UNIVERSITAS DHARMAS INDONESIA

TRANSLATION
(THEORY, PROCCESS AND TOOLS)

DISUSUN OLEH:
Eni Astuti (1903021001)
Eli Kusuma (1903021009)
Melit Iranta (1903021014)
Liza Panobiyasari (1903021013)

FAKULTAS ILMU KEGURUAN DAN PENDIDIKAN

PROGRAM STUDI S1 PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
UNIVERSITAS DHARMAS INDONESIA
DHARMASRAYA
2021
 TRANSLATION
(THEORY, PROCCESS AND TOOLS)
ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT

Complied by:
Eni Astuti (1903021001)
Eli Kusuma (1903021009)
Melit Iranta (1903021014)
Liza Panobiyasari (1903021013)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
DHARMAS INDONESIA UNIVERSITY
2021

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 PREPACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writen finished writing
the paper entitle “TRANSLATION (THEORY, PROCCESS AND TOOLS) ” right in the
calculated time. The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by
Ms. Mulya Adil Z, M.Pd. as lecturer in Translation and Interpretation.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lost challanges and obstuctions but with
help of many individuals,those obstructions could passed. Write also realized there are still
many mistakess in process of writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies and bless you all,
the writer realized that this paper still imperfect in arragnment and the content. Then the
writer hope the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper. Last but not the least
hopefully, this paper can help the readers to again more knowledge about English major.

Dharmasraya, February,
2021

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREPACE.............................................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I.........................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of paper.................................................................................................................1

1.2 Purpose of paper........................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER II.......................................................................................................................................2

DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................................2

2.1. Definition of the translation.....................................................................................................2

2.2 Translation process....................................................................................................................4

2.3. Translation tools.......................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER III....................................................................................................................................10

CONCLUDING PENUTUP..............................................................................................................10

3.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................................10

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of paper

Translation is the process of transferring information from a source language
into the target language. Activity involves translating complex systems to produce
results that grammatical translation, natural and in acordance with the original
information. Therefore, some difficulties may be encountered a translator in the
translation process. Howevwe, every difficulty there end, this paper presents a
translation and explanation of some of the issues related to translation as a knowledge
base for understanding the translation.

1.2 Purpose of paper

The purpose of paper are :

1. To fulfill assigment from Ms. Mulya Adil Z,M.Pd.

2. To know what are theories of translation.

3. To know about how the proccess translation.

4. To know about what are the translate tools.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Theories of translation

Translation has been defined in many ways by different writers in the field, depending on
how they view language and translation. According to Wills in Choliludin (2007: 3),
translation is a procedure which leads from a written source language text to an optimally
equivalent target language text and requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text
pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text. Besides, Nida and Taber
(1982: 12) say that translating consists in the reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style. Both definitions above imply that translation involves two languages: the
source language (SL) and the target or receptor language (TL or RL), and that an act of
translating is an act of reproducing the meaning of the SL text into that of the TL text.

Catford (1965: 20) states that translation may be defined as the replacement of textual
material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
Similar definition is also mentioned by Larson (1984: 3). He says that translation consists of
translating the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by
going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of
semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only
the form changes.

From the notions above it can be concluded that translating includes the act of transferring
message from the source text to the target text. The aim of translation is to find the equivalent
meaning of the source language expression in the target language. Thus, meaning is
important in translation and it must be held constant. Furthermore, translating a literary work
into another language is creating a new literary work in another language. A translation novel
is a novel that contains different language from the original text but carrying the spirit of the
original text. It also arouses the same respond to the readers between the two languages

Types of Translation

Catford (1965: 21-25) makes categories of translation in terms of extent, levels, and ranks.
Based on the extent, he classifies translation into full and partial translation. On the levels of
translation, there are total and restricted translation and on the ranks there are rank bound and
unbounded translation.

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In full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, that is, every part of
the source language text is replaced by the target language text material. In partial translation,
some parts of the source language text are left untranslated. They are simply transferred to the
target language text.

Total translation means the replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar
and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology or graphology by non equivalent
TL phonology or graphology. While restricted translation means the replacement of SL
textual material by equivalent TL textual material at only one level, that is translation
performed only at the phonological or at graphological level, or at only one of the two levels
of grammar and lexis.

Rank-bound translation is translation in which the selection of TL equivalents is deliberately

confined to one rank or a few ranks in the hierarchy of grammatical units, usually at word or
morpheme rank, that is, setting up word-to-word or morpheme-to-morpheme equivalence. In
contrast with this, normal total translation in which equivalences shift freely up and down the
rank scale is called unbounded translation

Based on the purpose of translation, Brislin (in Choliludin, 2007: 26-29) categorizes
translation into these following types.

a. Pragmatic Translation

It refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that
was meant to be conveyed in the source language form. It is not concerned with other aspects
of the original language version.

b. Aesthetic-poetic Translation

This refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and
feelings of an original agnate version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well
as any information in the message. The examples of this type are the translation of sonnet,
rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

c. Ethnographic Translation

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 The purpose of ethnographic translation is to explicate the cultural context of the source
language and target language versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way the words
are used and must know how the words fits into cultures.

d. Linguistic Translation

This is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the source
language and grammatical form. The example is the language in a computer program and
machine translation.

Brislin says that basically, based on the kinds of texts to be translated, there are two types of
translation namely factual and literary translations. Factual translation refers to translating to
convey information with precision, without involving the emotions or feelings of the
translator but only based on the real facts such as translating scientific fields, reports,
newspaper, etc. Literary translation refers to the translation of art works. In this kind of
translation, the translator involves his or her emotion or feeling and it tends to be subjective,
for example the translation of poems, drama, novels, etc.

According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two main types, namely form-
based and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of
Source Language and is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes
every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor
language

2.2 Translation process

According to Larson (1984: 3) when translating a text, the translator’s goal is an idiomatic
translation which makes every effort to communicate their meaning of the SL text into the
natural forms of the receptor language. Furthermore, he states that translation is concerned
with a study of the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural
context of the SL text, which is analyzed in order to determine its meaning. The discovered
meaning is then re-expressed or reconstructed using the lexicon and grammatical structure
which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. The following
diagram is presented by Larson as the translation process.

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Source Language Receptor Language

Text to be translated
Translation

Discover the meaning

Re-express the meaning

Meaning

Figure 2. Translation process by Larson (1984: 4)

Nida and Taber (1982: 33) distinguish translation process into three stages: (1)
analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical
relationships and (b) the meaning of the words and combinations of words, (2) transfer, in
which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to
language B, and (3) restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to
make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. The translation process can
be illustrated in the following diagram.

Based on another proccess

1. Analysis and management

The translation project is assigned to a Project Manager who analyzes and converts the files
to be translated and prepares all the support documentation for the translator (translation
memory, technical terminology glossary, client-supplied reference material, style guide and
prior projects for reference).

2. Linguistic steps

The job is assigned to native-speaking translators and proofreaders in the target language, all
specialized professionals in various sectors and with extensive experience. We always try to
have the same linguists carry out all of a particular client’s translations to maintain the same
style and consistency with each project.

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Translation is the first step in the linguistic side of a project. It is always done by a native-
speaking translator in the target language who specializes in the particular field and/or has the
corresponding experience in said field and involves a first translation of the original
document to the target language.

The translator must do the translation considering the following aspects:

a. Compliance with the specific field and the client’s terminology and/or any other
reference material provided and terminology coherence assurance during translation;
b. Semantic accuracy of the content in the target language;
c. The proper syntax, spelling, punctuation and diacritics as well as other orthographic
conventions in the target language;
d. Lexical and sentence cohesion;
e. Compliance with any internal and/or client-supplied style guide (including domain,
linguistic register and linguistic variants);
f. Local conventions and any applicable standards;
g. Formats;
h. The target audience and aim of the content in the target language.

Translators must always check their own work which must include a general proofread by the
translator of the content in the target language to detect any semantic, grammar or spelling
problems or any omissions or other errors in addition to ensuring compliance with any
relevant translation project specifications.

Proofreading is the second linguistic step of a project which is done by a second

native-speaking translator in the target language who specializes in the particular field and/or
has the corresponding experience in said field. It involves carefully reading the translated
document and comparing it to the original document to ensure the translation is correct and
adequately reflects the original document. The proofreader must take into account the same
aspects as the translator as outlined above. The proofreader can also apply the necessary
terminology changes or make style changes so the translated document flows better and
sounds more natural; these changes are then validated by the translator. This way, we obtain a
document of the highest quality.

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2.3. Translation tools
Online sites that provide free facilities in language translation media are widely available,
apart from google translation, there are more, especially local sites originating from our
country, Indonesia and what are these sites, we describe below;

1. UGM online dictionary

This dictionary is deliberately provided by the UGM university for those who really want to
learn languages so that it is easy to translate sources of information, especially those in
English, this online dictionary is easy with simple visuals without much content insertion
other than those concerned with online translation services by UGM. , want to see what the
site looks like you can visit directly to Kamus.ugm.ac.id/

2. In a row

This online dictionary is capable of translating up to 1000 characters so that we can translate
one or more paragraphs at the same time, this one dictionary is an online translator which is
specifically for two languages, namely English and Indonesian. We can translate a sentence
in a short time with the translation results that have three choices and this dictionary also uses
google translate media from one of the results as a comparison if the results from the
dictionary do not match our choice.

3. KBBI online

This online dictionary is a large dictionary of Indonesian as the highest reference for standard
Indonesian compiled by the language center dictionary compilation team developed by the
Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia and the Language Development
Center. It will be very helpful in the learning process, especially in using the correct
Indonesian language After hearing and reading your speech that the tool has translated into
text and audio, your interlocutor can take turns using the tool by pressing another button that
also has a microphone on the device.

4. Translation memory software

Translation memory software is the most well-known CAT tool. It divides the texts to be
translated into units called “segments”. As the translator advances in the translation of the
document, the software stores the text in a database of already translated segments. When the
software recognizes that a new segment is similar to a segment already translated, it suggests

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that the translator reuse it. Some translation memory programs do not work with databases
created during a translation, but with preloaded reference documents.

Some examples of translation memory software: Trados Workbench, DéjàVuX, SDLX, Star

Transit, MultiTrans, Similis, MetaTexis.
5. Language search-engine software
Linguistic search engines work like traditional search engines, except that they do not seek
results on the Internet, but in a large database of translation memory. The goal is to find, in
these banks, fragments of previously translated texts that match the new text to be translated.
Linguee, a multilingual context dictionary, is one of them.

6. Terminology management software

Among CAT tools, there is also terminology management software. With programs of this
type, the translator has the ability to automatically search for the terms in a new document in
a database. Some of these systems allow the translator to add, in the database, new pairs of
words that match and verify text using various functions: the translator can then check
whether this or that term has been translated correctly and consistently throughout the whole
draft. Here are three examples of this type of software: SDL
MultiTerm, LogiTerm and Termex.
7. Alignment software
Text alignment programs allow the translator to build a translation memory using the source
and destination of the same text: the software divides the two texts into segments and
attempts to determine which segments agree with each other. The result of this operation can
be imported into a translation memory software for future translations. Here are four
examples of alignment software: Bitext2, Tmx Bligner, YouAlign and LF Aligner.
8. Interactive machine translation
Automatic interactive translation resembles the programs you use on your cell phone for
writing messages: the program tries to predict how the human translator would translate a
phrase or sentence fragment.

For a translator, media translate media like that is only used as a support, it does not have a
full role in the translation process, is occasionally used as a language comparison if a
language is found to be inaccurate, and professional translators themselves purely use the
ability of the brain because even though technology is sophisticated but still just a machine
that has no heart and no feelings.

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 BAB III

CONCLUDING

3.1 Conclusion
translating includes the act of transferring message from the source text to the target
text. The aim of translation is to find the equivalent meaning of the source language
expression in the target language. Nida and Taber (1982: 33) distinguish translation process
into three stages: (1) analysis, the grammatical relationships,the meaning ,transfer and
restructuring. Online sites that provide free facilities in language translation media are widely
available, apart from google translation, there are more, especially local sites originating from
our country, Indonesia such as UGM online dictionary, KBBI online, Translation memory
software, Language search-engine software, Terminology management software. Alignment
software.

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 REFERENCES

CULTURES CONNECTION.(2015). 5 cat tools that every translator should use.Retrieved

february 23,2021, from https://culturesconnection.com/5-cat-tools-that-every-translator-
should-use/
Eprints uny.ac.id (2012). Translation. Retrieved february 24, 2021, from
https://eprints.uny.ac.id/9241/3/bab%202-07211144039.pdf
TRANSLATION JOURNAL.(2017).DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION. Retrieved february
24,2021, from https://translationjournal.net/October-2017/definition-of-translation.html
PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATIONS (2020). The 5 step language translation
process.Retrieved february 24,2021, from https://www.pactranz.com/language-translation-
process/

JHON’S BLOG (2014). TRANSLATION DEFINITION. Retrieved february 24,2021, from

http://jhonfreedom.blogspot.com/2011/09/definitions-of-translation-from-experts.html

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