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Lesson 2: Elements in The Periodic

This document discusses elements in the periodic table, explaining quantum numbers and their use in writing electron configurations as well as describing how elements are arranged in the periodic table. It also introduces Lewis dot structures as a way to represent valence electrons in chemical bonds between atoms using the element's symbol surrounded by dots for each valence electron.

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Angel Fayth
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27 views

Lesson 2: Elements in The Periodic

This document discusses elements in the periodic table, explaining quantum numbers and their use in writing electron configurations as well as describing how elements are arranged in the periodic table. It also introduces Lewis dot structures as a way to represent valence electrons in chemical bonds between atoms using the element's symbol surrounded by dots for each valence electron.

Uploaded by

Angel Fayth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2

Elements in the Periodic


Table

References:
Exploring Physical Science by Phoenix
Target Objectives
• Explain the significance of quantum numbers.
• Write the electron configuration of elements.
• Explain the basis of the arrangement of
elements in the priodic table.
• Draw the lewis dot sumbol of elements.
Quantum Theory
• Enables to predict and understand the critical role that electrons
play in chemistry.
à How many electrons are present in a particular atom?
à What energies do individual electron possess?
à Where in the atom can electrons be found?
Quantum Theory
• Erwin Schrodinger (1926 )
- Developed a mathematical
equation that describe this
behavior of electrons.

• Werner Heisenberg (1927)


Uncertainty Principle
- impossible to determine
both the exact position and
momentum of an electron at
the same time.
Quantum Theory
• It suggests the probability of finding an electron
at a given place around the nucleus.
• Similar to observations of Neils Bohr.
• Electrons exist in certain regions or orbits called
orbitals.
• Orbital is a three-dimensional region surrounding
the nucleus and represent the probable location
of the electrons.
Orbitals
Quantum Numbers
• Derived from Schrodinger’s equation
• Describe the atomic orbitals as well as the properties of
the electrons in those orbitals.
Quantum Numbers
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
4. Spin Quantum Number (ms)
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
• Gives the main energy level or
shell
• “n” can have positive integral
values 1, 2, 3, . . .
• Indicates the size of the orbital.
• as n increases,
ü the orbital becomes
larger
üelectron spends more
time farther from the
nucleus
ü the electron has a
higher energy
2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l )

• Defines the shape of the orbital


• Have integral values from 0 to (n – 1) for each value of n
• gives the sublevel or subshell
Maximum
l letter Number of
Electrons
0 s 2
1 p 6
2 d 10
3 f 14
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

• gives the exact orbital


• describes the orientation of an atomic orbital in space
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

• describes the orientation of an atomic orbital in space


4. The Electron Spin Quantum Number (Ms)

• describes the angular


momentum of an electron
• electrons spins around an axis
Quantum Numbers
Electron Distribution
• Important in understanding chemical reactions.
• Two types:
1. Electron configuration
2. Orbital Diagram
1. Electron Configuration
• Uses symbols of the orbitals and the number of
electrons that occupy each orbital.
number of electrons
in the orbital or subshell

principal quantum
number n
1s 1
angular momentum
quantum number l

• The set of four quantum numbers as the “address” of


an electron in an atom
Writing the electron configuration
Angular momentum (l)subshells
Electron Configuration
Maximum
letter Number of
Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

1. Hydrogen (e-=1) 1s1


Electron Configuration
Maximum
letter Number of
Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

2. Helium (e-= 2) 1s2


Electron Configuration
Maximum
letter Number of
Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

3. Lithium (e-= 3) 1s2 2s1


Electron Configuration
Maximum
letter Number of
Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

4. Berrylium (e-= 4) 1s2 2s2


Electron Configuration
Maximum
letter Number of
Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

4. Boron (e-= 5) 1s2 2s2 2p1


Z=3

Z=8

Z = 20

Z = 22
Z = 37

Z = 82

Z = 68
1. Provide the electron configuration.

a. Zn (Zinc) Z= 30
b. Ar (Argon) Z= 18
c. Al (Aluminum) Z= 13
Electron Distribution
• Important in understanding chemical reactions.
• Two types:
1. Electron configuration
2. Orbital Diagram
• The electron configurations of all elements except hydrogen
and helium are represented by a noble gas core
• noble gas core shows in brackets the noble gas element that
most nearly precedes the element being considered, followed
by the symbol for the highest filled subshells in the outermost
shells.
Orbital Diagram
• Consist of boxes and arrows that represent the orbitals
and the electrons.

S p

f
4. The Electron Spin Quantum Number (Ms)

• describes the angular


momentum of an electron
• electrons spins around an axis
Orbital Diagram
• Consist of boxes and arrows that represent the orbitals
and the electrons.
Example:
Hydrogen (Z= 1, e- = 1)
Electron Configuration: Orbital Diagram:

1s1
Orbital Diagram
• Consist of boxes and arrows that represent the orbitals
and the electrons.
Example:
Helium (Z= 2, e- = 2)
Electron Configuration: Orbital Diagram:

1s2
Orbital Diagram
• Consist of boxes and arrows that represent the orbitals
and the electrons.
Example:
Lithium (Z= 3, e- = 3)
Electron Configuration: Orbital Diagram:

1s 2s
2 1
Orbital Diagram
Example:
Titanium (Z= 22, e- = 22)
Electron Configuration:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
Orbital Diagram:
Z=3

Z=8

Z = 20

Z = 22
Electron Distribution

Three general rules


1. Aufbau principle
2. Pauli exclusion principle
3. Hund's rule
1. The Aufbau Principle
As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build
up the elements, electrons are similarly added to the
atomic orbitals.

1. Hydrogen (Z=1) 1s1


2. Helium (Z= 2) 1s2
3. Lithium (Z= 3) 1s2 2s1
4. Berrylium (Z= 4) 1s2 2s2
5. Boron (Z= 5) 1s2 2s2 2p1
2. The Pauli Exclusion Principle
“No two electrons in an atom can have the same
set of four quantum numbers.”

• If two electrons in an atom should


have the same n , /, and ml values
(that is, these two electrons are in
the same atomic orbital), then
they must have different values
of ms.
2. The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic

unpaired electrons all electrons paired

2p2 2p6
7.8
Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic
3. The Hund’s Rule
“The most stable arrangement of electrons in
subshells is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins.”
Lesson 2
Elements in the Periodic
Table

References:
Exploring Physical Science by Phoenix
Periodic Table:

• A systematic catalog
of elements.
The Modern Periodic Table
• 3 Main Categories

49
Periodic Table
• The rows on the
periodic chart are
periods.
• Columns are
families/groups.
The Modern Periodic Table

Group
Period

51
Periodic Table:
Periodic Table

114 flerovium (Fl)


116 livermorium (Lv)
113 lvnihonium (Nh)
115 moscovium (Mc)
117 tennessine (Ts)
118 oganesson (Og)
Lewis Dot Symbol
• Named after Gilbert Newton
Lewis
• Consist of symbol of an
element (representing its
nucleus and inner electrons)
surrounded by one or more
dots; each dots corresponds
to every valence electron in
an atom of the element.
Lewis Dot Symbol
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost shell of the
orbital or highest occupied energy level of
an atom.
• Electrons that participate in chemical
reactions.

1s1
Valence electron= 1
Lewis Dot Symbol
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost shell of the
orbital or highest occupied energy level of
an atom.
• Electrons that participate in chemical
reactions.

1s 2s
2 2
Valence electrons= 2
Lewis Dot Symbol
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost shell of the
orbital or highest occupied energy level of
an atom.
• Electrons that participate in chemical
reactions.

1s 2s 2p
2 2 2
Valence electrons= 4
Lewis Dot Symbol
• Rules in Writing the Lewis Structure
Rule #1. When filling the sides of the element
symbol each side gets one dot before
doubling up. Exceptions are hydrogen and
helium.

O
Example:
1s22s22p4
valence electrons = 6
Lewis Dot Symbol
• Rules in Writing the Lewis Structure
Rule #2. No side can have more than two dots
because each orbital can only hold two
electrons.
Example:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d103p65s24d105p6
valence electrons = 8

Xe
Lewis Dot Symbol of Elements in the Periodic Table
Lewis Dot Symbol of Elements in the Periodic Table

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