TRINITAS COLLEGE

Camalig, City of Meycauayan Bulacan

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 7-8
LESSON:
o FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
o FREQUENCY TABLES
o OTHER FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
o Be familiar with the basic terms involved with frequency distributions
o Identify the different kinds of frequency distributions
o Construct a frequency distribution table from a given raw data
o Graph a given frequency distribution table and interpret the constructed graph
o Describe a given set of data using the parts of its graph.

MATERIALS:
o Statistics and Probability book, pen and paper, calculator (if available).

LESSON PROPER:

FREQUENCY TABLES
o A frequency distribution or frequency table is an arrangement of a set of data divided into classes or
categories together with the corresponding frequencies (number of observed values).
o Raw data – the disarranged collected data.
o Array – an organized set of data in ascending or descending form.

The following are some examples of frequency distribution tables.

1. Results in tossing a coin 20 times: H T H H H T T T T H T H T H T T H H H H

Table 1:
Coin Face Tally Frequency
Head (H) IIIII – IIIII - I 11
Tail (T) IIIII - IIII 9
Total 20
 2. Age (in years) of 30 politicians:

28 28 39 48 26 32 45 36 29 29 35 49 56 34 32
24 35 42 35 52 39 37 32 50 27 37 48 37 31 39
Table 2:
Age Tally Frequency
24 - 29 IIIII-II 7
30 - 35 IIIII-III 8
36 - 41 IIIII-II 7
42 - 47 II 2
48 - 53 IIIII 5
54 - 59 I 1
Total 30

3. Amount of investments in a particular bank

Table 3:
Amount in million pesos No. of depositor
25 and above 85
15.00 – 24.99 128
10.00 – 14.99 286
5.00 – 9.99 320
3.00 – 4.99 554
2.00 – 2.99 891
1.00 – 1.99 675
Below 1.00 486
Total 3425

o Grouped data are data arranged in a frequency distribution.

o Class intervals or simply classes are the ranges of quantitative observations in a frequency distribution.
In the distribution in Table 2, the classes are 24 – 29, 30 – 35, etc. If the data are qualitative as in Table
1, the classes are categories, head and tail. This distribution is called a categorical distribution.
o Class limits are end numbers in a class interval. In the class interval 24 – 29, 24 is the lower limit and
29 is the upper limit. The first sample distribution (Table 1) has no limits because the data are
categorical. The first and last classes in Table 3 have no upper and lower limit respectively because this
distribution has open-ended class intervals.
o The class boundaries are also called the absolute class limits. To find class boundaries for a class limits
of whole numbers, subtract 0.5 from the lower class limit and add the same number to the upper limit.
For classes with one decimal place, subtract and add 0.05; with two decimal places, subtract and add
0.005, and so on. The upper limit of one class boundary and the lower limit of the next higher class are
equal in this case. Theoretically, the age interval of 30 – 35 includes all measurements from 29.5 to 35.5
and the amount of investment of 5.00 – 9.99 million pesos includes all measurements from 4.995 –
9.995 million pesos. Class boundaries may also be obtained if the class marks are given using the
formula.
𝑐 𝑐
𝐿𝐵 = 𝑋 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑋 + 2
o Class Size (c) or class width is obtained by subtracting the lower class boundary (LB) from the upper
class boundary (UB).
𝑐 = 𝑈𝐵 − 𝐿𝐵
 The class widths may be regular or irregular. Regular class widths show equal widths for all classes
while irregular class widths are not equal for all classes. For regular classes, the class size can also be
determined by getting the difference between any two successive lower limits or upper limits, any two
successive lower or upper boundaries or any two successive class marks.
o Class Mark (X) is the midpoint of the class interval and is obtained by getting the average of the upper
limit (UL) and the lower limit (LL). This can also be determined by using boundaries instead of limits.
𝑼𝑳 + 𝑳𝑳 𝑼𝑩 + 𝑳𝑩
𝑿= 𝑿=
𝟐 𝟐
The class marks cannot be determined for open-ended classes.

OTHER FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

I. Relative Frequency Distribution
The relative frequency or percent frequency of each class is obtained by multiplying the quotient of
the frequency and the total frequency (n or N) by 100.
𝑓
𝑟𝑓 = × 100
𝑛

II. Cumulative Frequency Distribution

There are cumulative frequency distributions (cf), the less than (< 𝑐𝑓) and the greater than (> 𝑐𝑓)
cumulative frequency distributions. The less than cumulative frequency distribution is obtained by
accumulating the frequencies starting from the lowest class while the greater than cumulative
frequency is obtained by accumulating the frequencies starting from the highest classes.
III. Relative Cumulative Frequency Distribution
The relative cumulative frequency is obtained by taking each cumulative frequency in percent
form
𝑓
𝑟𝑐𝑓 = 𝑛 × 100
Example 1:
Determine the class marks, boundaries, relative frequency, less than and greater than cumulative frequencies
and relative frequency of the following distribution.

Class Interval f
(Scores of 60 students) (number of students)
85 – 99 9
70 – 84 23
55 – 69 14
40 – 54 6
25 – 39 4
10 – 24 4
Total 60

Solution:
Class Interval f Class Mark Class Boundary Relative Frequency
(X) rf
85 – 99 9 (85 + 99) / 2 = 92 84.5 – 99.5 (9 ÷ 60)100 = 15.00
70 – 84 23 (70 + 84) / 2 = 77 69.5 – 84.5 (23 ÷ 60)100 = 38.33
55 – 69 14 62 54.5 – 69.5 23.33
40 – 54 6 47 39.5 – 54.5 10.00
25 – 39 4 32 24.5 – 39.5 6.67
10 – 24 4 17 9.5 – 24.5 6.67
 Total 60 100.00
Class Boundary Less than cf Greater than cf Less than Greater than
(< 𝒄𝒇) (> 𝒄𝒇) r𝒄𝒇 r𝒄𝒇
84.5 – 99.5 9 + 51 = 60 9 100.00 15.00
69.5 – 84.5 23 + 28 = 51 23 + 9 = 32 85.00 53.33
54.5 – 69.5 14 + 14 = 28 14 +32 = 46 46.67 76.67
39.5 – 54.5 6 + 8 = 14 6 + 46 = 52 23.33 86.67
24.5 – 39.5 4+4=8 4 + 52 = 56 13.33 93.33
9.5 – 24.5 4 4 + 56 = 60 6.67 100.00

Example 2:
Using the solution in example 1, answer the following question.
1. How many students got scores between 40 and 54?
2. What is the range of the scores with the most number of students?
3. How many got scores below 55?
4. How many got scores higher than 54?
5. How many percent of the students belong to the highest range of score?
6. If 55 is the passing score, what percent of the total number of students failed?
7. What is the representative score (class mark) of the class interval with the highest frequency?
8. What is the class width of the distribution?

Solution:
1. 6. The frequency of the class interval 40 – 54
2. 70 – 84, this is the class interval with the highest frequency.
3. 14. This is the < 𝑐𝑓 of the class 40 – 54.
4. 46. This is the > 𝑐𝑓 of the class interval 55 – 69.
5. 15% - the relative frequency of the highest-class interval, 85 – 99.
6. 23.33% - the < 𝑟𝑐𝑓 of the class 40-54 (starting range of the failing scores.
𝟕𝟎 + 𝟖𝟒
7. = 𝟕𝟕 is the class mark of the range 70 – 84
𝟐
8. The distribution has regular class widths. Taking the first class boundary
𝑐 = 𝑈𝐵 − 𝐿𝐵 = 99.5 − 84.5 = 𝟏𝟓

ACTIVITY:
Determine the class marks, boundaries, relative frequency, less than and greater than cumulative frequencies
and relative frequency of the following distribution.

Class Interval f
(weight in kg) (frequency)
40 – 44 2
45 – 49 4
50 – 54 5
55 – 59 8
60 – 64 5
65 – 69 4
70 – 74 2
Total 30