasion
d. Narration
8. What are usually discussed in a paragraph of comparison and contrast?
a. How the two subjects are alike
b. How the two subjects are different
c. How the two subjects are compared and contrasts
d. How they are used in the paragraph
9. Suppose a writer wished to describe the advantages and disadvantages of attending
a two-year college. What pattern is nest to use?
a. Problem-Solution
b. Narration
c. Exemplification
d. Comparison and Contrast
10. What paragraph convinces the reader that one’s opinion on an issue or subject is the
right one?
a. Paragraph of definition
b. Paragraph of description
c. Paragraph of persuasion
d. Paragraph of classification
How did you find the activity? Was it easy or not? If yes, it means you have
learned from the lesson presented. If not, you need to try your best for the next task.

Practice Task 2: Name It!

Directions: Read the following topic sentences taken from different paragraphs. From the
box, choose the pattern of development used.

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 a. Cause-and-effect b. Description c. Definition
d. Persuasion e. Classification f. Comparison and contrast
g. Narration h. Problem-solution i. Exemplification

__________1. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant similarities, they also have
striking differences.
__________2. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood.
__________3. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires urgent attention.
__________4. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties which you can focus on.
__________5. Major events happened that led to the defeat of Japan during World War II.
__________6. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps.
__________7. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass through EDSA.
__________8. IPhone 6 has many features that make it stand out in the market.
__________9. There are many reasons why unemployment continues to increase.
__________10. Drinking cough syrup may lead to various side effects.
Now that you already know the different patterns of development and you have
identified the topics suited for each pattern, let us see if you can determine the pattern
used in the next paragraphs that you are going to read.
Let’s proceed and do not forget to identify the transitional devices in the
following texts!

Practice Task 3: Identify Me!

Directions: Identify the pattern of development, and the signal words in each paragraph.

TEXT 1
Drinking alcohol can sometimes be tolerated if done in moderation. However, letting it
take over our lives is another story. Many teenagers are not aware of the dire consequences
of drinking too much alcohol. As a consequence, drinking too much alcohol can damage
our heart. Doctors claim that while drinking alcohol occasionally is good for the heart, if it is
taken excessively the drinker may suffer from an irregular heartbeat, stroke,
cardiomyopathy, and high blood pressure. Being alcoholic will also take a toll on our liver
and can lead to a variety of diseases such fibrosis, hepatitis and fatty liver. Consequently,
drinking alcohol can weaken our immune system and make our body more vulnerable to
various diseases. It also weakens our body’s ability toward infections.

Pattern of Development Signal Words

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 TEXT 2
The most embarrassing moment of my sophomore year was how I earned my nickname,
Crash. It all started right after school when I turned onto the busiest by the school. First, I
pulled up right behind this truck at a stop sign. After a second, a fellow older student told
me that I was close and that I was going to hit the truck in front of me. At the moment, I was
trying to tell the kid that I was giving a ride to get back to the car because he was hanging
out of the windows. Since I was distracted, I thought the long line of traffic had started to
move, but it hadn’t. In the blink of an eye, I hit the back of the truck in front of me. The
devastation sunk. I was so worried that I damaged the truck, but all that I did was scratch
his bumper. Lucky for him! Then, it came time to look at my car. My car was ruined. The
hood was buckled up, the front end was pushed back, and my headlights were broken.
Humiliated and scared, I still had to drive my totaled car home. During school that year, I
never did hear the end of what had happened that day.
Pattern of Development Signal Words

TEXT 3

Spams refers to inappropriate and irrelevant messages indiscriminately sent to

numerous recipients via the internet. They are considered as junk mail, and most contain
malwares and links used for phishing. There are two types of spam based on the source.
The first one id the unsolicited bulk e-mail which is sent in large quantities. The second type
is unsolicited commercial e-mail which is sent to promote something, usually without the
receiver agreeing to receive these types of advertisements. The first spam was sent by Gary
Thuerk in 1978 to 600 recipients.

Pattern of Development Signal Words

Are you ready for the next task? Let’s go and scroll down!

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 Congratulations! You are now armed with the knowledge about the patterns of
development. This time, measure how much you have learned from your journey.

Directions: Read the following paragraph and indicate the pattern of paragraph development
use.
________ 1. In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described four types of
challenging students. The first type is the attention-seeking, discussion-dominating students.
The aim of these students is just to be heard. The second type is the inattentive students.
These are the students who doodle and drift off into their own thoughts during class
discussion. Often stare at their cell phones and chat with their classmates during lecture. We
also have the unprepared students. They do not come to class equipped, even when they are
aware of scheduled quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students is the uncivil
and disrespectful ones. They are the students who display rude behavior.

________2. There are many reasons why I prefer to live in the Metro. First and foremost, it
has many exciting places. For example, you can go to Makati if you want to go shopping. If
you want to experience the night life, you can visit the bars along Tomas Morato and Malate.
In terms of job opportunities, the Metro houses most of the top companies that offer the best-
paying jobs.

_______3. Earthquake are caused by stresses that develop within the upper layer of the earth,
usually within the crust. As the stresses build up, the rocks are increasingly distorted until they
can no longer withstand the pressure. Suddenly, they fracture or break, and spring back
towards their original positions. The sudden fracture of the rocks causes the development of
the shock waves that we call an Earthquakes. The shocks of severe quake may last for several
minutes, its waves spreading out in every direction from the original break. Often the first
violent break is followed by aftershocks as other stresses fracture other rocks in the area.
Sometimes these aftershocks are very severe and very frequent, and they may take weeks or
months to die away.

_______4. Technological innovations can be great help to students, but they can also be used
for tech hi-tech cheating. The latter practice is now running rampant that it has become an
epidemic: more and more students nowadays use information technology to breach rules
some suggestions are listed in the succeeding sentences. First, schools can create policies
banning the use of phones during examinations. They can also create programs that will
develop students’ information literacy skills. To ensure that plagiarism is minimized at the very
least, teachers can instruct trackers before submitting them.

_______5. In the wild, there lived three young women who decided to build a shelter. However,
they had different preferences, so each of them decided to build their own house. And so it
was that opposite to a river, the youngest girl built a house using leaves and twigs. Adjacent
to the youngest girl’s house is the shelter of the eldest. She built a house using logs and she
constructed it near the spring so she can access drinking water. In the middle of the forest,
the middle child built her house. It stands between two hills and is quite far from her two sisters’
house, but she was contented.

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 Alright! At this point, you are done with the different tasks on the patterns of
development. To help you develop your skills more, you can do the learning
challenge.

Directions: Read the articles carefully. Then, identify the pattern of development used.

Article 1
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely
debated issue. It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate
the suffering brought by a terminal or grave illness. While
it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an Pattern of Development
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on
the most basic level euthanasia still takes life. In fact,
majority of the countries in the world, including those that ____________________
have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being
a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context
because it violates the principle of “primum non nocore”
which means “ first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics,
doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not
destroying them, which is why euthanasia can never be
acceptable.

Article 2
Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks
people to share personal information through the use of Pattern of Development
technology. The social’ component in this scheme means
that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and ____________________
on the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious acts
online, such as phishing, spamming and pretexting.

Read the articles from the given links carefully. Then, identify the
pattern of development in each article. (optional)
1. Title: Pursuing terrorists and pursuing peace
Author/s: Randy David
Source: http://opinion.iquirer.net/82382/pursuing-terrorists-and-pursuing-peace
2. Title: Students Reflection on a “ Day In my Life During Covid-19”- United States-
Educate Magiss-
Source: https://www.educatemagis.org/blogs/students-reflections-on-a-day-in-my-
life-druing-covid-19%E2%80%B3-united-states/

15
 Here are the things that you have to remember!

The patterns of development help you to determine how the facts

are presented. They are blue prints for you to use. Thus, it is important
that you know how to identify the author’s perspective by discovering the
way the message is being sent.
The signal words can help you in identifying the particular
pattern, however, it is a fact that a single paragraph has a mixture of
different patterns. Learning how to identify these signals can guide you
in comprehending how the paragraphs are presented and eventually will
help you how to read them effectively.

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Answer Key

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References

Books

Barrot, Jessie S. Academic reading and Writing for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.,2016
Sandagan, Luzviminda D. Reading and Writing Skills. Pasay City: JFS Publishing Services,
2016

Electronic

https://www/slideshare.net/tinelachica04/lesson-4-patterns-of-development-in-writing
http://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-examples

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