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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

2 HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
Objectives
After studying this chapter you should
• understand what is meant by a hyperbolic function;
• be able to find derivatives and integrals of hyperbolic
functions;
• be able to find inverse hyperbolic functions and use them in
calculus applications;
• recognise logarithmic equivalents of inverse hyperbolic
functions.

2.0 Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to the hyperbolic functions which
you may have noticed on your calculator with the abbreviation
hyp. You will see some connections with trigonometric functions
and will be able to find various integrals which cannot be found
without the help of hyperbolic functions. The first systematic
consideration of hyperbolic functions was done by the Swiss
mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777).

2.1 Definitions
The hyperbolic cosine function, written cosh x, is defined for all
real values of x by the relation

cosh x =
2
(
1 x
e + e− x )
Similarly the hyperbolic sine function, sinh x, is defined by

sinh x =
2
(
1 x
e − e− x )
The names of these two hyperbolic functions suggest that they
have similar properties to the trigonometric functions and some of
these will be investigated.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 1

Show that cosh x + sinh x = e x

and simplify cosh x − sinh x.

(a) By multiplying the expressions for ( cosh x + sinh x ) and

(cosh x − sinh x ) together, show that
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
(b) By considering ( cosh x + sinh x )2 + (cosh x − sinh x )2
show that cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x = cosh 2x
(c) By considering ( cosh x + sinh x )2 − (cosh x − sinh x )2
show that 2 sinh x cosh x = sinh 2x

Activity 2
Use the definitions of sinh x and cosh x in terms of exponential
functions to prove that

(a) cosh 2x = 2 cosh 2 x − 1

(b) cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x

Example
Prove that cosh ( x − y ) = cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y

Solution

cosh x cosh y =
2
(
1 x 1
)
e + e− x × e y + e− y
2
( )
= (
1 x+y
4
e + e x − y + e−( x − y) + e−( x + y) )
sinh x sinh y =
2
(
1 x 1
)
e − e− x × e y − e− y
2
( )
= (
1 x+y
4
e − e x − y − e−( x − y) + e−( x + y) )
Subtracting gives

cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y = 2 × (

1 x−y
4
e + e−( x − y) )
= (
1 x−y
2
e )
+ e − ( x − y ) = cosh( x − y )

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Exercise 2A
Prove the following identities. 3. cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
1. (a) sinh ( − x ) = − sinh x (b) cosh ( − x ) = cosh x A + B A − B
4. sinh A + sinh B = 2sinh  cosh 
 2   2 
2. (a) sinh ( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
A + B A − B
(b) sinh ( x − y ) = sinh x cosh y − cosh x sinh y 5. cosh A − cosh B = 2sinh  sinh 
 2   2 

2.2 Osborn's rule

You should have noticed from the previous exercise a similarity
between the corresponding identities for trigonometric functions.
In fact, trigonometric formulae can be converted into formulae for
hyperbolic functions using Osborn's rule, which states that cos
should be converted into cosh and sin into sinh, except when there
is a product of two sines, when a sign change must be effected.

For example, cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x

can be converted, remembering that sin 2 x = sin x.sin x,

into cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x .

But sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A

simply converts to sinh 2 A = 2 sinh A cosh A because there is no

product of sines.

Activity 3
Given the following trigonometric formulae, use Osborn's rule to
write down the corresponding hyperbolic function formulae.
A + B  A − B
(a) sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
 2   2 

(b) sin 3A = 3sin A − 4 sin 3 A

(c) cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1

2.3 Further functions

Corresponding to the trigonometric functions tan x, cot x, sec x
and cosecx we define
sinh x 1 cosh x
tanh x = , coth x = = ,
cosh x tanh x sinh x

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
sech x = and cosech x =
cosh x sinh x

By implication when using Osborn's rule, where the function

tanh x occurs, it must be regarded as involving sinh x.

Therefore, to convert the formula sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x

we must write

sech 2 x = 1 − tanh 2 x .

Activity 4
(a) Prove that
ex − e− x 2
tanh x = −x
and sech x = x − x ,
e +e
x
e +e
and hence verify that
sech 2 x = 1 − tanh 2 x .

(b) Apply Osborn's rule to obtain a formula which corresponds to

cosec 2 y = 1 + cot 2 y .
Prove the result by converting cosech y and coth y into
exponential functions.

y
2.4 Graphs of hyperbolic cosh x

functions
1
You could plot the graphs of cosh x and sinh x quite easily on a
graphics calculator and obtain graphs as shown opposite.
0 x

y
sinh x

The shape of the graph of y = cosh x is that of a particular chain

supported at each end and hanging freely. It is often called a
x
catenary (from the Latin word catena for chain or thread).

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 5
(a) Superimpose the graphs of y = cosh x and y = sinh x on the
screen of a graphics calculator. Do the curves ever
intersect?
(b) Use a graphics calculator to sketch the function
f : x a tanh x with domain x ∈ R. What is the range of the
function?
(c) Try to predict what the graphs of
y = sechx, y = cosech x and y = coth x
will look like. Check your ideas by plotting the graphs on a
graphics calculator.

2.5 Solving equations

3
Suppose sinh x = and we wish to find the exact value of x.
4
Recall that cosh 2 x = 1 + sinh 2 x and cosh x is always positive, so
3 5
when sinh x = , cosh x = .
4 4

From Activity 1, we have sinh x + cosh x = e x

3 5
so ex = + =2
4 4
and hence x = ln 2 .

Alternatively, we can write sinh x =

2
(
1 x
e − e− x )
3
so sinh x = means
4

1 x
2
(
e − e− x =
3
4
)
⇒ 2e x − 3 − 2e − x = 0

and multiplying by e x

2e 2 x − 3e x − 2 = 0

(e x
)( )
− 2 2e x + 1 = 0

1
e x = 2 or e x = −
2

But e x is always positive so e x = 2 ⇒ x = ln 2.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 6
Find the values of x for which

13
cosh x =
5

expressing your answers as natural logarithms.

Example
Solve the equation

2 cosh 2x + 10 sinh 2x = 5

giving your answer in terms of a natural logarithm.

Solution

cosh 2x =
2
(
1 2x
) 1
(
e + e −2 x ; sinh 2x = e 2 x − e −2 x
2
)
So e 2 x + e −2 x + 5e 2 x − 5e −2 x = 5

6e 2 x − 5 − 4e −2 x = 0

6e 4 x − 5e 2 x − 4 = 0

(3e 2x
)( )
− 4 2e 2 x + 1 = 0

4 1
e2 x = or e 2 x = −
3 2

The only real solution occurs when e 2 x > 0

4 1 4
So 2x = ln ⇒ x = ln
3 2 3

Exercise 2B
5 5
1. Given that sinh x = , find the values of 2. Given that cosh x = , determine the values of
12 4
(a) cosh x (b) tanh x (c) sech x (a) sinh x (b) cosh 2 x (c) sinh 2 x
(d) coth x (e) sinh 2 x (f) cosh 2 x Use the formula for cosh ( 2 x + x ) to determine the
Determine the value of x as a natural logarithm. value of cosh 3x.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
3. In the case when tanh x = , show that x = ln 3. Hence write down the minimum value of
2 2
25cosh x − 24sinh x and find the value of x at which
4. Solve the following equations giving your answers this occurs, giving your answer in terms of a
in terms of natural logarithms. natural logarithm.
(a) 4 cosh x + sinh x = 4 8. Determine a condition on A and B for which the
equation
(b) 3sinh x − cosh x = 1
Acosh x + Bsinh x = 1
(c) 4 tanh x = 1 + sech x has at least one real solution.
5. Find the possible values of sinh x for which 9. Given that a, b, c are all positive, show that when
a>b then a cosh x + bsinh x can be written in the
12 cosh 2 x + 7sinh x = 24
form Rcosh ( x + α ).
(You may find the identity cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
useful.) Hence determine a further condition for which the
equation
Hence find the possible values of x, leaving your
answers as natural logarithms. a cosh x + bsinh x = c
6. Solve the equations has real solutions.
(a) 3cosh 2 x + 5cosh x = 22 10. Use an appropriate iterative method to find the
solution of the equation
(b) 4 cosh 2 x − 2sinh x = 7
cosh x = 3x
7. Express 25cosh x − 24sinh x in the form giving your answer correct to three significant
Rcosh ( x − α ) giving the values of R and tanh α . figures.

2.6 Calculus of hyperbolic

functions

Activity 7

(a) By writing cosh x =

1 x
2
( )
e + e − x , prove that

d
( cosh x ) = sinh x.
dx

d
(b) Use a similar method to find (sinh x ).
dx
(c) Assuming the derivatives of sinh x and cosh x, use the
sinh x
quotient rule to prove that if y = tanh x =
cosh x
dy
then = sech 2 x.
dx

Note: care must be taken that Osborn's rule is not used to

obtain corresponding results from trigonometry in calculus.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 8
Use the quotient rule, or otherwise, to prove that

(a)
d
(sech x ) = −sech x tanh x
dx

d
(b) (cosech x ) = −cosech x coth x
dx

(c)
d
(coth x ) = −cosech 2 x
dx

Example
Integrate each of the following with respect to x.

(a) cosh 3x (b) sinh 2 x

(c) x sinh x (d) e x cosh x

Solution

∫ cosh 3x d x = 3 sinh 3x + constant

1
(a)

(b) sinh 2 x d x can be found by using cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x

giving

∫ (cosh 2x − 1) d x
1
2
1 1
= sinh 2 x − x + constant
4 2

Alternatively, you could change to exponentials, giving

sinh 2 x =
4
(
1 2x
e − 2 + e −2 x )

∫ sinh
1 2x 1 1
2
xdx = e − x − e −2 x + constant
8 2 8
Can you show this answer is identical to the one found earlier?

(c) Using integration by parts,

∫ x sinh x d x = x cosh x − ∫ cosh x d x

= x cosh x − sinh x + constant

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

(d) Certainly this is found most easily by converting to

exponentials, giving
1 2x 1
e x cosh x = e +
2 2

∫e
1 2x 1
x
cosh x d x = e + x + constant
4 2

Exercise 2C
1. Differentiate with respect to x 4. A curve has equation
(a) tanh 4 x (b) sech2 x y = λ cosh x + sinh x
(c) cosech ( 5x + 3) ( )
(d) sinh e x where λ is a constant.

(e) cosh 3 2 x (f ) tanh (sin x ) (a) Sketch the curve for the cases λ = 0 and λ = 1.

(g) cosh 5x sinh 3x (h) ( coth 4 x ) (b) Determine the coordinates of the turning
4
2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x. point of the curve in the case when λ = . Is
3
(a) sinh 4 x (b) cosh 2 3x this a maximum or minimum point?
2 2
(c) x cosh 2 x (d) sech 7x (c) Determine the range of values of λ for which
(e) cosech2 x coth 3x (f ) tanh x the curve has no real turning points.
(g) tanh 2 x (h) e 2 sinh 3x 5. Find the area of the region bounded by the
2
(
(i) x cosh x + 4 3
) 4
( j) sinh x coordinate axes, the line x = ln 3 and the curve
with equation y = cosh 2 x + sech2 x.
(k) cosh 2 x sinh 3x (l) sech x

3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

with equation
y = 3cosh 2 x − sinh x
at the point where x = ln 2.

2.7 Inverse hyperbolic functions

The function f : x a sinh x ( x ∈ R ) is one-one, as can be seen
from the graph in Section 2.4. This means that the inverse y
sinh–1 x
function f −1 exists. The inverse hyperbolic sine function is
denoted by sinh −1 x. Its graph is obtained by reflecting the
graph of sinh x in the line y = x. x

d
Recall that (sinh x ) = cosh x , so the gradient of the graph of
dx
y = sinh x is equal to 1 at the origin. Similarly, the graph of
sinh −1 x has gradient 1 at the origin.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Similarly, the function g: x a tanh x ( x ∈ R ) is one-one. y

1
You should have obtained its graph in Activity 5. The range of
y = tanh x
g is { y:−1 < y < 1} or the open interval ( −1, 1).

0 x

–1
Activity 9
Sketch the graph of the inverse tanh function, tanh −1 x.
y
Its range is now R. What is its domain? y = cosh x

The function h: x a cosh x ( x ∈ R ) is not a one-one function

1
and so we cannot define an inverse function. However, if we
change the domain to give the function 0 x
f : x a cosh x with domain { x: x ∈ R, x ≥ 0}
y
then we do have a one-one function, as illustrated.

So, provided we consider cosh x for x ≥ 0, we can define the

inverse function f −1 : x a cosh −1 x with domain y = cosh–1 x

{ x: x ∈ R, x ≥ 1}.
1
This is called the principal value of cosh −1 x.
0 1 x

2.8 Logarithmic equivalents

Activity 10

Let y = sinh −1 x so sinh y = x.

Since cosh y is always positive, show that cosh y = (1 + x )

2

By considering sinh y + cosh y, find an expression for e y in terms

of x.

Hence show that sinh −1 x = ln  x +


(1 + x 2 ) 

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 11

Let y = tanh −1 x so tanh y = x.

Express tanh y in the terms of ey and hence show that

1+ x
e2 y = .
1− x

1 1+ x
Deduce that tanh −1 x = ln .
2 1− x

(Do not forget that tanh −1 x is only defined for x < 1. )

Activity 12

Let y = cosh −1 x, where x ≥ 1, so cosh y = x.

Use the graph in Section 2.7 to explain why y is positive and

hence why sinh y is positive. Show that sinh y = ( x 2 − 1) .
Hence show that

cosh −1 x = ln  x +

( x 2 − 1)  .

The full results are summarised below.

sinh −1 x = ln  x +

( x 2 + 1)  (all values of x)

1 1+ x
tanh −1 x = ln ( x < 1)
2 1− x

cosh −1 x = ln  x +

( x 2 − 1)  ( x ≥ 1)

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Exercise 2D
1. Express each of the following in logarithmic 3. Express sech −1x in logarithmic form for 0 < x < 1.
form.
4. Find the value of x for which
(a) sinh −1   (c) tanh −1  
3 1
(b) cosh −1 2 sinh−1 x + cosh−1( x + 2 ) = 0.
 4  2
x −2
2. Given that y = sinh −1 x, find a quadratic equation 5. Solve the equation 2 tanh −1  = ln 2.
 x +1 
satisfied by e y . Hence obtain the logarithmic
form of sinh −1 x. Explain why you discard one of
the solutions.

2.9 Derivatives of inverse

hyperbolic functions
Let y = sinh−1 x so that x = sinh y.

dx
= cosh y but cosh2 y = sinh2 y + 1 = x 2 + 1
dy

and cosh y is always positive.

So
dx
= ( x2 + 1) and therefore
dy
=
1
dy dx (x
2
+ 1)

In other words,
d
(sinh−1 x ) = 1
dx (x
2
+ 1)

Activity 13

(a) Show that

d
(cosh−1 x ) = 1
dx ( x2 − 1)
(b) Show that
d
dx
(
tanh−1 x =) 1
1 − x2

An alternative way of showing that

d
(sinh−1 x ) = 1
is
dx (x 2
+ 1)
to use the logarithmic equivalents.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Since

d
[ ( x2 + 1) ] = 1 + 12 .2x ( x2 + 1)−
1
x+ 2

dx

= 1+
x
=
( x2 + 1) + x
( x2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)

we can now find the derivative of ln x + [ ( x2 + 1) ]

( x2 + 1) + x .
d 
d x  {
ln x + ( x2 + 1) } = 1
( x + 1) x + ( x2 + 1)
2

which cancels down to

1
(x2
+ 1)

So
d
(sinh−1 x ) = 1
dx (x 2
+ 1)

You can use a similar approach to find the derivatives of

cosh−1 x and tanh−1 x but the algebra is a little messy.

Example
Differentiate

(b) sinh−1   with respect to x ( x > 0 ) .

1
(a) cosh−1( 2x + 1)
 x

Solution
(a) Use the function of a function or chain rule.
d
[
cosh−1( 2x + 1) = 2. ] 1
=
2
=
1
dx
{(2x + 1) − 1} 2
( 4x 2
+ 4x ) (x
2
+ x)

d  1  −1
sinh−1   = 2 .
1 1 x
(b)  = − 2.
 
dx  x  x  1 + 1
 2 
x (1 + x2 )
x 

−1
=
x (1 + x2 )

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Exercise 2E
Differentiate each of the expressions in Questions 7. Differentiate sech −1x with respect to x, by first
1 to 6 with respect to x. writing x = sech y.
1. cosh −1 ( 4 + 3x )
8. Find an expression for the derivative of cosech−1x
2. sinh −1 ( x) in terms of x.
3. tanh −1 ( 3x + 1) 9. Prove that

4. x 2 sinh −1 ( 2 x ) d
dx
( coth−1 x ) = ( x2−1−1) .
5. cosh −1  
1
 x
( x > 0)

6. sinh −1 ( cosh 2 x )

2.10 Use of hyperbolic functions

in integration
Activity 14
Use the results from Section 2.9 to write down the values of

⌠ 1 ⌠ 1
(a)  dx and (b)  dx
⌡ (x 2
+ 1) ⌡ (x2
− 1)

Activity 15

Differentiate sinh−1   with respect to x.

x
 3

⌠ 1
Hence find  d x.
⌡ (x 2
+ 9)

⌠ 1
What do you think  d x is equal to?
⌡ (x 2
+ 49)

Activity 16
Use the substitution x = 2 cosh u to show that

⌠
d x = cosh−1  + constant
1 x
  2
⌡ (x 2
− 4)

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Activity 17
Prove, by using suitable substitutions that, where a is a constant,

⌠
d x = sinh−1  + constant
1 x
(a) 
 
⌡ (x + a )
2 2 a

⌠
d x = cosh−1  + constant
1 x
(b) 
 
⌡ (x − a )
2 2 a

Integrals of this type are found by means of a substitution

involving hyperbolic functions. They may be a little more
complicated than the ones above and it is sometimes necessary
to complete the square.

Activity 18
Express 4x 2 − 8x − 5 in the form A( x − B) + C, where A, B and C
2

are constants.

Example
Evaluate in terms of natural logarithms
7
⌠ 1
 dx
⌡
4
( 4x 2
− 8x − 5)

Solution
From Activity 18, the integral can be written as

7
⌠ 1
 dx
⌡
4
{4( x − 1) − 9} 2

You need to make use of the identity cosh2 A − 1 = sinh2 A

because of the appearance of the denominator.

4( x − 1) = 9 cosh2 u in order to accomplish this.

2
Substitute

So 2( x − 1) = 3cosh u

dx
and 2 = 3sinh x
du

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

The denominator then becomes

{9 cosh2 u − 9} = (9sinh2 u) = 3sinh u

In order to deal with the limits, note that when
x = 4, cosh u = 2 so u = ln 2 + 3 ( [ ]) and when
x = 7, cosh u = 4 (so u = ln[4 + 15 ])
The integral then becomes

cosh −1 4 3 cosh −1 4
sinh u du
∫ ∫
1
2
= du
3sinh u 2
cosh −1 2 cosh −1 2

=
1
2
[
cosh−1 4 − cosh−1 2 =
1
2
] { (
ln 2 + 3 − ln 4 + 15 ) ( )}

Example
Evaluate

∫ (x )
1
2
+ 6x + 13 d x
−3

leaving your answer in terms of natural logarithms.

Solution

Completing the square, x2 + 6x + 13 = ( x + 3) + 4

2

You will need the identity sinh 2 A + 1 = cosh 2 A this time

because of the + sign after completing the square.

Now make the substitution x + 3 = 2 sinh θ

dx
giving = 2 cosh θ
dθ
When x = −3, sinh θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0

When x = 1, sinh θ = 2 ⇒ θ = sinh−1 2 = ln 2 + 5 ( )

The integral transforms to

sinh −1 2

∫ (4 sinh )
θ + 4 .2 cosh θ dθ
2

sinh−1 2
= ∫ 4 cosh θ dθ
0
2

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

You can either convert this into exponentials or you can use the
identity

cosh 2 A = 2 cosh2 A − 1

sinh −1 2
giving ∫ (2 + 2 cosh 2θ )d θ
0

sinh −1 2
= [2θ + sinh 2θ ]0

sinh −1 2
= 2[θ + sinh θ cosh θ ]0

(
= 2 sinh −1 2 + 2 1 + 2 2 )
( )
= 2 ln 2 + 5 + 4 5

Activity 19
Show that

d
(sec φ tan φ ) = 2 sec3 φ − sec φ
dφ

and deduce that

∫ sec {
3φ dφ = 1 sec φ tan φ + ln (sec φ + tan φ )
2
}
Hence use the substitution

x + 3 = 2 tan φ

in the integral of the previous example and verify that you

obtain the same answer.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

Exercise 2F
Evaluate the integrals in Questions 1 to 12. 15. Evaluate each of the following integrals.
3
⌠
∫ (x )
3
1
(a)  dx (b) 2
+ 6x − 7 d x
(x + 6 x − 7)
2 4
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 ⌡2 2 2
1.  dx 2.  dx
⌡0 ( x2 + 1) ⌡3 ( x2 − 4 ) 16. Transform the integral
1 1
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 2
3.  dx 4.  dx ⌠ 1
⌡0 ( x2 + 2 x + 5) ⌡−1 ( x2 + 6 x + 8) 
⌡1 x 4 + x2
dx

∫ (4 + x ) d x ∫ ( x − 9) d x
2 4
2 2
5. 6. 1
0 3 by means of the substitution x = . Hence, by
2 u
⌠
∫1 ( x2 + 2 x + 2 ) d x
2 1
7. 8.  dx means of a further substitution, or otherwise,
⌡1 ( x2 + 2 x ) evaluate the integral.

⌠
5
x +1 ⌠
2
1 17. The point P has coordinates ( a cosh t, bsinh t ).
9.  dx 10.  dx
⌡4 ( x2 − 9) ⌡1 ( x2 + x ) Show that P lies on the hyperbola with equation

x 2 y2
− = 1.
0
⌠
∫ (3x −12 x + 8) d x
1 5
11.  dx 12. 2
a2 b2
⌡−1 ( 2 x2 + 4 x + 7) 4
Which branch does it lie on when a>0?
Given that O is the origin, and A is the point
(a, 0), prove that the region bounded by the lines
13. Use the substitution u = e to evaluate x

1
OA and OP and the arc AP of the hyperbola has
∫0 sech x d x .
1
area abt.
−1 2
14. (a) Differentiate sinh x with respect to x.
By writing sinh −1 x as 1 × sinh −1 x, use
2
integration by parts to find ∫ sinh −1 d x.
1

(b) Use integration by parts to evaluate

2 −1
∫1 cosh x d x .

2.11 Miscellaneous Exercises

.11 Miscellaneous Exercises
dy
1. The sketch below shows the curve with equation Given that = 0 at B, show that the
dx
y = 3cosh x − x sinh x, which cuts the y-axis at the
x-coordinate of B is the positive root of the
point A. Prove that, at A, y takes a minimum
equation
value and state this value.
x cosh x − 2sinh x = 0.
y
Show that this root lies between 1.8 and 2.
B
Find, by integration, the area of the finite region
bounded by the coordinate axes, the curve with
A yy == 33cosh
cosh xx −
– xxsinh
sinhxx equation y = 3cosh x − x sinh x and the line x = 2,
giving your answer in terms of e. (AEB)

0 x

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

2. Starting from the definition 7. Define cosech x and coth x in terms of exponential
cosh θ = ( eθ + e−θ ) and sinh θ = ( eθ − e−θ )
1 1 functions and from your definitions prove that
2 2
coth 2 x ≡ 1 + cosech 2 x.
show that
Solve the equation
sinh( A + B) = sinh Acosh B + cosh Asinh B.
3coth 2 x + 4cosech x = 23
There exist real numbers r and α such that
8. Solve the equation
5cosh x + 13sinh x ≡ r sinh ( x + α ).
3sech2 x + 4 tanh x + 1 = 0 (AEB)
3
Find r and show that α = ln . 9. Find the area of the region R bounded by the
2 curve with equation y = cosh x, the line x = ln 2
Hence, or otherwise, and the coordinate axes. Find also the volume
obtained when R is rotated completely about the
(a) solve the equation 5cosh x + 13sinh x = 12sinh 2
x-axis. (AEB)
(b) show that 10. Prove that
15e −10 
= ln 
1
⌠ dx 1

⌡1 5cosh x + 13sinh x 12  3e + 2  sinh −1 x = ln  x +

(1 + x ) 
2

(AEB) and write down a similar expression for cosh −1 x.

Given that
3. Given that x < 1, prove that
d
dx
(
tanh −1 x =
1
1 − x2
)
. 2 cosh y − 7sinh x = 3 and cosh y − 3sinh2 x = 2 ,

Show by integrating the result above that find the real values of x and y in logarithmic
form. (AEB)
1  1+ x 
tanh −1 x = ln 11. Evaluate the following integrals
2  1− x 

∫ tanh
3

∫ ( x + 6 x + 5) d x
Use integration by parts to find −1 1
x dx. (a)
1 2
1
4. Given that t ≡ tanh x, prove the identities
2
∫ (x )
3
(b) 2
+ 6x + 5 d x
2t 1+ t 2
(a) sinh x = (b) cosh x =
1
1 − t2 1− t2
12. Use the definitions in terms of exponential
Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation functions to prove that

1 1 − tanh 2 x
2sinh x − cosh x = 2 tanh x (a) = sech2 x
2 1 + tanh 2 x
5. Solve the equations d
(b) ( tanh x ) = 1 − tanh2 x
dx
(a) cosh ( ln x ) − sinh  ln x  = 1
1 3
 2  4 Hence, use the substitution t = tanh x to find

(b) 4sinh x + 3e x + 3 = 0
∫ sech2 x d x (AEB)
6. Show that cosh x + sinh x = e x

13. Sketch the graph of the curve with equation

y = tanh x and state the equations of its
n
 n
Deduce that cosh n x + sinh n x =
k=0
 k  ∑ n−k k
  cosh x sinh x asymptotes.
Use your sketch to show that the equation
Obtain a similar expression for tanh x = 10 − 3x has just one root α . Show that α
cosh n x − sinh n x. lies between 3 and 3 13 .
Hence prove that Taking 3 as a first approximation for α , use the
cosh 7x = 64 cosh 7 x −112 cosh5 x + 56 cosh3 x − 7cosh x Newton-Raphson method once to obtain a second
approximation, giving your answer to four
decimal places.

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

14. Prove that sinh −1 x = ln  x +


(1 + x2 )  . 19. Solve the equation 3sech 2 x + 4 tanh x + 1 = 0 .
(AEB)
(a) Given that exp( z ) ≡ ez , show that
20. Define sinh y and cosh y in terms of exponential
( )
y = exp sinh −1 x satisfies the differential functions and show that
equation
 cosh y + sinh y 
2 y = ln  
 cosh y − sinh y 
(1 + x2 ) dd xy2 + x dd xy − y = 0
2

1
By putting tanh y = , deduce that
1 3
(b) Find the value of ∫ sinh −1
x d x, leaving your
tanh −1   = ln 2
0 1 1
(AEB)
answer in terms of a natural logarithm.  3 2
15. Sketch the graph of y = tanh −1 x.
21. Show that the function f ( x ) = (1 + x ) sinh ( 3x − 2 )
Determine the value of x, in terms of e, for
has a stationary value which occurs at the
1
which tanh −1 x = . intersection of the curve y = tanh ( 3x − 2 ) and the
2
straight line y + 3x + 3 = 0. Show that the
The point P is on the curve y = tanh −1 x where stationary value occurs between –1 and 0. Use
1 Newton-Raphson's method once, using an initial
y= . Find the equation of the tangent to the
2 value of –1 to obtain an improved estimate of the
curve at P. Determine where the tangent to the x-value of the stationary point.
curve crosses the y-axis. sinh x
22. (a) Given that tanh x = , express the value
16. Evaluate the following integrals, giving your cosh x
answers as multiples of π or in logarithmic
of tanh x in terms of e x and e−x .
form.
1  1+ t 
2 2 (b) Given that tanh y = t, show that y = ln
⌠ dx ⌠ dx 2  1− t 
(a)  (b) 
⌡0 (3x2 − 6 x + 4 ) ⌡0 (1 + 6 x − 3x2 ) for − 1 < t < 1.
(c) Given that y = tanh −1 (sin x ) show that
17. Find the value of x for which
dy
= sec x and hence show that
3−1 4 dx
sinh + sinh −1 x = sinh −1
4 3
π
18. Starting from the definitions of hyperbolic 6
functions in terms of exponential functions, ∫0 sec x tanh
2 −1
(sin x ) d x = 1  3 − 2 + 1 ln 3
3 2 
show that
cosh ( x − y ) = cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y (AEB)

and that 23. Solve the simultaneous equations

1  1+ x  cosh x − 3sinh y = 0
tanh −1 = ln where −1 < x < 1.
2  1− x  2sinh x + 6 cosh y = 5
(a) Find the values of R and α such that giving your answers in logarithmic form. (AEB)

5cosh x − 4sinh x ≡ Rcosh ( x − α ) 24. Given that x = cosh y, show that the value of x is
either
Hence write down the coordinates of the
minimum point on the curve with equation ln  x +
 ( x2 − 1)  or ln  x −
 ( x2 − 1) 
y = 5cosh x − 4sinh x
Solve the equations
(b) Solve the equation
(a) sinh2 θ − 5cosh θ + 7 = 0
9sech y − 3tanh y = 7 ,
2
(b) cosh ( z + ln 3) = 2
leaving your answer in terms of natural
logarithms. (AEB)

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

25. Sketch the curve with equation y = sech x and 28. Prove that
determine the coordinates of its point of 16sinh2 x cosh3 x ≡ cosh 5x + cosh 3x − 2 cosh x
inflection. The region bounded by the curve, the
coordinate axes and the line x = ln 3 is R. Hence, or otherwise, evaluate
1

∫ 16sinh x cosh x d x,
Calculate 2 3

(a) the area of R 0

giving your answer in terms of e.

(b) the volume generated when R is rotated
through 2 π radians about the x-axis. 29. Show that the minimum value of sinh x + n cosh x

26. Solve the equation tanh x + 4sech x = 4. is ( n2 −1) and that this occurs when
27. Prove the identity 1  n − 1
x= ln
2 2 2 2 1
cosh x cos x − sinh x sin x ≡ (1 + cosh 2 x cos2 x ) 2  n + 1
2
Show also, by obtaining a quadratic equation in
e x , that if k > ( n2 −1) then the equation
sinh x + n cosh x = k has two real roots, giving your
answers in terms of natural logarithms.
(AEB)

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Chapter 2 Hyperbolic Functions

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