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Get Report: Selling Marketing Definition

Here are the key points about maximin, Hurwicz, and Wald criteria for decision making under uncertainty: - Maximin criterion: This criterion selects the alternative with the best worst-case outcome. It is the most conservative/pessimistic approach as it focuses only on the worst possible result. - Hurwicz criterion: This criterion is a compromise between maximin and maximax criteria. It considers both the optimal and worst-case scenarios based on an "optimism parameter" between 0-1. A higher optimism parameter weighs the optimal scenario more. - Wald criterion: This criterion seeks to minimize regret. Regret is the difference between the payoff from the chosen alternative and the payoff that could have been

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35 views

Get Report: Selling Marketing Definition

Here are the key points about maximin, Hurwicz, and Wald criteria for decision making under uncertainty: - Maximin criterion: This criterion selects the alternative with the best worst-case outcome. It is the most conservative/pessimistic approach as it focuses only on the worst possible result. - Hurwicz criterion: This criterion is a compromise between maximin and maximax criteria. It considers both the optimal and worst-case scenarios based on an "optimism parameter" between 0-1. A higher optimism parameter weighs the optimal scenario more. - Wald criterion: This criterion seeks to minimize regret. Regret is the difference between the payoff from the chosen alternative and the payoff that could have been

Uploaded by

venkat raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1) a)

A classic example of the scope of the product life cycle is the typewriter.

When first introduced in the late 19th century, typewriters grew in popularity
as a technology that improved the ease and efficiency of writing. However,
new electronic technology like computers, laptops and even smartphones
have quickly replaced typewriters - causing their revenues and demand to
drop off.

Overtaken by the likes of companies like Microsoft (MSFT) - Get Report ,


typewriters could be considered at the very tail end of their decline phase -
with minimal (if existent) sales and drastically decreased demand. Now, the
modern world almost exclusively uses desktop computers, laptops or
smartphones to type - which in turn are experiencing a growth or maturity
phase of the product life cycle.

b)
Selling Marketing

Definition
The selling theory believes that if companies The marketing theory is a business
and customers are dropped detached, then plan, which affirms that the
the customers are not going to purchase enterprise’s profit lies in growing more
enough commodities produced by the efficient than the opponents, in
enterprise. The notion can be employed manufacturing, producing and
argumentatively, in the case of commodities imparting exceptional consumer value
are not solicited. to the target marketplace.

Related to

Constraining customer’s perception of Leading commodities and services


commodities and services. towards the consumer’s perception.

Beginning point

Factory Marketplace

Concentrates on

Product Consumer needs

Perspective

Inside out Outside in

Business Planning

Short term Long term

Orientation

Volume Profit

Cost Price

Cost of Production Market ascertained

c) The marketing mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that a


company uses to promote its brand or product in the market.
The marketing mix is the combination of the four controllable
variables–product, place, promotion, and price (the four Ps)–people
are sometimes added (but that’s within HR). Chanimals blend these
variables to create a mix that satisfies the needs of the target market.
1. Product. The product refers to the service or tangible good that
satisfies the target customer’s wants–it is obviously first essential
that a real target market is identified, quantified and justified.
2. Place. The place refers to placement (usually managed by sales
or OEM), such as having the product available where and when
targeted customers want to buy it.
3. Promotions. Promotion includes Advertising, PR, Event
Marketing, Online Marketing, Direct Marketing, Personal Selling,
Channel Marketing, and Alliances.
4. Price. Price consists of the policies regarding competitive
upgrades, reseller pricing, discounts, list price, distributor and
street price (the actual selling price).

2.Stocks or shares are popular investment tools, issued by corporate entities through
which they sell a portion of their proprietorship to general investors and raise funds
through it. These are also known as scrips or owned capital. As an owner of stocks,
you are holding a part of the company’s financial capital. It entitles you to receive a
portion of the company’s profit in return.

Types of stocks are,

– Equity shares
– Preference shares

Debentures are debt tools; issued by companies to raise funds as loans from the
public. It is an acknowledgement from a corporate entity that it has taken a loan from
you. However, a debenture isn’t a secured loan. It is backed solely by the
creditworthiness of the issuing firm. But it carries some amount of assurance.
Like stocks, debentures also have different types, based on their intrinsic characters.

Perpetual Debentures:Perpetual debentures don’t have a maturity value and


treated much like equities. These bonds create a lifelong stream of income for
the investors, and they can trade those the market like equities.
Convertible Debentures:Some corporate give the offer to receive maturity
value on debenture or get it converted to equity. This allows investors to
alleviate some of the uncertainties associated with investing in unsecured
bonds.
Non-convertible Debentures:It is a traditional type of bond that pays out the
maturity and accrued interest at the end of the tenure without giving any
opportunities to convert to equity.

Stocks vs Debentures

Nature Shares Are Ownership Debentures Are A Debt


Capital, Issued By A Instrument, Issued To
Company To The Public Raise Loans From The
Market

Holder The Owner Of The Share Is The Owner Is Called


Called Shareholder Debenture Holder

Return Policy Receive Dividend Announced Based On Fixed Or


By The Company Floating Interest Rates, A
Return Is Paid On
Maturity

Rating No Rating Is Given. Investors Rated By ICRA On A


Guess Share Performance Scale Of A To D.
Based On Historical And Companies With AAA
Current Data Received From Rating Are Considered
Different Financial Charts The Safest

Status Shareholders Enjoy Treated As Lenders


Ownership Status In The
Company
Security Not Secured. Depends On Unsecured Loans, But
Market Fluctuation And Repayment Is Assured.
Performance Get Attached To The
Company’s Assets If The
Company Declares
Bankruptcy

Conversions Can’t Convert Equities Into Can Be Converted Easily


Debentures To Equities

Risk High Risk Secured Investment

Voting Rights Shareholders Have Voting Debenture Holders Don’t


Rights In The Company Have Any Rights To Vote

4) a) A business plan is a written document that describes in detail how a


business—usually a startup—defines its objectives and how it is to go about
achieving its goals. A business plan lays out a written roadmap for the firm
from marketing, financial, and operational standpoints. Business plans are
important documents used to attract investment before a company has
established a proven track record. They are also a good way for companies to
keep themselves on target going forward.

b)A patent safeguards an original invention for a certain period of time and is
granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). By
granting the right to produce a product without fear of competition for the
duration of the patent, an incentive is provided for companies or individuals to
continue developing innovative new products or services.
Unlike patents, a trademark protects words and design elements that identify
the source of a product. Brand names and corporate logos are primary
examples.

c) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating business model


that helps a company be socially accountable—to itself, its stakeholders, and
the public. By practicing corporate social responsibility, also called corporate
citizenship, companies can be conscious of the kind of impact they are having
on all aspects of society, including economic, social, and environmental.
d)Method study is a systematic method of analyzing the method of doing a job
including human movements involved in it. So it is the process of analyzing the
methods involved in work flow to increase productivity. It deals with doing the work
in a better way, with less time and effort.
5) maximin hurvix

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