vi CONTENTS

2.13 Problems, 73

3 Pulse Propagation in Dispersive Media 82

3.1 Propagation Filter, 82
3.2 Front Velocity and Causality, 84
Contents 3.3 Exact Impulse Response Examples, 87
3.4 Transient and Steady-State Behavior, 90
3.5 Pulse Propagation and Group Velocity, 94
3.6 Group Velocity Dispersion and Pulse Spreading, 97
3.7 Propagation and Chirping, 102
3.8 Dispersion Compensation, 103
Preface xiii 3.9 Slow, Fast, and Negative Group Velocities, 105
3.10 Chirp Radar and Pulse Compression, 112
3.11 Further Reading, 122
1 Maxwell’s Equations 1
3.12 Problems, 122
1.1 Maxwell’s Equations, 1
1.2 Lorentz Force, 2 4 Propagation in Birefringent Media 131
1.3 Constitutive Relations, 3
4.1 Linear and Circular Birefringence, 131
1.4 Negative Index Media, 7
4.2 Uniaxial and Biaxial Media, 132
1.5 Boundary Conditions, 7
4.3 Chiral Media, 134
1.6 Currents, Fluxes, and Conservation Laws, 9
4.4 Gyrotropic Media, 137
1.7 Charge Conservation, 10
4.5 Linear and Circular Dichroism, 138
1.8 Energy Flux and Energy Conservation, 11
4.6 Oblique Propagation in Birefringent Media, 139
1.9 Harmonic Time Dependence, 13
4.7 Problems, 146
1.10 Simple Models of Dielectrics, Conductors, and Plasmas, 16
1.11 Dielectrics, 17
1.12 Conductors, 20
5 Reflection and Transmission 152
1.13 Charge Relaxation in Conductors, 22 5.1 Propagation Matrices, 152
1.14 Power Losses, 23 5.2 Matching Matrices, 156
1.15 Plasmas, 25 5.3 Reflected and Transmitted Power, 159
1.16 Energy Density in Lossless Dispersive Dielectrics, 25 5.4 Single Dielectric Slab, 162
1.17 Kramers-Kronig Dispersion Relations, 26 5.5 Reflectionless Slab, 165
1.18 Group Velocity, Energy Velocity, 29 5.6 Time-Domain Reflection Response, 173
1.19 Problems, 31 5.7 Two Dielectric Slabs, 175
5.8 Reflection by a Moving Boundary, 177
2 Uniform Plane Waves 36 5.9 Problems, 180

2.1 Uniform Plane Waves in Lossless Media, 36

2.2 Monochromatic Waves, 42
6 Multilayer Structures 185
2.3 Energy Density and Flux, 45 6.1 Multiple Dielectric Slabs, 185
2.4 Wave Impedance, 46 6.2 Antireflection Coatings, 187
2.5 Polarization, 46 6.3 Dielectric Mirrors, 192
2.6 Uniform Plane Waves in Lossy Media, 53 6.4 Propagation Bandgaps, 203
2.7 Propagation in Weakly Lossy Dielectrics, 59 6.5 Narrow-Band Transmission Filters, 203
2.8 Propagation in Good Conductors, 60 6.6 Equal Travel-Time Multilayer Structures, 208
2.9 Propagation in Oblique Directions, 61 6.7 Applications of Layered Structures, 222
2.10 Complex or Inhomogeneous Waves, 64 6.8 Chebyshev Design of Reflectionless Multilayers, 225
2.11 Doppler Effect, 66 6.9 Problems, 233
2.12 Propagation in Negative-Index Media, 70

v
CONTENTS vii viii CONTENTS

7 Oblique Incidence 240 10 Transmission Lines 397

7.1 Oblique Incidence and Snel’s Laws, 240 10.1 General Properties of TEM Transmission Lines, 397
7.2 Transverse Impedance, 242 10.2 Parallel Plate Lines, 403
7.3 Propagation and Matching of Transverse Fields, 245 10.3 Microstrip Lines, 404
7.4 Fresnel Reflection Coefficients, 247 10.4 Coaxial Lines, 408
7.5 Maximum Angle and Critical Angle, 249 10.5 Two-Wire Lines, 413
7.6 Brewster Angle, 258 10.6 Distributed Circuit Model of a Transmission Line, 415
7.7 Complex Waves, 260 10.7 Wave Impedance and Reflection Response, 417
7.8 Total Internal Reflection, 263 10.8 Two-Port Equivalent Circuit, 419
7.9 Oblique Incidence on a Lossy Medium, 264 10.9 Terminated Transmission Lines, 420
7.10 Zenneck Surface Wave, 269 10.10 Power Transfer from Generator to Load, 423
7.11 Surface Plasmons, 271 10.11 Open- and Short-Circuited Transmission Lines, 425
7.12 Oblique Reflection from a Moving Boundary, 274 10.12 Standing Wave Ratio, 428
7.13 Geometrical Optics, 278 10.13 Determining an Unknown Load Impedance, 430
7.14 Fermat’s Principle, 281 10.14 Smith Chart, 434
7.15 Ray Tracing, 283 10.15 Time-Domain Response of Transmission Lines, 438
7.16 Snel’s Law in Negative-Index Media, 294 10.16 Problems, 445
7.17 Problems, 297
11 Coupled Lines 456
8 Multilayer Film Applications 302
11.1 Coupled Transmission Lines, 456
8.1 Multilayer Dielectric Structures at Oblique Incidence, 302 11.2 Crosstalk Between Lines, 462
8.2 Lossy Multilayer Structures, 304 11.3 Weakly Coupled Lines with Arbitrary Terminations, 465
8.3 Single Dielectric Slab, 306 11.4 Coupled-Mode Theory, 467
8.4 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection, 308 11.5 Fiber Bragg Gratings, 469
8.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 312 11.6 Diffuse Reflection and Transmission, 472
8.6 Perfect Lens in Negative-Index Media, 321 11.7 Problems, 474
8.7 Antireflection Coatings at Oblique Incidence, 329
8.8 Omnidirectional Dielectric Mirrors, 332 12 Impedance Matching 476
8.9 Polarizing Beam Splitters, 343
8.10 Reflection and Refraction in Birefringent Media, 345 12.1 Conjugate and Reflectionless Matching, 476
8.11 Brewster and Critical Angles in Birefringent Media, 349 12.2 Multisection Transmission Lines, 478
8.12 Multilayer Birefringent Structures, 352 12.3 Quarter-Wavelength Chebyshev Transformers, 479
8.13 Giant Birefringent Optics, 354 12.4 Two-Section Dual-Band Chebyshev Transformers, 485
8.14 Problems, 359 12.5 Quarter-Wavelength Transformer With Series Section, 491
12.6 Quarter-Wavelength Transformer With Shunt Stub, 494
9 Waveguides 361 12.7 Two-Section Series Impedance Transformer, 496
12.8 Single Stub Matching, 501
9.1 Longitudinal-Transverse Decompositions, 362 12.9 Balanced Stubs, 505
9.2 Power Transfer and Attenuation, 367 12.10 Double and Triple Stub Matching, 507
9.3 TEM, TE, and TM modes, 369 12.11 L-Section Lumped Reactive Matching Networks, 509
9.4 Rectangular Waveguides, 372 12.12 Pi-Section Lumped Reactive Matching Networks, 512
9.5 Higher TE and TM modes, 374 12.13 Reversed Matching Networks, 519
9.6 Operating Bandwidth, 376 12.14 Problems, 521
9.7 Power Transfer, Energy Density, and Group Velocity, 377
9.8 Power Attenuation, 379 13 S-Parameters 525
9.9 Reflection Model of Waveguide Propagation, 382
9.10 Resonant Cavities, 384 13.1 Scattering Parameters, 525
9.11 Dielectric Slab Waveguides, 386 13.2 Power Flow, 529
9.12 Problems, 395 13.3 Parameter Conversions, 530
CONTENTS ix x CONTENTS

13.4 Input and Output Reflection Coefficients, 531 16.10 Square Loops, 657
13.5 Stability Circles, 533 16.11 Dipole and Quadrupole Radiation, 658
13.6 Power Gains, 539 16.12 Problems, 660
13.7 Generalized S-Parameters and Power Waves, 545
13.8 Simultaneous Conjugate Matching, 549 17 Radiation from Apertures 661
13.9 Power Gain Circles, 554
13.10 Unilateral Gain Circles, 555 17.1 Field Equivalence Principle, 661
13.11 Operating and Available Power Gain Circles, 557 17.2 Magnetic Currents and Duality, 663
13.12 Noise Figure Circles, 563 17.3 Radiation Fields from Magnetic Currents, 665
13.13 Problems, 568 17.4 Radiation Fields from Apertures, 666
17.5 Huygens Source, 669
14 Radiation Fields 571 17.6 Directivity and Effective Area of Apertures, 671
17.7 Uniform Apertures, 673
14.1 Currents and Charges as Sources of Fields, 571 17.8 Rectangular Apertures, 673
14.2 Retarded Potentials, 573 17.9 Circular Apertures, 675
14.3 Harmonic Time Dependence, 576 17.10 Vector Diffraction Theory, 678
14.4 Fields of a Linear Wire Antenna, 578 17.11 Extinction Theorem, 682
14.5 Fields of Electric and Magnetic Dipoles, 580 17.12 Vector Diffraction for Apertures, 684
14.6 Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem, 585 17.13 Fresnel Diffraction, 685
14.7 Radiation Fields, 590 17.14 Knife-Edge Diffraction, 689
14.8 Radial Coordinates, 593 17.15 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction, 697
14.9 Radiation Field Approximation, 595 17.16 Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Diffraction Theory, 703
14.10 Computing the Radiation Fields, 596 17.17 Plane-Wave Spectrum Representation, 706
14.11 Problems, 598 17.18 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Optics, 711
17.19 Lenses, 716
15 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 601 17.20 Problems, 722

15.1 Energy Flux and Radiation Intensity, 601 18 Aperture Antennas 726
15.2 Directivity, Gain, and Beamwidth, 602
15.3 Effective Area, 607 18.1 Open-Ended Waveguides, 726
15.4 Antenna Equivalent Circuits, 611 18.2 Horn Antennas, 730
15.5 Effective Length, 613 18.3 Horn Radiation Fields, 732
15.6 Communicating Antennas, 615 18.4 Horn Directivity, 737
15.7 Antenna Noise Temperature, 617 18.5 Horn Design, 740
15.8 System Noise Temperature, 621 18.6 Microstrip Antennas, 743
15.9 Data Rate Limits, 627 18.7 Parabolic Reflector Antennas, 749
15.10 Satellite Links, 629 18.8 Gain and Beamwidth of Reflector Antennas, 751
15.11 Radar Equation, 632 18.9 Aperture-Field and Current-Distribution Methods, 754
15.12 Problems, 634 18.10 Radiation Patterns of Reflector Antennas, 757
18.11 Dual-Reflector Antennas, 766
16 Linear and Loop Antennas 637 18.12 Lens Antennas, 769

16.1 Linear Antennas, 637 19 Antenna Arrays 771

16.2 Hertzian Dipole, 639
16.3 Standing-Wave Antennas, 641 19.1 Antenna Arrays, 771
16.4 Half-Wave Dipole, 645 19.2 Translational Phase Shift, 771
16.5 Monopole Antennas, 646 19.3 Array Pattern Multiplication, 773
16.6 Traveling-Wave Antennas, 648 19.4 One-Dimensional Arrays, 783
16.7 Vee and Rhombic Antennas, 650 19.5 Visible Region, 785
16.8 Loop Antennas, 653 19.6 Grating Lobes, 787
16.9 Circular Loops, 655 19.7 Uniform Arrays, 789
CONTENTS xi

19.8 Array Directivity, 793 23 Appendices 949

19.9 Array Steering, 794
19.10 Array Beamwidth, 797 A Physical Constants, 949
19.11 Problems, 799 B Electromagnetic Frequency Bands, 950
C Vector Identities and Integral Theorems, 952
D Green’s Functions, 955
20 Array Design Methods 802
E Coordinate Systems, 958
20.1 Array Design Methods, 802 F Fresnel, Exponential, Sine, and Cosine Integrals, 960
20.2 Schelkunoff’s Zero Placement Method, 805 G Gauss-Legendre Quadrature, 966
20.3 Fourier Series Method with Windowing, 807 H Lorentz Transformations, 972
20.4 Sector Beam Array Design, 808 I MATLAB Functions, 980
20.5 Woodward-Lawson Frequency-Sampling Design, 812
20.6 Discretization of Continuous Line Sources, 817 References 985
20.7 Narrow-Beam Low-Sidelobe Designs, 821
20.8 Binomial Arrays, 825
20.9 Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays, 826 Index 1033
20.10 Taylor One-Parameter Source, 839
20.11 Prolate Array, 843
20.12 Taylor Line Source, 845
20.13 Villeneuve Arrays, 849
20.14 Multibeam Arrays, 850
20.15 Problems, 853

21 Currents on Linear Antennas 855

21.1 Hallén and Pocklington Integral Equations, 855
21.2 Delta-Gap, Frill Generator, and Plane-Wave Sources, 858
21.3 Solving Hallén’s Equation, 859
21.4 Sinusoidal Current Approximation, 861
21.5 Reflecting and Center-Loaded Receiving Antennas, 862
21.6 King’s Three-Term Approximation, 865
21.7 Evaluation of the Exact Kernel, 872
21.8 Method of Moments, 877
21.9 Delta-Function Basis, 880
21.10 Pulse Basis, 884
21.11 Triangular Basis, 889
21.12 NEC Sinusoidal Basis, 891
21.13 Hallén’s Equation for Arbitrary Incident Field, 894
21.14 Solving Pocklington’s Equation, 899
21.15 Problems, 903

22 Coupled Antennas 905

22.1 Near Fields of Linear Antennas, 905
22.2 Improved Near-Field Calculation, 908
22.3 Self and Mutual Impedance, 916
22.4 Coupled Two-Element Arrays, 922
22.5 Arrays of Parallel Dipoles, 925
22.6 Yagi-Uda Antennas, 934
22.7 Hallén Equations for Coupled Antennas, 939
22.8 Problems, 947