c




 


O
. Consider the mixing process shown in Figure P3-8.

The purpose of this process is to blend a stream, weak in component A, with another stream,
pure A. The density of stream 1, ½1, can be considered constant because the amount of A in
this stream is small. The density of the outlet stream is, of course, a function of the
concentration and is given by ½ 3 ( )  
3  3

º 1
The flow through valve 1 is given by 1 ( )  1 .1 ( )
Ñ1
º 2
The flow through valve 2 is given by  2 ( )  2 . 2 ( )
Ñ2
º 3
Finally, the flow through valve 3 is given by  3 ( )  3
Ñ3
The relationship between the valve position and the signal is given by
1() = 1 +
1.[1() ± 1]
and
2() = 2 +
2.[2() ± 2]
where
1,
1, 1, 2,
2, 2, 3, and
3 = known constants
V1, V2, V3 = valve coefficients of valve 1, 2, and 3, m3/(s. psi 0.5)
1(), 2() = valve position of valves 1 and 2, respectively, a dimensionless fraction
¨ 1, ¨ 2 = pressure drop across valves 1 and 2, respectively (constants), psi
¨ 3() = pressure drop across valve 3, psi
Ñ1, Ñ2 = specific gravity of streams 1 and 2, respectively (constants), dimensionless
Ñ3() = specific gravity of stream 3, dimensionless

Develop the mathematical model that describes how the forcing functions 1(t), 2(t), and
A1 (t) affect
(t) and A3 (t). Be sure to show the units of all the gains and time constants.
O
. Consider the tank shown in Figure P3-9.

Figure P3-9 Sketch for Problem 3-17.

A 10% ( 0.2%) by weight NaOH solution is being used for a caustic washing process. In
order to smooth variations in flow rate and concentration, an 8000-gal tank is being used as
surge tank. The steady-state conditions are as follows:
(0) = 4000 gal, (0) = o(0) = 2500 gph (gal per hour), (0) = o(0) = 10 wt%
The tank contents are well mixed, and the density of all streams is 8.8 lb/gal.

(a)Y An alarm will sound when the outlet concentration drops to 9.8 wt% (or rises to 10.2 wt
%). Assume that the flows are constant.
(i)Y Derive the dynamic model relating the outlet concentration to the inlet
concentration. Obtain the numerical values of all gains and time constants.
(ii)Y Because of an upset, the inlet concentration, (), drops to 8% NaOH
instantaneously. Determine how long it will take before the alarm sounds.

(b)YConsider now that the inlet flow, (), can vary, whereas the outlet flow is maintained
constant at 2500 gph. Therefore, the volume in the tank can also vary.
(iii)Y Develop the differential equation that relates the volume in the tank to the flows in
and out.
(iv)Y Develop the differential equations that relate the outlet concentration of NaOH to
the inlet flow and inlet concentration.
(v)Y Obtain the numerical values of all gains and time constants.
(vi)Y Suppose now that the inlet flow to the tank drops to 1000 gph. Determine how
long it takes to empty the tank.
 è  
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The blending tank shown in the Figure below may be assumed to be    .

Blending Vessel

The input variables are the solute concentrations and flows of the inlet streams, ©1 (), ©2()
[kg/m3 ], 31(), and 32() [m3/min] . The volume of liquid in the tank, [m3], can be assumed
, and variation of stream densities with composition may be   .
(a)Y Obtain the dynamic model relating the outlet composition ©(), kg/m3, and outlet flow 3(),
m3/min, to the four input variables
(b)Y6rite the expressions for the time constant and gains of the blender in terms of the
parameters of the system.
(c)Y Calculate the numerical values of the time constants and gains for a blender that is
initially mixing a stream containing 80 kg/m3 of solute with a second stream containing
30 kg/m3 of the solute to produce 4.0 m3/min of a solution containing 50 kg/m3 of the
solute. The volume of the blending vessel is 40 m3.
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