Verb

Full Verb Auxiliary Verb Model Verb

1. Can / Could
2. Must / Would
To Be To Do To Have 3. Shal / Should
4. May / Might
Was / is Does / Has 5. Will / ought to
/ Am Did Had / Have
Were / are

Auxiliary Verbs:
If we have the other verb it is not main verb.
And if we don’t have any other verb in our sentence it will be auxiliary.
E.g: My brothers are studying BBA.
S Aux Ving

My brothers are talented.

S M.V

He does his Homework.

S M.V

He doesn’t wash the car.

S Aux M.V

I have 3 brothers.
M.V

I have done BBA.

Aux M.V

I had a great time.

I had had a great time.
Aux M.V
 Verb

Dynamic Vs Mixed Vs State Vs

1. I am seeing a doctor. (appointment with doc) Non action verb
Action verb can be used with (ing) and 2. I see my students. (Eyes moving ) can not get (ing)
simple tens 3. I think my students are talented. (opinion)
4. I am thinking about my life. (mind busy) • Love
- Walking • Like
5. The teacher is humbled. (State)
- Talking • Hate
6. The teacher is being kind. (action)
- Drinking
7. I love my English Classes. (feeling from hart) • Agree
- Running
8. I am loving it. (I’m enjoying it) • Understand
- Swimming
9. Pizza tastes delicious. (feeling/believe)
10. I am tasting the soup. (shows our action)
1. I am love you.
2. I am agree with you.
_ Subjective modes _ 3. I understand you.
He will be late to the meeting, for he has an appointment. 4. She believes me.
(‘For’ because came in the middle of sentence)
He will be late to the meeting because his …
(+ Noun)
He will be late to the meeting because he has an appointment.
The board recommended that Hamid be the director of supply chain.
(b.V)
// …. .//…. // Hamid work as director of //.. // .. //.
(xs)
Enough + Noun

Adjective …. Modify

I have enough money to give you a party.

(Adj) (Noun)
Fawad had enough power to beat his pimento.
(Adj) (N)
Modify
Adj / Adv + Enough
e.g. Today is hot enough.
(Adj) (Adv) Note:
Hard = Hard
Fast = Fast
Haidari ran fast enough.
Good = well
(V) (Adj) (Adv)
 Adverb : -
1. Verb → 1. He teaches slowly.
(V) (Adv)
2. Adjective → Laila is very beautiful.
(Adv) (Adj)
3. Adverb → I speak very fast. Adv
Adv Adj
4. Whole sentence → Unluckily, Ali died in an accident.
(Adv) (Sentences)

_Sentences_

According meaning According Structure

• Declarative ) ‫(بیانی‬ • Simples
• Interrogative ) ‫(سوالی‬ • Compound
• Imperative ) ‫(امری‬ • Complex
• Exclamatory ) ‫(تعجبی ُ ندایی‬ • Compound complex
• Optative )‫(آرزویی‬

- I teach advance class at afghan AIM.

- Where are you?
- Do you like American songs? Conjunction
- Ali got Married? 1. Subordinating Conj → (When, Because, since, as)
- Please bring me a glass of Juice. 2. Coordinating Conj → (FAN Boys : for, Nor, Or, and, but, so, and yet)
- Don’t smoke cigarette. 3. Conjunctive adverbs (correlative Conj) → (When you come, we will
eat together) (Dependent clause)
- Wow! What a car.
(independent clause) or main clause
- Yack! Delicious!
- Ooopppsss! (wheepps !)
- May you prospes in life!
- God gless you!
- Wish you long life!

* Structure Sentences *

1. Simple → One independent clause.

We study MBA at Kabul University.
(S) (V)
2. Compound Structure → two independent clauses.
I work at MTN Afghanistan, and I teach English at Afghan IAM.
Laila speak English, but Nahid speaks French.
3. Complex Sentences → One independent + one or more dependent clause.
When my students came, I will start the lesson.
(Dependent clause) (independent clause)
I got first position because, I studied hard
(S) (V) (S) (V) .
(independent clause) (Dependent clause)
and I did not west my time.
(V) .
(Dependent clause)
4. Compound Complex → Two independent + one or more dependent clause.
I have met lots of people and seen beautiful place since I came to Kabul.
(S) (V) (V) . (S) (V) .
(independent clause) (independent clause) (independent)
I don’t like to play tennis, nor do I play cricket. (Negative)
Note: don’t use more then four clauses in one sentence.

Tense (time)

Past Tenses Present Tenses Future Tenses

o Simple Past o Simple present o Simple Future
o Past continuous o present continuous o Future continuous
o Past Perfect o present Perfect o Future Perfect
o Past Perfect continuous o present Perfect continuous o Future Perfect continuous

Simple Present tenses:

S + V (s, es , ies ) + complement
(He, She, It) For more detail go to verb verb
Syntax – Stage: (Do, Does, did)
agreement

Structure: Do/Does + S + b.V + complement + ?

Explanatory: Bahar washes the dishes every night.

Implementing: Does Bahar wash the dishes every night?

I am not free today.
Present continuous tenses:
S + tobe (is, am , are ) + Ving + Complement
E.g. I am eating dinner now. / Right now they are playing tennis.
Around the moment of speaking →
More and more people are becoming educated.
th
5 which is going on over a period of time.
Clause
Pronoun
Past tenses: Noun

S + Past Verb+ C .
Did + S + Base Verb+ C+ ?
E.g. Laila met her classmates at school today.
(Past verb )
Did she meet her classmates at school today?
I was at home yesterday.
Duration:
E.g. I started the class when my sister came.
When I had accident, I injured my head.
They lived in US for 5 years.
I saw a beautiful car in the morning. ( finished)
I have seen a beautiful car in the evening. (Not finished)

Note: Remember Regular and Irregular verbs

past
Continuous
Past continuous tenses:
1. S + tobe (Was/Were ) + Ving + Complement
E.g. It was Playing video last night. When
Continuous
moment of speaking in the past→

past
2. S + tobe (Was/Were ) + Ving + C+ When+ S+ Past V+C
E.g. I was listening to music when he called me.
(Past verb )

3. S + tobe (Was/Were ) + Ving + C+ While+ S+ (was/Were)+ Ving+C

E.g. My mam was cooking dinner while my brothers were playing football.
While past

When → Simple Past 2 action Continuous

While Past continuous tense

If the clause has the conjunction, we do not change the dependent one for making interrogative we change
independent one.

Present Perfect tenses:

1. S + Have/ Has + P.P + Complement
Talks about an action or situation happened or didn’t happened at some unspecific time in the
Past.
E.g. My students have written the story.
I have not talked with Mr. Ghani.
It has rained cats and dogs.

2. Somethings happened in the past but result in now.

e.g. : My dog has died.

3. From past until now the action take place several times.
e.g.: I have crushed the car four times.
Bahar has called me twice.
My students have failed the test many times.
I have been to Gana. (Went to Gana but came back)
I have gone to Gana. (Went to Gana but not came back)
It rained. (not result )
It has rained. (result we see)
I have been to Dube. / I have been to there.

Past Perfect tenses: (Past before Past --- Plus perfect )

1. S + Had + P.P + Complement + Conjunction + S + V (past) +Com

Past
E.g. I had washed my clothes before I slept last night. Past

When Bestie called me, she had completed her chores.

past
 2010
They had done BBA for 4 years by the time they came to Kabul in 2010. Past

More e.g.: I had prepared the lesson plan before I came to class.
I prepared the lesson plan before I came to class. 2019

After Bahar had studied hard, she became a nice manager. → American
After Bahar studied hard, she became a nice manager. → British

I will talk with my Bestie when she is free.

When she called me, I was checking my emails.
(2) (1)
I had checked my emails when she called me.
(1) (2)
I taught my class when my nice students came.
(2) (1)

Present Perfect Continuous tenses:

1. S + have/ has + Been + V ing + Comp
E.g. I have written my report.
I have been writing my report.
She has taught English for years.
She has been teaching English for 2 years.
had
I’d broken the vase.
I’d break the vase. ‫گلدان‬
Would

Past Perfect Continuous tenses:

1. S + had + Been + V ing + Comp
2010

E.g. I had eaten my launch before I went to the meeting at 2 PM. Past

I had been eating my launch before I went to meeting at 2 PM.

2019

Future tenses:
1. S + will / be going to +Base verb + Complement
E.g. I will punish my lazy students. Will Be going to
She is going to get married with her cousin next year. Prediction Prediction
On the spot planning Pre -planning
Willing ness Willing ness
 Future Perfect tenses:
2. S + have/ has + P.P + Since/ for + time expression
3. S + had + P.P + Comp+ Conj + Simple Past
4. Sub + will + have + P. P + Comp + Conj + simple present tense

e.g. I wish have done MBA in 2021 before I go to Italy.

2021

2019 2002
She will have cooked dinner by the time Laila arrives at 9: 00
Note: the new interduce tens Future in the past.

_Subject Verb Agreement_

1- Tow Subject + and → Plural Verb

E.g.: Nasiem and Khalid study hard for Exam.
Management and finance are hard to implement.

2- Subject end in (S) → Not Plural → Singular Verb

E.g.: Science is a good thing for human welfare.
Mathematics is difficult for understanding.

3- Irregular Plural subject → Plural Verbs

E.g.: Women wash clouds many of times.
Children love video games.
------
English is an international language.
The English speak English in UK.
The blind do not see anything.

4- Use of ‘There’ singular or plural as per followed noun.

E.g.: There were good scholarships announcements in site.
There was a form to be completed for applying.

5- Quantities of time, money, distance → singular verbs.

E.g.: 5000 dollars is more than enough to buy a car.
30 Meter is good enough to have distance from bazar.

6- Every / Each → singular Verb

 E.g.: Each of you works hard to pass the exam.
Every Student, teacher and manager comes on time.
Every/Each + Singular Sub +singular Verb
Each of + Plural Sub + singular verb

7- Both → Plural Verb

E.g.: Both university and collage need hard studying.
Both Farhad and Samim work hard to pass the exam.

8- Either……or (decide as per subjects after ‘or’ before verb) for plural subj plural verb, and/or for singular subj singular verb)
Neither…… nor (decide as per subjects after ‘nor’ before verb) for plural subj plural verb, and/or for singular subj singular verb)
Not only …. But also (decide as per subjects after ‘nor’ before verb) ……//……)
E.g.: Either undergraduate or masters and Phd need specific subjects.
Neither Bestie nor Bahar lives here.
(Singular Sbj) (singular Verb)
Neither Bestie nor Bahar and Laila live here.
(Plural Sbj) (Plural Verb)

9- A majority of ….. → Plural Verb

E.g.: A majority of boys love Civil engineering.
A majority of people were absent.

10- A majority ….. → Singular Verb

E.g.: A majority falls in kankor exam.
A majority comes late to class.

11- A lot of Countable

E.g.: A lot of students hate me.

A lot of milk is in my cup.
(Cake)
(Suger) Uncountable
12- None of
E.g.: None of the boys comes to my party. → More formal
None of the boys come to my party. → Informal

13- Someone
E.g.: Someone is calling you. (Indefinite)
// Needs you.
Everything goes wrong.

14- Many Students / Many a student → plural /Singular Verb

E.g.: Many students play football.
 Many a student plays football. → (Strong formal)

Modal Auxiliary vs Ability

Possibility
would
Can
Had better
Might
Permission ‫اجازه‬ Could May
Subjs + M. Aux + Base form Verb + Complement Prohibition ‫ممنوعیت‬ Shall Have to
e.g. Bahar must respect my rules. Necessity Should Ought to
I should not break the rules. Obligation ‫تعهود‬ Must Etc…
M.Aux + have + P.P Advisability ‫توصعه‬
Qais should have studied harder. Etc…

Would you mind – (Permission)

• Would you mind + V ing + com ?
To ask some to do an action.
e.g.: Would you mind giving me a
chocolate? For positive answer ( No)
Would you mind texting me at
night? (For Negative answer (Yes)
• Would you mind + if + Subj + V2 +
Com? To Take Permission
(Simple Past)
e.g.: Would you mind if I took your
mobile for a day?
Would you mind if Bestie joined the class today?
Would you give me a chocolate?

1. Supposed to
• Be + Supposed to + Base verb .
The students expect the teacher to teach well.
The teacher is supposed to teach well. Will be
My brothers are supposed to support me next year.
You are not supposed to come to class late.
He g be supposed to finish MBA in 2021.
Bestie was supposed to invite me, but she invited someone else.
Malika and Shogofa were not supposed to fight, but they fought in front of me.

2. Must / Must not

• Subj + Must + Base verb
 They must obey my rolls.
They have got to play football well.

Bastie has got to obey my rolls.

They had to play football well.

3. Should (Advisability)
• Subj + Should + Base verb + Comp - - - → Subj + Should + have + P.P + Comp.
You should have studied hard.
(M. Aux) (Aux) (P.P)
He should not drive fast.
He Should have driven slowly.
He should not have driven fast.
The teacher should asked about his homework.
(ask)
You should study hard.

4. Ought to (Advisability)
• Subj + ought to + Base verb + Comp - - - → Subj + ought to + have + P.P + Comp.
(Had Better) (had better)
She should cook delicious food then ought to study English.
Or
She should cook delicious food then ought not to study English.

You had better not look at me nicely.

She had better write H.W actively.
She’d better write // // //.
She better write H.W actively.

5. Would ( )
• Subj + Would + Base verb + Comp - - - → Subj + Should + have + P.P + Comp.
I would come on time.
I would be an engineer.

6. Would rather (Preference )

Subj + Would rather+ Base verb + Comp +Then + B.V + Comp.
I would rather smile than cry in the class.
She would rather study grammar than (study) listening.
(V) (Obj)
 My sts’d rather be working hard than watching movies.
He’d rather have played football than stayed at home.

7. Used to (Action)
• Sub + used to + Base verb + Com
I used to come on time.
I used to be an engineer.
I used to have good friends.

8. Can, Could, Shall, Should, Might …..

• All subjs + M. Auxs + Base Verb + Comp. -- → All Subjs + M. Auxs + be + V ing + Comp.
She can teach English.
(S) (M.Aux) (B.V)
My sts will be teaching English.
(may) M.V V ing
(M.Aux)
All subjs + M. Auxs + have + Past Participle.
You should have met me there.
(S) (M.Aux) (have + P.P)
All subjs + M. Auxs + have + Been + V ing + Obj.
You should have been meeting me tonight.
(S) (M.Aux) (have + been) V ing

He will can dance with me …

Bestie will have to dance with me.

Bestie will be able to dance with me.
Bestie is going to be able to dance with me.
(have to )

Homework:
1. I would rather drink tea than coffee.
2. He would rather travel to logger than Panjshir.
3. She would rather have travelled to Jalalabad than slipped at home.
4. I would rather play than study in university.
5. I would be a cricketer.
6. I used to play lado.
7. I would be a scientist.
8. He would rather visit Azerbaijan than visit to America.
9. I would be a footballer.
10. I used to have good friends.
11.
1. Fu stop / Period
2. Question Marks
3. Exclamatory marks
4. Comma
1. Uses in series:
E.g. I have chand, CK, Blacky, and cread.

2. Independent Clauses:
E.g. She cooks rice to guests. She talks with guests nicely.
She cooks rice to guests, and she talks with guests nicely.
She cooks rice to guests; and she talks with guests nicely. More formal
Transitions:
She has a problem. There for, she is absent.
She has a problem. She there for, is absent.
She has a problem. She is absent, there for.

3. Subordinating conjunctions:
E.g. As long as I am alive, I will not talk with you.
Before Unless
I attended a meeting before I came to class.
After If
When
Independent clause + Conj + Dependent clause
Whereas While Conj + Dependent Clause , Independent clause
While Until My teacher is tough, but fair.
As long as My teacher is tough but fair.
Since As soon as Life is but a dream.

4. Restrictive Adj clauses:

E.g. I really love a person who is my friend.
I really love Bahar, who is my friend.

5. None restrictive Adj clauses (Too):

E.g. Ahmad likes bananas. I like bananas, too.
I too like bananas.
E.g. Please proofread your grammatical mistakes as well as spelling.
Grammatical Mistakes, as well as spelling are distracting to readers.
1. Correlative conjunction:
E.g. If I compare you with stars, you will be brightest of all.
Let’s eat, Bestie.
Let’s eat Bestie.

From video the cases:

None restrictive clauses:

Are phrases that provide more information but are not important to the meaning of the
sentence; if you remove them, the sentence will still make sense.

E.g. The cookies, baked to a crisp and sprinkled with sugar, tasted good.

2. Separation of introductory phrase:

E.g. While driving, He glanced at the rearview mirror to check behind him.

3. Setting apart a transitional expression:

E.g. He warned, however, that the test could be difficult.

4. Setting apart a parenthetical word or phrase:

E.g. The child, although small, is strong and healthy.

5. Setting apart an appositive:

“Appositives” are words or phrases that rename or describe something in a different
way.
E.g. The car, a Mercedes, sped along the highway.

6. For days of the year:

When separating the day from the year, and also after the year but not when any part of
the date is omitted.

E.g. In December 19, 2018, there was a huge fire in our town.
But not here → The boy was born in December 2018.

7. Separating two clauses having single subject:

When separating two clauses having a single subject that are connected by of the “FAN
Boys”.

“FAN BOYS” is a mnemonic aid to remember these words: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
 However, this rule does not apply if each of the clauses has a different subject.

E.g. They went to get pizza, but came back with Ice cream.
(This is the subject in both clauses).

But not here→ They went to get pizza but the store was closed.
(In the first clause, “They” is the subject, but in the second, the subject is “Store”.)

8. Separating city from state:

E.g. My aunt lives in redwood city, California.

9. Using A Name or title that directly addresses a person:

E.g. Will you, John, take this woman to be your lawfully wedded wife.

10.Separating an adjective ending with “LY” from other Adjectives:

E.g. They were a couple of lonely, troubled misfits.

11. Word and with two Adjective:

When there are two adjectives where the word “and” can be used between them.

E.g. Percy grew up to be a rugged, handsome man.

I wrote the financial report yesterday. (Active Voice)

The financial report was written by
me yesterday. (Passive Voice)

Define:
1. When the subject is
unknown, Obvious, Not
Important.
2. Sentences variety.
3. Shift form of subj. The building was vandalized.
4. Coherence – Flow

Here are two methods to

realize that its changeable or not.
1. PATAP method if a sentence has one of following no change is possible.
P- Preposition
A- Adjective
T- Time expression
A- Adverb
P- Place Expression
Bestie goes to university every day.

I read a story book every Friday.

A story is read by me …

2. The second method is realizing transitive verbs.

A. Transitive Verbs
I. Mono Transitive → She bought a necklace.

II. Ditransitive → She bought a necklace and 2 rings.

III. Complex transitive → I will buy a pen for Bahar.

B. Intransitive Verbs The judge declared Billy criminal.

I eat dandaki.
I eat in Barg. My brothers named me Khan Lala.
 Kaber made Qais happy.

Simple present tense:

Subj + Verb (S,es,ies) + Obj → Subj + tobe (is, am, are) + P.P + com
E.g. I play football every day → Football is played by me every day.
Bestie washes the dishes every Friday. → The dishes are washed by her.
Bad students hate me. → I am hated by them.
-- Does she write a love letter? → I a love letter written by her?
I cook Dandakai for Bahar. → Dandakai is cooked for Bahar by me.
OR Bahar is cooked Dandakai by me.
OR I cook Bahar Dandakai.
He buys the teach a gift. → The teacher is bought a gift by him.

Simple present Continuous tense:

Subj + Tobe + V ing + Obj → Subj + tobe (is, am, are) + Being + P.P + com
E.g. Tariq is Buying a pack of biscuits. → A pack of biscuits is being brought by him.
She is speaking to much. → No change is possible no Object.
She is playing football and Piano. → Football and piano are being played by her.
 Present Perfect tense:
Subj + have / has + P.P + Obj → Subj + have/has + been + P.P + com
E.g. I have worn brand things. → Brand things have been worn by me.
Bestie has bought a nice cloth. → A nice cloth has been bought by her.

Past Perfect tense:

Subj + had + P.P + Obj → Subj + had + been + P.P + com
E.g. I had cooked rice for Bahar. → Rice had been cooked to Bahar by me.
Bahar had been cooked rice.
My students had not written homework. → Homework had not been written by them.
Had Laila spoken Arabic? → Had Arabic been spoken by her?

Past Perfect Continuous tense:

Subj + have / has + been + V ing + Obj → Subj + have / Has + been + being + P.P + com
E.g. She has been writing the report since 2:00 PM. → The report has been being written by her.
Have they been misused the software. → Have software been being misused by them?

Future tense and Model Auxiliary:

Subj + Will + Base Verb + Obj → Subj + Will +be + P.P + com
Can
Be going to
. ..
E.g. My students will pass the test. → The test will be passed by them.
I am going to fix the TV. → The TV is going to be fixed by me.
I ought to study hard. No change
I ought to arrange the wedding. → The wedding ought to bee arranged.
I will have been doing MBA before I decide about my life. → MBA will have been being done. .
Bastia will marry with Kochai. → Kochai will be married to Bestie.

Rice tastes delicious. → Rice is delicious when tasted.

Dependent Independent
If I write a correct email, my boss can understand.

1. Noun Clauses
2. Adverb Clauses
3. Adjective Clauses
A- Noun Clauses:
E.g. I really want to know Bilal’s address.

I really want to know his address.

I really want to know. Where does he live.

// - - - // - - - //- - - //- - - //- - - //- - Where he live.

// - - - // - - - //- - - //- - - //- - - //- - . Where he lives.

// - - - // - - - //- - - //- - - //- - - //- - . Where he lived.

a) WH Question Policy for it.

b) Yes / No Question
c) That Clauses
1. WH Question:
E.g. Monto is delicious to eat.

What does teacher order is delicious.

What teacher does order is delicious.
What teacher orders is delicious.

WH Words:

E.g. When did Bahar Come?

Her arrival / Her Coming

Do you know when Bahar Came?

Where is she living?

→ Please tell me where she is living.
Why will he leave Afghanistan?
→ It is a secret why he will leave Afghanistan.
 E.g. How does he go home?
How he goes home.
Do you know how he goes home?

Why had they invited the boss?

None of your business why they had invited the boss.

2. Yes / No Questions:
If/ whether
Does Ali study Hard?
→ Do you know if Ali Studies hard?
Did you know win the match?
→ I don’t remember whether the won the match.
Have they shown their IDs?
→ Please tell me whether they have shown their IDs.

→ I don’t know whether or not she accepts my gift.

→ // - - // -- / /- - // - - whether she accepts my gift or not.

→ // - - // -- / /- - // - - if she accepts my gift or not.

→ whether or not she accepts my gift is not clear.

3. That Clauses:
(Think, Hope, Hear, Wish, forget, Feel, Know, learn, Notice, Decide, discover etc.…)

a) Verb + That Clause

E.g. I know (that) I became tried of teaching.
Laila forgot that she had an exam.

b) Person + be+ Adj + that Clause

E.g. Ahmad is happy that his mother came from UK.
I am depressed that m bestie will leave forever.

c) It + be+ Adj + that Clause

E.g. It is amazing that Bahar gets promotion in her job.
It was really bad that she used bad words to me.
That she made me sad is really bad.

I am afraid of bullies.
I am afraid that her words will hart me.
I am afraid that I can’t attend your party.
B- Adverb Clause:
E.g. Bahar is intelligent. Fast – fast
Bahar performs intelligently. Hard – Hard
Easy – easily
I drive fast. Intelligent—intelligently

I am fast. Unfortunately, he missed the test.

I drive very fast. Describe all the sentence

She is very beautiful.

After I had graduated, I came to Kabul.

After I will have done MBA, I will go to London.
She will cry before I break her heart.
Before I came to Afghan AIM, I ate my lunch.

I have taught English since 2006.

Pereo time exp
I have taught English since it was 2006.
ever Conj S v time exp
I have known my Bestie since she called me for the first time.
everConj S V
I will wait until smart boy comes.
till
I will leave Afghanistan as soon as I get visa.
2 Once 1

Once she tells me sorry, I will forgive her.

as soon as

Case and effect:

She studied Hard.
She got 1st position.
Because she studied hard, she got 1st position.
Now that→ Now that I am free from exam, I will have vacation.
Since→ Since you are an English teacher, you should write a book.
While→
Bahar is handsome. Rafiq is ugly.
While B is handsome, R is ugly.
While R is ugly, B is handsome.
B is handsome, while R is ugly.

Conditional:
If I… → Are you a human being?

If I am a human being, I will help you.

If I am, I will help you.
If so, I will help you. (for Negative answer → If not, ……)
 Does Bahar study MBA?

If Bahar studies MBA, she will be a director.

If she does, she will be a director.

If so, she will be…. .

Whether and whether or not … →

Whether I am invited or not, I will go to his party.

Whether or not I am invited, I will go to his party.
Bahar will Pass the ILETS test whether or not she studies hard.
Ba……………………………………… whether she studies hard or not.

Even if … →

Even if she rejects me, I will love her.

My father will give me money even if I don’t need.

In case … →

In case she needs my help, I am at her service.

I will definitely arrange the party in case I get my wish.

Unless = If not … →

If Bahar does not call me, I will call her.

Unless Bahar does not call me, I ……. .
Unless Bahar calls me, I will call her.
They will not get the highest band unless they study hard.

Only if … → if only + dep.c +indep.c

I will not teach English anymore only if I reach 15 years of experience.

She can pass the test only if she studies hard.
Only if I tell her sorry, she will forgive me.
Only if I tell her sorry will she forgive me.
Ali passes the exams only if he concentrates a lot.
Only if Ali concentrates a lot does he pass the exam?

After … →
After I teach my classes, I will go to my room.
After teaching my classes, I will go to my room.
Before … →
Laila washes the dishes before she is going to sleep.
Laila …………………………..before going to sleep.

By the time … →
By the time I called him, my dad was taking.

Before Tariq Came to class, he performed namaz.

Before coming to class, Tariq performed namaz.

I will call you when I am getting home.

I w…………….. when getting home.

After Ali had done his MBA, he came to Kabul.

After having done his MBA, Ali ……………………..
After doing his MBA, Ali………………………………..

While Bahar was playing tennis, she was sweating.

While playing tennis, Bahar …//…//…//…//... //. As well.
Playing tennis, //…//……//……//……//……//………//. // .

Because … →
Because they play nicely, they will reach the final.
Playing nicely, they will reach the final.

She left everything since she didn’t have time.

She left everything having no time.

Because Hamid is sick, he does not attend the meeting.

Being sick, he …// // // // // // // // .

Sick, he // // // // // // // // .

When … →
When I become angry, I will keep silent.
When becoming angry, I // // // .
Upon // // // // // , // // // .
On // // // // // , // // // .

Before, Because → Having + P.P

Having seen the movie before, I don’t want it.
Since she studies hard, she will be master.
Studying hard, // // // // // .
 I have seen too many people since I came to Kabul.
// // // // // // // since coming to Kabul.
When Kaihan comes to class, Hamids will advise him.

Because she studied hard, she passed the test.

Because of …
Due to … Studying hard, she passed the test.
Owing to … I can’t teach your class any more owing to some problems.

Due to The fact that she studied hard, she passed the test.
Owing to

Because the weather is cold. I wear a jacket.

Owing to
Due to the cold weather, I wear a jacket.
Because of
Owing to the fact that the weather is cold, I wear a jacket.
I wear a jacket owing to the cold weather.
// // // // owing to the fact that the weather is cold.

Therefore …
Consequently … Bahar studies English. She wants to pass IELTS.
Thus… // // wants to pass IELTS. Therefore, she studies English.
Hence… Bahar wants to pass IELTS. She, therefore, studies English.
So… // // // // // // . She studies English, therefore.
// // // // // // ; therefore, she studies English.
// // // // // // ,So she studies English.
// // // // // // , she studies English.

such….. that… Because Mr. Kawsari was intelligent, we studied English with him.
So + Adj/ Adv + that … Mr. Kawsari was such an intelligent teacher that we studied English with him.
I’m so depressed that I want resign from my job.

In order to …
So that … I came to Afghan IAM in order to learn English.
// // // // // // So that I can learn English.

They reached the hotel on time in order to arrange the meeting.

// // // // // // on time so that they could arrange // // //.
He teaches English so that he can improve his English.

So that he can improve his English, he teaches English.

Though …
Although … Bahar didn’t study hard. She passed the test.
Even though…
Bahar didn’t study hard, but she passed the test anyway.
// // // // // , but she still passed the test.
// // // // // , yet she still passed the test.

Nevertheless …
Nonetheless … Bahar didn’t study hard. She passed the test.
However…. Still..
Bahar didn’t study hard. Nevertheless, she passed the test.
. Nonetheless,
// // // // // . However she still passed the test.

Despite …
In spite of … Despite not studying hard, Bahar passed the test.
--------------
Despite the fact that... Bahar passed the test in spite of not studying hard
In spite of the fact that...

You should hurry. Otherwise, you will be late.

Or (else) … You should hurry, or (else) you will be late.
Bestie should come on time, or (else) I will punish her.

Zero Condition:
a) If + Simple present, simple present. → Real in the present.
If she comes regularly, she learns English nicely.

First Condition:
b) If + Simple present, simple Future. → Real in the Future.
If I am permitted, I will leave Afghanistan forever.

Thrid Condition:
c) If + Simple Past, Sub + would + B.V → Unreal in the present.
If my sister studied hard, they would top the university.
If Hamid were intelligent, I would hire him.

Frouth Condition:
d) If + Past perfect, Sub + Would + have + P.P → Unreal in the past.
If I hadn’t used bad words, I would have been forgiven.
She wouldn’t have failed test if she had taken care of studying.
 If I were you, I would come on time.
Were I you, // // // // // .
If I had had a car, I would have dropped you.
Had I had a car, // // // // // // // .

I did not eat my lunch, so I am hungry now.

If I had eaten my lunch, I would not be hungry now.

She is not a good student. She didn’t study hard.

She would be a good student if she had studied hard.

Wish (future)

a) I + wish + Sub +( Would, Could, Be going to) + B.V + Comp → Future.

I wish I were going to talk with her.
She wishes she would be a good human being.

b) Sub + wish +Sub + 2nd Verb + Comp→ Present.

I wish I were a good cricter .
I wish she studied hard.

c) I + wish + Past perfect + Comp→ past.

I wish I hadn’t known her.
I wish I had taught speaking class.

C- Adjective Clause:
Dependent---- (Relative pronoun)
An adjective clause is dependent clauses which function’s as adjective. It modifies noun or
pronoun used in antecedent.
Adjective clause is also called
Antecedent:
A noun or pronoun which is directly modifies by an adjective clause is called antecedent.
Relative pronouns:
Relative pronouns are those pronouns which are used to interduce adjective clauses.
They are also called adjective markers.

E.g. They are nice and fast players.

I know a teacher ( who works very hard)

Whose → Possession / people and things

Who → People
Whom→ People
Which→ things / Places
That→ people / things
When→ Time
Where→ Place
Cases of adjective clause / Relative Pronoun
1. Nominative Case / Subjective Case
2. Accusative Case / Objective Case
3. Genitive Case / Possessive Case

Types of Adjective Clause

1. Restrictive Adjective Clauses
2. Non- Restrictive Adjective Clauses

E.g. I met a person. She was the topper at P.V.

I met a person who was the topper at P.V.

Lexus 2019 is beautiful. It cost 80000 $.

Lexus 2019 is beautiful which costs 80000 $.

Lexus 2019 which costs 80000 $ is beautiful

I know sana. I met her on Saturday.

Ø
who
that
I know sana whom I met on Saturday.

I bought a car. Its color is green.

I bought a car whose color is green.

I bought a car the color of which is green.

I know an actress who is very beautiful.

I know Zareen khan, who is very beautiful.

1- Subjective case
In subjective case the relative pronoun in ( who, which, that ) are used as subject of the sentence and followed by
verb.
Laila bought a ring. it cost 210$.
Laila bought a ring which cost 210 $.

E.g. Hasina built a house which has 8 rooms.

Hasina is my student. She works effectively. Subjective case example

Hasina who works effectively is my student.
 2- Objective case
In objective case the relative pronouns ( who, whom, which, that, Deletion Ø ) are used as object of the sentence and
followed by subject.
E.g. Bahar lives in Kabul. She studies MBA in Kabul University.
Bahar ( Who studies MBA in Kabul University) lives in Kabul.

I have known Bestie. I met her on 1st March 2019.

I have known Bestie (Whom I met on 1st March 2019.)
The car (which I have is made in Germany.) Objective case example

Marawar whom I love is my small hero.

// // // // who studies law is my small hero.

3- Possessive case
In possessive case the relative pronoun (whose) is used to show position or ownership.

Possessive E.g. Alia established an organization. Its employees are from China.
Alia established an organization whose employees are from China.

I bought a pen whose color is red.

I met a student. His father is my dad’s friend.
I met a student whose father is my dad’s friend.
I met a student the father of whom is my dad’s friend.

The place where I drink juice is a nice place.

The place which I drink juice in a nice place.
The place in which I drink juice is a nice place.
The place that I drink juice in a nice place.
The place Ø I drink juice in a nice place.

I will never forget the day when Marawar came back home.
// // // // the day on which Marawar // // .
// // // // the day on that Marawar // // .
// // // // the day Ø Marawar // // .

(Pretend from 20 teachers)

The teachers who wanted to play cricket went to the ground. → (Some of teacher went. Not all of them.)
The teachers, who wanted to play cricket, went to the ground. → (All teacher went to play.)
 With comma is None restrictive Adjective Clause.
The student who speaks badly is from Kabul.
Ahmad, who speaks badly, is from Kabul.

The president whom I really loved was a talented person.

Cheguavara, whom I really loved, was a very talented person.
Bestie didn’t pick up my call. That was unexpected.
Bestie // // // // call, which // // // .

Rafiq got 1st position. That was very nice.

That surprised my family.
st
Rafiq got 1 position, which was very nice.

I know a lot of people. Most of them are teachers.

// // // // // people, most of whom are // // .

Sami bought ten books. Two of them are novels.

// // // // // books, two of which are // // .

Cleft sentences
It is I who is working for my career.
It is me who is // // // // // .

It was he who played lado with me.

It is him who // // // // // // .

What if I take the test tomorrow?

What if cancel our trip by coming Frida?

I know a person who is helping me in my personal life.

// // a person helping me in // // // // // // .

Bestie bought a ring which has a nice gem.

// // // // a ring having a nice gem.

The gift which was given to me was precious.

// // // // // given to me was precious.

I respect a student who is responsible of saying.

Bestie whom I respect lot is talented.

NOTE: Objective case: we cannot reduce it from adjective clause to adjective phrase.

Dandakai which is fresh tastes scrumptious.

Dandakai fresh tastes scrumptious.
 fresh Dandakai // // // // // // // // // .

London, which is the capital of UK, is a beautiful city.

London, the capital of UK, is a beautiful city.

S/N Subject Objective Possessive Possessive

Pronoun Pronoun Adj Pronoun S/N Reflexive Pronoun
1 I Me My Mine 1 Myself
2 We Us Our Ours 2 Yourself / Yourselves
3 They Them Their Theirs 3 Himself
4 You You your Yours 4 Herself
5 He Him His His 5 Themselves
6 She Her Her Hers 6 Ourselves
7 It It Its Its 7 Itself
Structure Sub. Pro Verb + Pos. Adj + Verb+ Pos. 8 Oneself
+ Verb Obj. Pro Noun Pro + Verb Str By + Reflexive. Pro → a lone

Whose class is interesting?

My class is interesting. is
Mine is interesting. ed Smoking cigarettes dangerous.
Mine is.
ing are
Mine.
I see myself in her eyes.
I don’t like Bestie talking with others.
I don’t like Bestie’s talking with others.

Drinking water is good.

Drinking water can be found.

Ving →
Gerund → Noun 1. Sub. Sentences
V+ing function as a noun is called gerund. 2. Obj of verb

Teaching 5 classes makes you tired. → Gerund verb

Talking fluently is nice.

I appreciated writing HW on time.

I will appreciated reporting …
Gerund verbs are those verbs which are directly followed by gerund.
S/N Gerund Verbs
1 Admit I stopped smoking.
2 Appreciate I stopped to smoke.
3 Love
4 Delay
5 Miss
6 Postpone 3) Complement of prep:
7 Recommend (Think about, be interested in, afraid of, happy about, be capable of, be worried about, nervous about)

8 Etc.. E.g. I was capable of teaching English when I was 17.

Page# 324 of Grammar in use They are interested in watching movies.

4) I am here to teach English:

E.g. My sister come to Afghan IAM to learn English.
// // // come to // // // for learning // .
(Accustom to, face up to, be
5) As a complement of Be: accustomed to, in addition to, look
E.g. His duty is teaching English. forward to, object to, be reduced to,
resign oneself to, be resigned to,
resort to, sink to, be used to,
6) After do + the
alternative to, dedication to, close to,
E.g. Bahar does the cooking after the class. closeness to, similar to, committed
to, dedicated to, opposition to
Used to + Base Verb
opposed to)
Be used to + V.ing
Get used to +V.ing
E.g. I am used to dealing with customers.
Bestie is looking forward to hearing news.
Sink to → Be accustomed to + Noun / Ving
(is, am, are)
I am accustomed to English Grammar.
I objected to talking rudely.
Bahar was sunk to using my shoes.

wanted
E.g. I want to marry you.
will want
have wanted

Infinitive- The base form of the verb with “to” or without “to” function as a noun is called
infinitive.

I enjoy driving the car slowly.

Finite forms of verbs: I decide to drive the car slowly.

it is form of verbs which can be change to all tense.

 Nonfinite forms of verbs: I want to go to USA for MBA.

NFOV are those forms which cannot be change to other tenses.

I want Bahar to do MBA.

Infinitive verbs are those verbs which are directly followed by infinite “to” is infinitive markers.
Infinitive Verbs
Hope Decide Tell someone to… Force someone to…
Plan Promise Need someone to… Require // …
Agree Offer Want someone to… Remind // …
Ask Refuse Would like //… Invite // …
Want Expect Expect // … Advise // …
Need Pretend Ask // … Encourage // …
Intend Appear Allow // … or order someone to… Warn // … Or Permit // …

Infinitive:
Begin He is beginning to start IELTS.
Start He begin to start IELTS.
Love He begin starting IELTS.
Hate I love chatting with Bahar.
Can’t stand I love to chat with Bahar.
Continue They will start to play tennis.

It is difficult to understand someone’s feelings.

To understand someone’s feelings is difficult.
Understanding someone’s feeling is difficult.
It is exciting for Malika to Buy chocolates.

1) Infinitive of purpose: (In order to) ( for + V ing)

E.g. I come to Afghan AIM to teach English.
I come to Afghan AIM for teaching English.

I need something for storing my CDs.

Knife is used for chopping the onions.

I have been reading a lot of books to get information.

For getting information.
to + base V
For + Noun

The box is too heavy for Laila to carry.

The box is very heavy for Laila to carry.
 Enough

Adj + noun Adv

E.g. I had enough temper to control myself.

She is intelligent enough to pass the test.

She has enough intelligence to pass the test.

Need:
E.g. Bahar needs to pass the test. / My car needs painting.

Bahar needed to pass the test. / My car needs to be Painted.

Bahar need pass the test. /

One of my sisters needs to help me. /

One of my sisters need to help me. /

I saw Shogofa present the news

I saw Shogofa presenting the news.

TYPES OF INFINITIVE: -

1. Full infinitive → (to +Verb)

E.g. I decided to leave friends.
2. Bare infinitive → ( to) V
E.g. Qais must came to class.
3. Split infinitive → (to + Adv + verb) ---- ly
E.g. I hope to carefully motivate Bahar.
4. Compound infinitive→
E.g. I love to talk with Bahar and to smile.
We will continue to have great relation and to support each other.
5. Abridged infinitive →
E.g. I really wanted to play tennis, but Ali didn’t want to.
They decided to leave the country, but I didn’t decide to.
 I am happy about teaching my talented students.

I am unhappy to finish your lessons.

Infinitive → Inf.V + Someone’s + Inf ( to + Verb)

She forced Bahar to go to university.
I would like Bahar to study hard.

Causative Verbs:

Causative Verbs Meanings Structures

Have to select, to choose Str1: S + C.V + Obj + B.V + Comp
Let To Permit
Make To force, to compel (Have, let, Make, Help)
Get To convince, to persuade Str2: S + C.V + Obj + to +V + Comp
Help To assist
(get , Help)

E.g. I have Qais to drive my car.

She made me leave the country.

I always get my sisters to study hard.

Please let me know if you have any problem.

Please let Hasina to know if you have any problem.

My dad has helped us to learn English.

My dad has helped us learn English.

Str3: S + get / have + Obj + P.P + Comp

I had my hair cut by Shafiq.

Qais will have his car repaired.
will get
has gotten
Bahar gets the car driven by me,
Shogofa got the Homework checked by teacher.
had gotten