ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

Table of contents................................................................................................ i

Instructions ........................................................................................................ ii

Safety Code of Practice .................................................................................... ii

Lab Reports ...................................................................................................... iii

1– Introduction ......................................................................................... iii

2– Elements of Lab Report ...................................................................... iii

3– Figures................................................................................................ vi

4– Tables ................................................................................................ vii

5– Assessment & Evaluation .................................................................. vii

Experiments .................................................................................................... viii

1– Experiments Names ......................................................................... viii

2– Experiments Schedule ...................................................................... viii

3– Experiments Groups ......................................................................... viii

Experiment 1 ...................................................................................................... 1

Experiment 2 ...................................................................................................... 9

Experiment 3 .................................................................................................... 17

Experiment 4 .................................................................................................... 24

Experiment 5 .................................................................................................... 33

Experiment 6 .................................................................................................... 52

Experiment 7 .................................................................................................... 64

Experiment 8 .................................................................................................... 76

Experiment 9 .................................................................................................... 88

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

INSTRUCTIONS
Each student should not forget the following when coming to the lab class:
1. The report of the previous experiment. Any report submitted late without an
acceptable reason will not be considered for marking.
2. Preparing for the experiment to be done.
3. The laboratory manual.
4. Pen or pencil.
5. An electronic pocket calculator.

▪ A timetable will be distributed which shows the date on which laboratory

groups will perform each particular experiment.
▪ Each student should read introductory notes to his experiment before coming
to the laboratory, and can start work without undue delay.
▪ This is particularly important in the early part of the session when the
theoretical background may not have been covered in lectures, and reference
to textbooks is more likely to be necessary.
▪ Each student must keep a tidy laboratory notebook, recording all
measurements exactly as they are taken, and tabulating them where
appropriate.
▪ Where possible, a graph should be drawn as the experiment proceeds to
ensure that the results are systematic and that sufficient readings have been
obtained, especially in sensitive or particularly important parts of the range of
the variables.

SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE

1. Do not enter the laboratory until the lecturer is present.
2. Bring only necessary items into the laboratory.
3. Do not operate or turn off any machinery until instructed to do so.
4. Do not interfere with any other equipment.
5. Report any breakage to the laboratory supervisor.
6. Always seek advice, either from the lecturer or technician if the equipment is not
operating as expected.
7. In the event of a catastrophic failure, try to isolate the equipment from the
energy source and / or consult the lecturer or Supervisor.
8. On completion of experiment tidy your working area.
9. Report to the lecturer / supervisor before leaving the laboratory.

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

LAB REPORTS

1. INTRODUCTION
- You have to carry out nine experiments.
- Your performance will be assessed on the basis of your attitude and skills
during the actual experimental stage as well as on the basis of written reports
for each experiment.
- The purpose of these experiments is to help you understand some of the
concepts discussed in class, and to develop skills in experimentation,
measurement, instrumentation and communication skills.
- Student should observe the following guidelines when writing a technical
report:
1. Paper size: All reports must be presented in standard letter-size paper (A4).
Computer paper will not be accepted unless the report is word-processed and /
or the graphs are generated by computer.
2. Margins: All material within the body of the report (this includes text, tables,
and figures) must be within the following margin: 35 mm from the left edge of
the paper, 25 mm from the top, right, and bottom edge of the paper.
3. Orientation: Every attempt should be made to orientate all text, tables and
figures in such a way that they can be read in an upright position that is when
the paper is held with its longer edge in the vertical position. Sometimes, wide
tables or large figures must be rotated 90. When doing this makes sure that
the bottom of the table or figure is parallel and closer to the right edge of the
paper.
4. Bindings: binding of the pages should be at the top left corner, when using
staples, or at the left edge of the paper when using other means.
2. ELEMENTS OF LAB. REPORT
It must be emphasized here that this is a SHORT REPORT not more than 6 to 8
pages long. Avoid lengthy duplication of text or formulas found in the book
and / or in other texts. Give references instead. Avoid artistic renditions of the
lab equipment used. Simple line sketches are sufficient. The proper element
should be selected from the following in the same order shown:

A. Title (cover) Page

In the first page of the report (not to be numbered), the University, Faculty,
Department, Lab, Student and Supervisor Names and Dates should be included.
The experiment Title and number should be included as indicated in the Lab.
Manual. Use black color only. Use the title page supplied in the beginning of
each experiment in the manual.

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

B. Abstract
A brief description of the experiment should be given. This should include
the objectives, the method and a summary of the findings. The abstract
should not be more than 100 words. (1/2 page). For example one of the
findings of the ratio of specific heat experiment is that it is equal to 1.4 for
air. It is recommended to write the Abstract AFTER the report is completed
in order to be able to include all important aspects and findings of the
experiment.

C. Introduction
After a proper definition of the level of the reader is made, this should
introduce the reader into the subject. It is composed of two parts:
significance and method. The introduction should not be more than 200
words (1 Page). If a short report is required, only the objectives should be
stated to replace the introduction. The objectives are the aims or the goals of
the experiment. For example, one of the objectives of the Work-to-Heat
experiment is to experimentally find the Joules' work equivalent of heat,
which is equal to 4.178 k cal/KJ.

D. Theory
In order to enable the reader to understand the implications of the reported
work (experimental or theoretical), the main assumptions should be stated and
justified, with the theory written out in sentences, so that the reader is led
through the equations without confusion. It should be free from unnecessary
details, such as excessively detailed algebraic work. The units used should be
defined as they appear. Use SI units where appropriate.

E. Experimental Apparatus and Procedure

Describes the experimental apparatus (if applicable). Tells the reader what
was done in brief, and a sketch of the apparatus should be included. The
experimental procedure should be also presented.

F. Raw Data
This should include collected data, usually in the format of tables and,
possibly as graphs. In either case, as the title indicates, this data should be
reported as collected, without treatment or modification. The tables should be
numbered and titled at the top.

G. Sample Calculation
The calculation should include all necessary steps to obtain the required
results. The equations used should be stated in the theory. All parameters
used to obtain the required results should be clear and their symbols and units
should be as stated in the theory.

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

H. Results
This should include all the findings required from the experiment, usually in
the form of graphs. All figures should be numbered and titled at the bottom.
The coordinates should be defined with proper scale and units. Do not just
connect the dots. If you know the trend of the phenomena, use a proper
curve-fitting technique to show the plot, which should not be a continuous
line, but rather, a dotted line to indicate that it is experimental. Only
theoretical curves can be made with a continuous line.
Do not make stupid mistakes such as:
- Irregular Scale: some computer graphing techniques give a scale point at
each data point, which may result in an irregular scale (It’s like a rule
where the first centimeter may be longer or shorter than any other
centimeter on the scale).
- The scale increases in the negative direction of x.
- Undefining each plot in a graph that includes several plots.
I. Discussion
This is the most important part of the report. The presented results should
be interpreted in view of theoretical background. It should explain why the
phenomena look that way. Do not just say, for example, in the Marcet Boiler
experiment, that it is noticed that the pressure increases as the temperature
increases. Instead, explain why. Show how close the experiment was to the
theory and indicate the sources of error which lead to disagreement between
experiment and theory. This should include error, or uncertainty analysis.
This analysis should tell how much the error is in obtaining each and every
parameter in the results.
J. Conclusions
This should tell the reader in brief what was covered in the experiment and
what the most important results were. It should not include any thing that
was not mentioned before in the previous sections of the report.
K. References
All other related work, either mentioned in Theory or elsewhere should be
documented here. All references should be numbered, and those numbers
should be indicated in the text at the place they were used. Do not just put a
bunch of references without referring to them in the text. This will not
impress the reader. The reference format should follow this:
a) Book
Duffie, J.A., and Beckmen, W. A., "Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes", John-Wiley Pub. 1980.
b) Journal
Takeish, K., Aoki, S., Sato, T., and Tsukagoshi, K., 1991. Film Cooling
on a Gas Turbine Rotor Blade, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.
114, 12-34.

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

L. Appendices
An Appendix is used to remove all detailed information from the report.
The following materials may appear in the appendices.
a- Detailed mathematical derivations.
b- Calibration of instrumentation.
c- Tabulation or graphs of material properties.
d- Detailed computer programs.
e- Calculations and charts obtained from other work.

3. FIGURES
1. Each figure should be given a number and a title, underneath it.
2. The titles should help to explain what the figures show.
3. They should be neatly drawn.
4. They should contain the essential details only.
5. The scales and units should be shown clearly.
6. The points of scale markings should be shown clearly.
7. The size of the figure should be adequate.
A sample figure is shown below

Figure 1:T-S diagram for Rankine Cycle

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

4. TABLES
1. Each table should be given a number and a title located above it.
2. The title should help to fully explain what information the table contains.
3. The units of the variables should be clearly stated. Use only SI units.
A sample Table is shown below

Table 1: Saturated Water and Steam Table

Pressure, P Specific Volume Latent Heat of

Temperature, T
Bar 0C of Steam, vg Vaporization, hfg
m3/kg kJ/kg
1.0 99.6 1.694 2258
2.0 120.2 0.8856 2202
3.0 133.5 0.6057 2164
4.0 143.6 0.4623 2134
5.0 151.8 0.3748 2109

5. ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION

The course assessment is based on the 0 to 100 point scale, and the weighting factors
for the various parts are as follows:
Assessment Tool Expected Due Date Weight
Short Reports* One week after the experiment 30%
Quizzes Two weeks after the experiment 10%
Midterm Exam According to the department examination schedule 20 %
Final Exam According to the university examination schedule 40 %
✓ The formal reports must represent an individual work of a student. Obviously, the
experimental data and any other material resulting from an experiment, and obtained during
the experiment session, may be shared freely and be presented in anyone’s report.
However, copying a text or graphics from another person’s report may be viewed as an
attempt of plagiarism, and will be heavily penalized.
✓ Students will be awarded points based on performance on their lab work as documented in
their laboratory reports.
✓ Each lab report can earn a maximum score of 25 points:
✓ Each group has to submit one Short Report for each experiment.
✓ Late or copied reports are not allowed and will get zero mark.
✓ Attendance of classes is obligatory; Absence must be verified according to the university’s
regulations.

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ME 0934345 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

Experiments
1. EXPERIMENTS NAMES

Expr. NO. Experiment Name

1 Marcet Boiler- liquid –Vapor Saturation Curve
2 Work to Heat Energy Transfer
3 Ratio of Specific Heats of Air
4 Flow Through a Nozzle
5 Heat Pump and Air Cooler
6 Refrigeration Unit
7 Single Stage Air Compressor
8 Air and Water Heat Pump
9 Thermal Power Plant

2. EXPERIMENTS SCHEDULE

1st and 2nd Week 1- Marcet Boiler

2- Work to Heat
___________________________________________
3rd and 4th Week 3- Ratio of Specific Heats of Air
4- Flow through a Nozzle
___________________________________________

5th and 6th Week 5- Heat Pump and Air Cooler

6- Refrigeration Unit
___________________________________________
7th and 8th Week 7- Single Stage Air Compressor
8- Air and Water Heat Pump
___________________________________________
9th Week 9- Thermal Power Plant

3. EXPERIMENTS GROUPS

Week
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Group
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
B 2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7

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