Mosquito Repellant Candle with Scent of Citrofurnella Microcarpa (Calamansi)

and Cymbopogon (Lemongrass)

A Research Paper Submitted to the

Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Good Shepherd Academy of Victoria, Inc.

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

Submitted by

Neil R. Rodriguez

March 2018
 ABSTRACT

This study tried to find out the effectiveness of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and

Calamansi (Citrofurtunella Microcarpa) as alternative insect repellent as its essence

added to candles. The focus of the study is to test the ability of Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon) and Calamansi (Citrofurtunella Microcarpa) as insect repellent. The

gathered from fifteen (15) respondents selected through availability sampling was

tabulated after asking permission from the school principal. Data were subjected to

ANOVA:Single Factor and find out if there is significant difference on Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon) and Calamansi( Citrofurtunella Microcarpa) in terms ability to repel

mosquitos.  It was revealed that Set Up No. 2  which has 100% Calamansi essence  are

more effective than  Set Up  No. 1 which has 100% of Lemongrass essence and Set Up

No. 3 which has 50% of Lemongrass essence and 50% of Calamansi essence.  It was also

concluded that there are no significant differences in time to repel between the Set Up

No. 1 (100% Lemongrass), Set Up No. 2 (100% Calamansi) and Set Up No.3 (50%

Lemongrass and 50%  Calamansi). Statistical tool (ANOVA: Single Factor) results

showed that the hypothesis for the three (3) tests were accepted. Therefore, there is no

significant difference between three (3) setups in terms of ability to repel, length of time

to repel and smell. It led to realization that the plant-based mosquito repellents are an

alternative to be used as insecticide-based repellents. The plant-based mosquito repellant

can be used as alternative mosquito repellent to manufactured insect repellent. Thus, it

can also lessen risk from the environment and risk that people may affect.

ii
 CONTENT PAGE

I. Title Page …………………………………………………………………….. i

II. Abstract ……………………………………………………………………… ii
III. Content Page………………………………………………………………... iii
IV. Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 1
A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………… 1
B. Statement of the Problem………………………………………………. 2
C. Statement of Hypotheses …………………………………………….… 3
D. Significance of the Study………………………………………………. 3
E. Scope and Limitation ………………………………………………….. 4
F. Review of Related Literature and Studies ……………………………... 6
V. Methodology…….…………………………………………………………… 10
A. Materials and Equipment ………………………………………………. 10
B. General Procedure...…………………………………………………….. 11
C. Data Gathering …………………………………………………………. 13
D. Data Analysis …………………………………………………………... 13
E. Risk and Safety..………...……………………………………………… 14
F. Disposal ………………………………………………………………… 14
VI. Result and Discussion………………………………………………………. 15
iii
VII. Conclusion ……………………………………………………… . 21
VIII. Reference List …………………………………………………………… 22
IX. Appendices ……………………………………………………………… 24
 INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Tropical countries like the Philippines are more capable of growing

or developing seedbeds for mosquitos. Mosquitos are one of the deadliest

animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread disease such as Zika

Virus, West Nile Virus, Chikungunya Virus, dengue, and malaria to

humans causes a million of deaths every year (World Health Organization,

2018).

As day passes by, different protection from mosquito bite was

continue growing up. However, most of it is synthetic mosquito repellent

that contains chemicals like diethyl phthalates, diethyl carbate; N, N-

Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET), metofluthrin, picaridin, ethyl

hexanediol that can cause harm.

In contrast with this, different plant-based mosquito repellents are an

alternative to be used as insecticide-based repellent. It can also lessen risk

from the environment. Natural essential oils extracted from the peel of the

citrus fruits could be an effective new eco-friendly alternative in

mosquitos control program (Taylor & Fracis ,2017)

Lemon grass belongs to Cymbopogon, a genus of about 55 species

of grass, native to temperate and tropical regions. It is a tropical herb of 3-

1
 6 feet length. The leaves and twigs of this have essential oil, which has

insect repellent activity (Shahzadi,2017). The plant was widely

acknowledged for medicinal uses.

In parallel to the stated problem above, Ukpong et al. (2015) stated

that cymbopogon citrus extract could be used for the production of potent

chemical-free and safe mosquito repellent and insecticide for vector

control in the fight against malaria and other mosquito vectored disease.

In addition, calamansi (citrofurnella microcarpa) found several uses

as well. Rubbing on insect bite will relieve the itching and reduce the

irritation. Citrus peel contains organic chemicals that have the ability to

kill mosquito larvae. It also shows that some citrus scent repels adult

mosquitos ( Kripena ,2020)

The study aimed to determine the possible insecticidal effects of

Calamansi (Citrotunella macrocarpa) and lemongrass (cymbopogan) The

essential oils from plant insecticide-based repellant will be added to

candle to test the capability of the essential oils as mosquito repellant.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of

Calamansi and Lemongrass extract as alternative insect repellent as it added

to candles.

2
 This study focused to the following question:

1. Is there a significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of ability to repel mosquitos?

2. Is there a significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of length of time to repel mosquito?

3. Is there a significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of smell?

Hypothesis of the Study

1. There is no significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of ability to repel mosquitos.

2. There is no significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of length of time.

3. There is no significant difference among three candles with calamansi

and lemongrass extract in terms of smell.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Frequent use of insect repellents with harmful substances can affect

everyone's health. The ingredients (insect repellent) of these chemicals

greatly affect nature not just humans. The rate of pollution continues to rise

and worsen. Commonly found ingredients in kitchens such as calamansi and

lemongrass commonly used in cooking have the ability to repel mosquitoes

such as manufactured insect repellents.

3
 Calamansi and lemongrass are well-known as food spices and are often

used in herbal medicine. They can be included in soil fertilizer. Many people

do not know what else to do with lime and lemongrass. What's amazing is

that it can be used as a mosquito repellent around even when mixed with

candles. Thus, it can also give a relaxing feeling because of its unique smell.

If found suitable and useful, it can be used as an alternative insect

repellent as a replacement to different manufactured insect repellent. This

study would be beneficial to following group of people:

To the Environment. This study will help because it will reduce the number

of people using insect repellent with chemical substances that are completely

harmful to nature. It will reduce the amount of waste that people dispose.

To the Community. This study will help to make people safer from any

disease caused by various chemicals found in different manufactured insect

repellent. It can also help to save a household's electricity due to the light

provided by the candle. And moreover, it can also provide employment and

income.

To the future researcher. This will help them to be one of their references in

their future research with the same concern.

`Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study focused on the effectiveness of Citrofortunella

Microcarpa and Cympobogan as alternative insect repellent as it added to

4
candles. With this, the researcher will add the extract of Calamansi and

Lemongrass to candle wax when it is totally melted. This study focused

on the ability of used Lemongrass and Calamansi extract as alternative

insect repellent. To test its ability and effectiveness, the researcher will

put wax on an aluminum candle cup and will place it on a tea light

candle holder. There will be three (3) testers to easily determine which is

effective; one (1) pure lemongrass, one (1) pure calamansi, 1 of

combination both essence which has 50% lemongrass and 50%

calamansi.. After a few minutes after the candle lights up observation

will start.

The study was conducted on 2020-2021. The sites were at

Good Shepherd Academy, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro and at the

researcher’s home at Brgy. Duongan, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro.

4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Mosquito Repellent

According to Blogspot.com (2019), insect repellent is element

applied skin, clothes that may be in solid or liquid form which dispirit

mosquitos from touchdown or rising on the exterior. The insect repellent

helps to avert and regulate the activity of viral and bacterial illnesses from

insects such as Zika virus, Yellow Fever, and Malaria.

Cymbopogon (Lemongrass)

In the study of Sritabutra (2011), lemon grass and combination of

eucalyptus-sweet basil are the most effective in repellent activity. He

conducted laboratory tests that carried out every 30 min until fewer than

two mosquitoes bit or landed during the 3 min study period and then the

repellency test was stopped. Essential oil from lemon grass exhibited

protection against biting from two mosquito species. Moreover, the

combinations from eucalyptus oil and sweet basil oil were effective as

repellents and feeding deterrents against. All herbal repellents exhibited

the period of protection time against which was lower than 120 min.

Dr. Manuel Mapue,  reveal that “Aside from being an important  herb,

lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes,”  during

the Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Mosquito Trap Orientation held in Caloocan

City on 28th of May 2012.

6
 Citrofortunella Microcarpa (Calamansi)

Ukpong, et. al (2016) reports that the repellent and insecticidal

properties of Citrofortunella Microcarpa (Calamansi) against malaria

mosquitoes in the study area; and contributes to the growing literature on safe

bio-pesticides for disease control. While commercial formulations should be

expected, local use of this and other plants essential oil is recommendable to

prevent man-vector contact in local communities where transmission rates are

high but healthcare interventions are lacking.

CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITO

According to The Terminix International Company (2019),the

classification of mosquitos are as follow:

House Mosquito (Culex)

Pale brown in color with white stripes, it is often found in polluted

water that has been left standing. Storm drains, birdbaths, pet dishes and old

tires are popular breeding sites for these types of mosquitoes

Southern Mosquito (Culex Quinquefasciatus)

Sometimes referred to as Culex fatigans, is most common in tropical

and subtropical regions. It shares many of the same physical and behavioral

aspects of the house mosquito

7
 Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes Albopictus)

This species of mosquitoes can be identified by the bright white or

silver stripes on its abdomen, thorax and legs. 

Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes Aegypti)

This species of mosquitoes have similar feeding and breeding

habits to the Asian tiger. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT

Stated by Elprocus (2013), the classification of mosquitoes as

follow:

Spray Repellents

Spray repellents are quite common and are used mostly on surfaces

like walls, clothes or skin. Spray repellents with their high concentrations

of DEET (diethyl-meta-toluamide) are very effective for several hours

even after walking around in spaces with hundreds of mosquitoes.

Lotion or Cream Repellents

Cream and lotion repellents can be applied directly to the skin and

such types of creams or lotion based repellents form a good solution in

combination with repellent clothing. These repellents can be found in

natural solutions that have little smell.

8
 Insect or Mosquito Repellent Clothing

Mosquito repellent clothing is designed with tight fiber woven

fabrics with a long lasting insect repellent to prevent mosquitoes and

insect bites. 

Mosquito Repellent Devices

Mosquito repellent devices emit a fragrance by burning repellent

stuff and these repellents include coils, candles and ThermaCell products.

Natural Mosquito Repellents

Natural mosquito repellents work best, whereas DEET based

mosquito repellents do not work as such because many research studies

have proved that the main element in mosquito repellents often leave bad

odor. 

  Mosquito Repellent Machine

A Mosquito repellent machine attracts and kills the mosquito's

population and these machines are durable and give long life. Mosquito

repellent machines are used in bedrooms, washrooms, living rooms,

offices, etc.

9
 Materials and Methods

The purpose of this chapter is to present in a simple and direct manner

what has been done, risk and safety, when, and how the data were evaluated

and presented.  The disposal of the product is also involved in this chapter.

A. Materials and Equipment

In the making the product, the researcher collected the materials and

equipment to be used

In the drying of Citrofurnella Microcarpa (Calamansi) and

Cymbopogan (Lemongrass), the researcher cut the peel of Calamansi and the

branch of Lemongrass into small pieces and dried it into sunlight for 8 hours. 

The drying of the said material was finished after collecting enough amounts.

The materials needed by the researcher in the extraction of

Citrofurnella Microcarpa(Calamansi) and Cymbopogan (Lemongrass) is

scissor to cut it into small pieces.  The researcher also needed an aluminum

container where small pieces of Calamansi peel and Lemongrass were

placed. 

The materials needed in making candles are Lemongrass and

Calamansi peel the main materials of the product. The researcher used 15

grams of dried lemongrass and 15 grams of dried calamansi peel as a source

of scent. The researcher used 225 ml of melted soy wax for each set ups. 15

ml measuring cup used to measure the exact amount of melted wax to each

10
 tea light candle holder. The gas stove served as a source of heat and the pot

used as where candle wax melted under low -heat flame. Two (2) unused

spoons used for mixing the combination of candle wax and the dried

ingredients.  The researcher used a 38 x 12mm aluminum tea light candle

holder as the container where the melted candle wax placed.  Double sided

tape used to attach the label on the holder and two (2) saucers as the dried

lemongrass and calamansi peel. 

B. General Procedure

1. Gathering of Materials and Equipment

First and foremost, the research gathered and prepared the

materials and equipment to used specially the main material for the

product

1. Drying Calamansi Peel and Lemongrass

The researcher cut the peel of calamansi and lemongrass into small

pieces and dried under the sunlight for 8 hours.

1. In Making Candles

The researcher put double sided tape on the bottom of candle

wicks to have an ability to stand while pouring the melted candle wax.

The 500 grams wax is put on a pot and placed under the stove at low heat

fire.  After 3 minutes, the melted wax will set aside. The researcher used

11
 another pot where the melted wax and dried ingredients mixed. For every

set-up, the researcher used 225 ml of melted candle wax. 

  For the scent, the researcher put different ratio of dried

Lemongrass and calamansi peel: Set up No. 1 with 15 grams of dried

Lemongrass; Set up No.2 with 15 grams of dried calamansi peel; Set up

No.3 with 7 grams of dried calamansi peel and 7 grams. of dried

Lemongrass. Using an unused spoon mixed the melted wax with dried

ingredients. After mixing, transfer melted wax on an aluminum tea light

candle holder and let it cool for 24 hours.

C. Trials/Set-up 

   For each set up the researcher used three (3) trials with the same

amount of candle wax and different dried ingredients.

For Set up No.1, the researcher adds 15 grams of dried lemongrass

to 225 ml melted wax. Then, they mixed using unused spoons. After that,

the melted wax with dried lemongrass will transfer to an aluminum tea

light candle holder and cooled for 24 hours.

For Set up No.2, the researcher adds 15 grams of dried calamansi

peel to 225 ml melted wax. Then, same procedures in Set up No.1

For Set up No.3, the researcher adds 7 grams of dried calamansi

and 7 grams. of dried lemongrass to 225 ml of melted wax. Then, the

same procedure in the first two sets. 

12
D. Data Gathering

  The repellency of the product will be tested using Repellency Test.

However, the rate of effectiveness will be analyzed through rating sheets.

The rating contains the criteria of rate of effectiveness with three (3) trials

in every set.

For the repellency test, the researcher will record the result of the

experiment based on experiences and observation that refers to a given

scale.

For the rate of effectiveness, the fifteen (15) respondents are

chosen through voluntary sampling whereas they considered the

availability of respondents. The respondents will rate the product based

on the given criteria: (1) one as not effective; (2) two as somewhat

effective; (3) three as effective; (4) four as very effective.

E. Data Analysis

For the Repellency Test, the researcher recorded all information

gathered. For more specific and better statistical understanding, the

ANOVA Single Factor was used as a statistical method for the

experiments to determine if there is significant difference among the trials

of scented candle as mosquito repellent in terms of repellency in Set up 1,

2, 3.

For the Rate of Effectivity, the researcher made a tally table

wherein the average of each set up was shown in each trial. The researcher

13
 finds the average of the criterion that is given by the fifteen respondents to

differentiate each trial. For better statistical understanding, the ANOVA

Single Factor was used as a statistical method for the experiments to

determine if there is significant difference among the trial of scented

candles as mosquito repellent in terms of repellency in Set up 1, 2, 3.

F. Risk and Safety

The Scented candle as mosquito repellent must be kept out from the

reach of the children and pets. To avoid any harm during the making of

the product, the researcher did it in place with proper ventilation. In

lighting the candle, it must within the sight and away from flammable

objects. 

G. Disposal

After the making of the product was finished, the remaining

materials that are still usable were kept while the useless materials were

thrown away properly to avoid causing harm and injuries to other

persons. 

14
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of data gathering done by the researcher

as well as the results of data analysis done using a statistical tool. The results are

presented in tables and are discussed clearly and specifically.

1. Difference among three candles with calamansi and lemongrass essence in

terms to ability to repel mosquitos

Table 1.1 Average Results after Three (3) Trials from The Rating Sheet

For Ability To Repel Mosquitos.

Set Up 3
Set Up 1 Set Up 2 (50%
(100% (100% Lemongras
Lemongrass Calamansi s & 50
Respondent ) ) Calamansi
1 2 2 4
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3
4 2 3.333333 2
5 2 3.666667 2
6 2 4 2
7 2 1.333333 1.666667
8 2.666667 3 2.333333
9 2 2 3
10 2.333333 3 3
11 2 2 2
12 2 3 2
13 2 3 3
14 3 2 2
15 2 2 3
Total 32 39.33333 37
Average 2.13333 2.6222 2.4667

15
 The table above shows the average rating after three (3) trials of the

selected respondents for the ability to repel mosquitos among three candles with

calamansi essence and lemongrass essence. The table shows that the Set Up No. 1

received average rating thirty-two (32) from the respondents, Set Up No.2

received average rating thirty-nine and three hundredths (39.3) and a total of

thirty-seven (37) average ratings were given to the Set Up No. 3. As presented in

the table, the total average rating for Set Up No.1 is 2.13333, for Set Up No. 2 is

2.6222 and 2.4667 for Set Up No.3. Based from the result, the Set Up No. 2 has

more ability to repel mosquito than the Set Up No.1 and No.3

Table 1.2 Result using ANOVA Single Factor: Three Set Ups Assuming

Equal Variance for Ability to Repel Mosquito

Computed F-value Critical F-value Decision

2.546065 3.219942 Accepted

The table above shows the summary of the data analysis done by the

researcher for the data gathered for ability to repel mosquitos using the statistical

tool, ANOVA Single Factor: Three Set Ups Assuming Equal Variance for

Ability to Repel Mosquitoes. The results show that the computed f-value

(2.546065) is lower than the critical f-value (3.219942) at 0.05 significance level

which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted. Based on the results, there is no

significant difference among three candles with calamansi and lemongrass

essence in terms of ability to repel mosquitos.

16
2.0 Difference among three candles with calamansi and lemongrass extract in

terms of length of time to repel mosquito.

Table 2.1 Average Results after Three (3) Trials from the Rating Sheet for

Length of time to repel mosquito.

Set Up 3
Set Up 1 Set Up 2 (50%
(100% (100% Lemongrass &
Respondent Lemongrass) Calamansi) 50 Calamansi
1 3 3 4
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 2 4 2
5 2.333333333 2 2.666666667
6 2.333333333 4 2
7 2.666666667 3.333333333 2.333333333
8 2.333333333 3 2
9 3 3 3
10 3 3 3
11 2 3 3
12 2 3 3
13 3 3 3
14 2.666666667 1.666666667 2.666666667
15 2.666666667 2 2.333333333
Total 38 43 40
Average 2.533333333 2.866666667 2.66666667

The table above shows the average rating after three (3) trials of the

selected respondents for the length of time to repel mosquitos among three

candles with calamansi essence and lemongrass essence. The table shows that Set

Up No. 2 received a total of forty-three (43) average ratings, Set Up No.3

received a total forty (40) average ratings and a rating average of thirty-eight (38)

were given to Set Up No. 1. As presented in the table above, the total average

17
rating for Set Up No.2 (2.866666667) was higher than Set Up No.3 (2.66666667)

and Set Up No. 1 (2.533333333). Based on the results, the Set Up No. 2 have the

faster ability to repel mosquitoes than Set Up No. 3 and No.1.

Table 2.2 Result using ANOVA Single Factor: Three Set Ups Assuming

Equal Variance for Length of Time to Repel

Computed t-value Critical t-value Decision

1.316832 3.219942 Accepted

The table above shows the summary of the data analysis done by the

researcher for the data gathered for length of time to repel using the statistical

tool, ANOVA Single Factor Assuming Equal Variances. The results show that the

computed t-value (1.316832) is lower than critical value (3.219942) at 0.05

significance level which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted. Based on the

results, there is no difference among three candles with calamansi and lemongrass

extract in terms of length of time to repel mosquitoes.

18
 1.1 Difference among three candles with calamansi essence and

lemongrass essence in terms smell

Table 3.1 Average Result from Rating Sheet for Smell

Set Up 3
(50%
Set Up 1 Set Up 2 Lemongrass
(100% (100% and 50%
Respondent Lemongrass) Calamansi) Calamansi)
1 3 4 4
2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3
4 2 4 2
5 2 4 2.333333
6 2 4 2
7 3.333333333 2 3.333333
8 2 2 3
9 2 3 3
10 2 3 3
11 2 3 3
12 2 3 3
13 2 3 3
14 3 1.333333333 3
15 3.333333333 2 2
Total 34.66666667 43.33333333 41.66667
Average 2.311111111 2.888888889 2.777778

The table above shows the ratings of the selected respondent for

the smell of the three candles with calamansi essence and lemongrass essence.

The table shows that the Set Up No. 2 received an average rating of 43.33333333

from the respondents, Set Up No. 3 received an average rating of 41.66667 and

34.66666667 for Set Up No.1. Based from result, the Set Up No.2 has the smell

that affect the repellency of the candle than Set Up No. 3 and Set Up No.1

19
Table 3.2 Result using ANOVA Single Factor: Three Set Ups Assuming

Equal Variances for Smell

Computed f-value Critical f-value Decision

3.034928 3.219942293 Accepted

The table above shows the summary of the data analysis done by

researchers gathered for smell using statistical tool, ANOVA Single Factor: Three

Set Ups Assuming Equal Variances. The results show that the f-value (3.034928)

is lower than the critical f-value (3.219942293) at 0.05 significance level which

indicates that the hypothesis is accepted. Based on the results, there is no

significant difference among three candles with calamansi and lemongrass extract

in terms of smell.

20
 CONCLUSION

                     After conducting tests and surveys, the results show that the candle Set

Up No. 2 with 100% Calamansi essence as insect repellent  received highest ratings in

terms of ability to repel, length of  time to repel and smell among setups. It can be

concluded that the Set Up No.2 (100% Calamansi) is the most effective and can be

alternative mosquito repellent.

      Despite having differences in average ratings between the three(3) set

ups, analyzed data using statistical tools (ANOVA: Single Factor) showed that the

hypothesis for the three (3) tests are accepted. Therefore, there is no significant

difference between Lemongrass essence and Calamansi essense in terms of ability to

repel, length of time to repel and smell. With this, it can be concluded that Mosquito

Repellant Candle with Scent of Citrofortunella Microcarpa (Calamansi) and

Cymbopogon   (Lemongrass) is accepted as alternative mosquito repellent to the

commercial one.
 REFERENCE LIST

Esteban, Danielle et. al (2012).  Dalandan and Calamansi Extract.

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Biology-Dalandan-and-Calamansi-Extract-Group-2-COPY-

NUM-2-docx?

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uTcr81OGyKvo0T6l5PD0v

Kripena, Kristiana. (2020). CITRUS FRUIT: A NEW, NATURAL 21

ALTERNATIVE TO FIGHT MOSQUITOES. Retrieved from

https://insectcop.net/citrus-fruit-might-provide-us-with-an-

alternative-way-to-fight-mosquitoes/?

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RpaS8qRotMEct-KXfm4Y

Science Daily (n.d) . Citrus fruit peel: Potential alternative to mosquito

control discovered. Retrieved from

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htm?

fbclid=IwAR3A5f0nI8XBB_PYjagxgGv6LmJO_1Ut6vrHHtdS

ufyaCZU5iAJqz0ItK4w
Shahzadi, Phool (2017). Lemongrass (Cymbogon Citratus). Retrieved

from

https://www.intechopen.com/books/grasses-benefits-diversities-
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and-functional-roles/lemon-grass-cymbopogon-citratus-?

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fPbF3bgvsSwCIu--Oa3whVys6MdgTphg

World Health Organization (2020). Vector-borne diseases. Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-

diseases

Maia and Moore (2011) Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their

efficacy, development and testing. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059459/?

tool=pmcentre

Shahzadi,2017 Cymbopogon Citratus (Dc.) Staph: Chemical

Composition, Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities, Use In

Medicinal And Cosmetic Purpose. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340050941_Cymbopog

on_citratus_DC_STAPH_CHEMICAL_COMPOSITION_ANTI
MICROBIAL_AND_ANTIOXIDANT_ACTIVITIES_USE_IN_

MEDICINAL_AND_COSMETIC_PURPOSE

APPENDICES
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