Inquiries, Investigations

and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Identifying the Problem and Asking
the Questions
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions
First Edition, 2020

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Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Identifying the Problem and Asking
the Questions
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

In the previous module, you have learned that choosing a research topic
needs a lot of consideration and thinking. Not only that research should be
focused and well-defined, but it should also be well-timed and contributive to
a field or discipline. In accordance to the guidelines and steps discussed, you
were able to determine your topic to be investigated. Now that you have a
research problem in mind, this module will harness you on how to write the
basic parts of a research paper.

After this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the following parts of a research paper:

a. background of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. research hypothesis (for quantitative research)
d. significance of the study
e. scope and delimitation of the study
f. conceptual framework
g. definition of terms
2. describe the importance of each part of the research paper; and
3. formulate clearly the statement of the problem.

1
 What I Know

Identify the basic parts of a research paper described in each statement.

Choose your answers from the word bank below and write them on your
notebook.

Introduction Notes in Chapter

Significance
1 of the Study Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis
Scope and DelimitationDefinition of Terms
Statement of the Problem

This part…
1. serves as the plan or the blueprint of the study.
2. includes definitions of words operationally used in the study.
3. serves as an overview of the research topic under investigation.
4. sets the parameters of the study which narrow down the scope of inquiry.
5. states the concrete terms that a researcher expects to happen in the
study.
6. cites the benefits certain groups of persons will get from the outcome of
the study.
7. clearly expresses the specific direction or focus of the research problem
or inquiry.
8. elaborates the origin of the research problem which led to the conduct of
the study.
9. covers the general statement of the problem as well as the specific
research questions to be answered in the study.
10. gives the concepts to be covered in the study as well as its boundaries in
terms of the respondents/participants, sampling technique, locale and
the research methods to be used.
 Lesson
Identifying the Problem and
1 Asking the Questions
Starting a research investigation is similar to embarking on a journey. First,
you have to project a clear picture of your destination. You have already
accomplished this initial step as you have trimmed down your area of interest
into a specific research problem in the previous module. The next step is to
strategize how to arrive at the destination.

One way to strategize is to pinpoint all the factors and considerations that
may affect the route towards your goal. This module discusses these
contributing elements which will also serve as the bedrock of your study.

What’s In

One of the purposes of research is to address the pressing issues in the

society. As a student who is a keen observer and is aware of the local, national
or international affairs, list down three crucial concerns and propose a
solution for each. Write your answers on your notebook. (5 points each)

For example:

Problem 1 (Local): Diesel price hike

Proposed Solution: Used Cooking Oil as a Substitute for Diesel

Problem 1: Local Issue 2: National Issue 3. International Issue

Proposed
Solution
 Not
This module will help the learners to understand the initial parts of a research paper. For a better u

What’s New

Read the given research scenario carefully and answer the questions that
follow. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your
notebook.

urses and volunteers in Singapore started the said program in 2016 and was adopted by Bataan in the same year. TFG founder, Dr. Koo

1. Where is the locale of the study?

A. Bataan
B. Dinalupihan
C. Philippines
D. Singapore
 2. What is the objective of the study in the given selection?
A. to uncover the history of the TFG program
B. to measure the effectiveness of the TFG policies
C. to identify the effects of the TFG to the community
D. to solicit the experiences of smokers and non-smokers
3. Who do you think should be the respondents of the study?
A. residents of Dinalupihan
B. medical doctors and nurses
C. founder of the TFG program
D. All of the above.
4. Who do you think will benefit from this study?
A. community
B. local government
C. future researchers
D. All of the above.
5. Why do you think there is a need to conduct this study?
A. to gauge the status of the program
B. to see whether the program needs revision
C. to measure the compliance level of the residents
D. All of the above.

What is It

Now that you have clearly formulated a research problem, the next step is to
accomplish the baseline of your research paper. You must explain the context
of your study by giving its background. This may aid you in identifying your
specific questions for your statement of the problem as well as your
hypothesis. There is also a need to list down the beneficiaries of your
research which will be presented in the significance of the study. You must
also set the boundaries of your study by writing your scope and
delimitation. A definition of terms must also be furnished to facilitate
understanding of your study. These parts are discussed as follows:

A. The background of the study is an explanation of the context of study

which involves the current data or status of the problem, existing studies
about it and its history that paved way to the development of the research
problem. It explicates the rationale why you, as a researcher, are
conducting the study. Writing this particular part of the paper may lead
you to your research questions.
As you write the background of the study or introduction, take into
consideration the following guidelines:

1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the study.

2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research problem.

Prior to writing and reading various literature and studies, making an outline
is a helpful tip to facilitate the process. Here is an example of an outline of the
background of the study:

Discuss the topic

in general. Start
Reading Skills and Its Importance
from a holistic or
world perspective.
Insert a condition
that is directly
related to the Poor Reading Skills
topic and to the
focus of your
study.
Identify the
Factors Affecting Poor Reading Skills in
factors
contributing to
General
the focus of your
study.

State the current

School’s Philippine Informal Reading Inventory
condition of the
topic in your
(Phil-IRI) result
school or locale.

State the reason

why you chose to Reason of the researcher
study the topic.

Source: Jerry C. Perello, presented at Learning and Development Activity for

Schools Research Committee Cum Crafting Research Write Ups,
2019.
 Example of a Background of the Study

Title of the Study: Nami Plant Extract as Termite Repellent

Dis
According to Eiseman (2010) in his article which cus
focused on termites, termites cause less than 75-80% of sio
damage economically due to home, wood and crop infestation
n
fro
in North America. He stated that the reason is that termites
ma
are drawn to their food source and that makes them drawn to
holi
any type of wood like timber, logs, firewood and other wood stic
A condition related to the topic or focus of the study

made structures. He also added that termites can be harmful or

to humans due to its bites that may cause any allergic wor
reaction. ld
Vulcan (2017) enumerated different tips that can help pers
in preventing termites from eating wood and one of it is using
a treatment like Rust Oleum, a named product used to paint
wood to prevent termite’s infestation. This has been proven
effective; however, the price is relatively expensive.
On the other hand, Onwueme (2016) published an
article about an intoxicating yam named Dioscorea hispida.
Yam is a root crop which contains poisonous alkanes that are
harmful to human’s health. It can cause nausea and vomiting
if its ripe fruit is ingested in the body. Although it has toxic
content; it can be a source of food. Due to food scarcity and
famine in some parts of the Philippines, this can be an
alternative to rice given its abundance. Its toxicity can be
removed once boiled.
Fact
As described by Dukar (2012), intoxicating yam is a
ors
twining vine, arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a
con
length of several meters. Juice of underground stems reported
trib
to possess narcotic properties. It is found in the Himalayas,
uti
from Nepal to Sikkim, at altitudes up to 1500m, and also in ng
the tropics of Asia from South India to Taiwan, Philippines, to
New Guinea. the
Mat (2013) conducted a study regarding Dioscorea foc
hispida Dennst which is the Malaysian term for “yam.” In their us
previous ethnobotanical survey carried out on the Malay of
villagers in Pulau Redang, Kuala Terengganu district of
Terengganu, it was found out that Dioscorea hispida tuber is
used as food, traditional medicines to treat diabetes and
shingle infestation, for de-worming as well as fish poison. On
the other hand, the villagers of Sainnamari and Thanarbaid,
Tangail, Bangladesh had used the poisonous tuber paste of
 Dioscorea as poison in hunting.
While in the Philippines, Nami or intoxicating yam was investigated to have some insecticidal properties. In th
Current condition in the research locale

With this being said, the researchers aim to formulate a product with this intoxicating yam by disregarding its

Source: Ceejay S. Mallari, et al, “Nami Plant Extract as Termite Repellent” paper presented at Jose C

Reason of
the
cond
uct
of
the
stud
y

B. The next part to be accomplished is the statement of the problem. Aside

from being a tool in solving dilemmas in the society, another purpose of
research is to guide people towards a better understanding of phenomena,
human behavior, human interactions and other events in daily life. This
premise indicates the importance of meticulously crafting of the research
questions as it sets the focus and drives the course of the study.

The statement of the problem has two parts:

1. General statement of the problem/Objective

2. Specific research questions

 How to formulate general statement of the problem

The purpose of this ethnographic study (type of study) is to describe

(exploratory and non- directional verb) the training (central phenomenon of
the study) of Aeta teachers from Castillejos, Zambales (participants) for the
past ten years (when) to provide insights into the formulation of a continuing
education model for indigenous teachers (purpose). (Creswell and Clark,
2014)
  Guidelines in formulating specific question or sub-questions:

1. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or “HOW”

explanation of the research design. (Qualitative)

2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence and suggests a

cause- and-effect type of thinking. (Quantitative)

3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.

4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-directional verbs. The study will: discover (grounded theo

5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs such as: affect; effect;

influence; impact; cause; relation; relate; and determine.

6. Expect research questions to evolve and change during the study in a manner consistent with the assu

7. Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or

theory unless otherwise indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry.

8. Specify the participants and the research site of the study, if the information is not yet given.
 Example of Specific Research Questions

Perpetuity of Family-owned Business in the Philippines: A Causal Model

answers to the following questions:

ctors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environ
tors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in terms of succession, planning, family stability, stewardsh
n, innovation, flexibility, philosophy of commitment,

productivity-based management, governancepower,andprofessional

education?
3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-owned business using the interplay and external factors?

Source: Alaine Marc Goles, “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines: A causal
model” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sto. Tomas, 2016.

C. A hypothesis is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true and is tested for

its truth or falsity. It has two types: the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis. The null hypothesis indicates that there is no significant
difference or relationship between specified populations or variables.
Significant difference is used when testing whether there is difference
between the means of two or more populations or variables while
significant relationship is used in situations where one is examining the
association between any two sets of variables (King’oriah, 2004). Null
hypothesis is the hypothesis the researcher will try to disprove or
discredit. An alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, is one that states
that there is a significant difference or relationship between specified
populations or variables.
 Example of a Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant difference betweenthereading comprehension skills of controlledgroupand experimental

Example of an Alternative Hypothesis:

There is a significant difference betweenthereading comprehension skills of controlledgroupand experimental g

Note that not all studies test hypothesis. Sometimes a study is designed to
be exploratory. Exploratory research intends to investigate a problem that
is not clearly defined; hence will not provide conclusive results.

D. The significance of the study pinpoints the benefits certain groups of

people will gain from the findings of the study. It must start from the most
to the least benefitted ones.

Example of Significance of the Study

de 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School

order and mood disorder. School, as studies reported, is one of the places this type of bullying perpetuates in. Despite the many policie

udents in Jose C Payumo Jr. Memorial High School S. Y. 2019-2020.

l with it once encountered.

 To the school administrators, the result of this study may provide
information and may serve as a basis to encourage them to make
11
regulations about the problem. In addition, this may lead them to assuring
the full and strong implementation of the existing policies on bullying.

To the teachers, the findings of this study may help them to spread
awareness on how destructive verbal bullying can be. Constant guidance
from the teachers can also be an upshot of this study. Moreover, teachers
may conceptualize activities or other solutions to create a positive and
friendly atmosphere inside their classrooms.

To the parents, this study may inform them on the possible negative
circumstances like bullying that may happen to their children. As an effect,
this may encourage them to guide their children properly.

To the future researchers, this study will serve as a basis for related topics.
A continuation of this study may be done to fill in the gaps of this research
that may result to proactive solutions to counter any form of bullying.

Source: Jocelyn C. Gambas, et. al, “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic
Performance of Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School,
School Year 2019 – 2020” paper presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High
School, 2020.

E. Scope and Delimitations of the Study states the coverage of the study. It
must answer the following parameters as much as possible:

What • the topic and the variables to be included

Why • the general objectives

Where • the specific locale

When • the time frame
How • research design,instrument and methodology

12
 Example of Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Title of the Study: An Assessment on the Impact of Farm-to-Market Road
Projects in Pola, Oriental Mindoro

WHERE This study was conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental

Mindoro, namely: Barangay Calubasanhon, Barangay Malibago, Barangay
Maluanlaun, Barangay Pahilahan, and Barangay Pula. WHO The population
considered was limited to those households who were directly affected by
the constructed INFRES farm-to-market Road Project.

WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the
constructed INFRES Farm-to-Market Road Project on the respondents; and
(2) the relationship between construction of roads and its impact, only in
terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and perception of
respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be
described also in terms of their demographic profile and other indicators
included in the Impact Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire.

HOW The study included an evaluation of the economic and social aspect of
the beneficiaries before and after the INFRES farm-to-market road project,
as well as of the respondents’ demographic profile, income and
employment, improved access, and perceived benefits after the INFRES
road was constructed. Key Informant Interview was also used to gather
data, especially unanswered items in the survey.
Source: Raynaldo Quitos, “An Assessment of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola,
Oriental Mindoro” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Sto. Tomas, 2013.

F. A conceptual framework serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can

follow in doing your research. It is presented in a flow chart, map,
diagram or narrative form. When using a diagram, it is still a must to
include narrative to explain the details. Here you show the variables that
influence your research. Variable is anything that has quantity or quality
that varies in a research. For example, if you are studying the COVID-19
outcomes, you might study home life, school and community. For school,
your variables might be learning process and quality of learning. To make
your conceptual framework thorough, it is encouraged to make it more
detailed.
 Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework

1. Choose your topic. It should be within the field of your specialization.

over relevant and updated studies related to your own research. Use reliable sources of information and use appropriate documentatio

olate the important variables. Identify the specific variables mentioned in the literature and show their interrelationships.

udied in the scientific articles you have read. Your problem serves as a reference in constructing the conceptual framework. In effect, y

Example of a Conceptual Framework

Home • relationship
Life
• finance

Outcomes
• learning process
of COVID- School
• quality of learning
19

• economic aspect
Community
• social interaction
G. Definition of Terms lists down and defines the key terms as used in the
study in alphabetical order. An operational definition refers to a specific
definition of concept in a research study. This is necessary because it will
clarify the purpose and direction of the study.

Example of Definition of Terms

In order to enable better understanding of the study, the following terminologies
were operationally or conceptually defined:

Affixation. It is a morphological method whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is

attached to a morphological base in order to create either a different form of the
morphological base or a new word with a different definition.

Coinage. It refers to the invention or creation of a new word or phrase. In this

paper, this word may refer to any process that involves making up of new terms,
phrases and expressions that are not usually found in the dictionary.

Contrastive Analysis. Conceptually, it is the systematic investigation of a pair of

languages with the purpose of identifying differences and similarities in their
structure.

Conversion. It is the process wherein the word’s function has been transformed
into another but with no overt change in form.

Facebook. It is an online social media or social networking service that makes

easy for people to connect and share with other people.
Source: Jan Adams D. Magtanong, “Morphological Analysis of the Language of the Netizens
in Social Media” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University – Main
Campus, 2018.
 What’s More

Formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis for each of the following. Write
your answers on your notebook. (5 points each)

For example: Taking of aspirins daily and heart attack risk

Null:
Taking aspirins daily does not affect heart attack risk. or
There is no significant relationship between taking aspirins daily and
heart attack risk.

Alternative:
Taking aspirins does affect heart attack risk. or
There is a significant relationship between taking aspirins daily and
heart attack risk.

1. Effect of temperature on plant pigmentation

Null: Alternative:

2. Effects of fertilizer on plant growth

Null: Alternative:

3. Salary and job satisfaction among the factory workers in Mariveles,

Bataan
Null: Alternative:
 What I Have Learned

Based on the lessons discussed, answer each question in three or more

sentences. Write your answer on your notebook. (10 points each)

1. Why do we have to write the background of the study?

2. Why should we include the list of defined terms in our study?

3. Why do we have to set the limitations in our study?

 What I Can Do

Accomplish the tasks below by following the instructions carefully. Base your
answers on your chosen research problem in the previous module. Write your
answers on your notebook.

A. Background of the Study (5 points)

Outline your background of the study by answering the following question
below. Answer in a complete sentence.

1. What is the status of your research problem on a holistic, national or world p

2. What is the condition that is directly related to the focus of your stud
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

3. What are the factors contributing to the focus of your study?

4. What is the current

status of your
research problem in
your research locale?

5. Why did you choose

to study the research
_ problem?
 B. Significance of the Study (5 points)
Write the title of your chosen study from the previous module.
Afterwards, identify at least four beneficiaries of your research and specify
the benefits they can get. Write your answers on your notebook.

Title of the Study:

BENEFITS

Beneficiary 1:

Beneficiary 2:

Beneficiary 3:

Beneficiary 4:

C. Scope and Delimitation (10 points)

Answer the following questions below to set the parameters of your study.
Write your answers on your notebook.

1. What is the topic of your study and the variables to be included?

 2. Why should your study be
conducted? State the objective.

3. Where will your study be

conducted? State the locale.

4. When will your study be

conducted? State the time frame.

5. How will your study be

conducted? State the research
design, instrument and
methodology.

Assessment

A. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on your notebook.

1. This refers to a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem
b. significance of the study d. hypothesis

2. This is a structure that best explains the development of a study.

a. background of the study c. statement of the problem
b. conceptual framework d. hypothesis

3. This is an important part of a research paper where the key or important

terms in the study are clearly defined.
a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem
b. significance of the study d. definition of terms

4. This provides context to the information that you are discussing in your
paper. It introduces your readers to the topic of your research.
a. background of the study c. statement of the problem
b. definition of terms d. hypothesis
 5. This part explains the extent to which the research area will be explored
in the work and specifies the parameters within which the study will be
operating.
a. significance of the study c. statement of the problem
b. definition of terms d. scope and delimitation

B. With your chosen research problem, formulate the general objective

consistent with the pattern given by Creswell and Clark (2014). Write your
answers on your notebook. (10 points)

Research Title:
e of study) is to (exploratoryandnon-directionalverb)the (central phenomenon of the study) of from (participants

C. Develop at least two specific research questions that correspond to your

general statement of the problem. Write your answers on your notebook.
(10 points each)

Research Question 1:

2:
 Additional Activities

Choose only one from the local, national and international issue that you
have written in What’s In. Using this, formulate a statement of the problem.
Write your answers on your notebook. (15 points)

Issue

General Statement of the Problem

Specific Research Questions

1.

2.
Rubric for What’s In
5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstandin Improvemen
g t
Relevance and The problem is The problem is The problem is
Timeliness of the very timely timely and untimely and
Problem and relevant relevant irrelevant

Significance of the The problem is The problem is The problem is

Problem highly significant at insignificant at
significant at this point in this point in
this point in time time
time
Specificity and The solution is The solution is The solution is
Feasibility of the specific, clear slightly specific, broad, unclear
Solution and doable clear and doable and
unattainable

Rubric for What I Have Learned

5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstandin Improvemen
g t
Quality of answer The answer The answer The answer
demonstrates shows adequate shows little
full knowledge of knowledge of the
understanding concept with few concept with no
of the concept details or detail or
elaboration elaboration
Sentence fluency Sentences are Sentences are Sentences are
complete and complete and incomplete or
they connect to able to be too long and not
one another understood easily
easily understood
Rubric for Assessment (B)
5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstandin Improvemen
g t
Appropriateness The elements The elements are The elements are
of elements are exactly appropriate to inappropriate to
appropriate to what is being what is being
what is being asked with few asked with many
asked misplaced details misplaced details
Specificity of The elements The elements The elements
elements clarify the point slightly clarify the make the point of
of the inquiry of point of the the inquiry of the
the research inquiry of the research vague
research and broad

Rubric for Assessment (C)

5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstandin Improvemen
g t
Relevance of The research The research The research
research question is question is question is
question directly relevant relevant to the irrelevant to the
to the research research problem research problem
problem
Specificity of The research The research The research
research question is clear question is clear question is
question and specific and specific with unclear and
few confusing broad with many
terms confusing terms
Answer Key
References
Baraceo, Esther L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book
Store, 2016.

Cristobal, Amadeo P. and Maura C. Dela Cruz. Practical Research 1 for

Senior High School. Quezon City: C& E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Gamba, Jocelyn C. et. al. “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic

Performance of Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial
High School, School Year 2019 – 2020” Paper presented at Jose C.
Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, March 17, 2020.

Goles, Alaine Marc. “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines:

A causal model.” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of
Sto. Thomas, 2016.

Jargnagin, Maria Dolores D. “The Specificity and Feasibility of Problem

Posed.” Unpublished Learner’s Module, 2017.

Kenpro.org. “Fundamentals of applied statistics.” Last modified January 27,

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significant- difference

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