UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG’
MEASURMENT OF JET FORCE LAB REPORT ASSIGNMENT (I)

Group Members ID No
1.BIRHAN TSEGAYE-------------------------------------------03296/11

2.NAHOM ABERA------------------------------------------------03198/11

3.EYUAL AWEKE------------------------------------------------03350/11

4.BEWKETU TEFERA-------------------------------------------02850/11

5.FEREJA MUHAMAD-------------------------------------------03594/11

6ABLANTE DAMTEW--------------------------------------------03484/11

7. WEYNSHET G/MICHAEL------------------------------------03126/11

8.LEOUL ABAYNEH-----------------------------------------------00344/10

9.AMANUEL WONDMAGENGE--------------------------------03042/11

10.BEREKET BOGALE--------------------------------------------02860/11

Submitted to:Mr.Gashaw

Submission date:29/08/2013E.C

CONTENT
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 Title Page
1. Acknowledgment--------------------------------------------2
2. Objective---------------------------------------------------2
3. introduction ------------------------------------------------3
4. Theory ----------------------------------------------------4
5. Apparatus used ---------------------------------------------6
6. Procedure--------------------------------------------------7
7. Observation and calculation------------------------------------9
8. Result-----------------------------------------------------11
9. Conclusion-------------------------------------------------13
10.Reference--------------------------------------------------13

1.Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank our lecture for giving us this
assignment which helps us in acquiring a great knowledge. We also want
to thank our lab assistants for guiding us through the experiment so that
we can do this report. This assignment had been done with all members
participating.

Objective
 To demonstrate linear momentum principle
 To study the influence of flow rate and flow velocity
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  To investigate the reaction force produced on the deflector when the jet of
water is impacted on different shapes and various form of solids
 To study the influence of different deflection angle

INTRODUCTION
Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on the
reaction force produced on Vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the vane. The
study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject of mechanics of
fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Peloton wheel and
the impulse turbine. Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces
on objects in contact with it. To analyze fluid motion, a finite region of the fluid
(control volume) is usually selected, and the gross effects of the flow, such as its
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force or torque on an object, is determined by calculating the net mass rate that
flows into and out of the control volume. These forces can be determined, as in
solid mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or by the momentum equation.
The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be resolved by
applying the momentum equation. The study of these forces is essential to the study
of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery.

Theory
The momentum equation based on Newton’s 2nd law of motion states that the
algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction
equal to the rate of change of impetus of this direction. The outer forces include the
element of the weight of the fluid and of the forces exerted outwardly upon the
boundary surface of control volume. If a vertical water jet moving with velocity ‘V’
made to strike a target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will
be exerted on the target by the impact of jet. Applying momentum equation in x-
direction, force exerted by the jet on the vane. Consider a vane symmetrical about
the x-axis. A jet of fluid flowing at the rate of m kg/s along the x-axis with the
velocity u0 (m/s) strikes the vane and is deflected by it through angle β, so that the
fluid omit the vanes with the velocity U1 (m/s) inclined at an angle β to the X-axis.
Changes in elevation and in piezo metric force in the jet from hitting the vanes to
omit are neglected.
Type of Deflector
1. Flat surface
m
F=ma, a=v/t, ρ=¿
v
V
= ρ t (W1-W2)
Fth= ρv’W1 , W2=0

2. Semi-Circular Surface
Fth= ρv’ (W1-W2), W2=W1
Fth=2v’ ρW2
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 3. Oblique Surface
Fα= ρv’W1 cos2α
Fth= ρv’W1 cos2α
Fth=1/2 ρv’W1

4. Conical surface

Fα= ρv’W1(1+cosα)

Fth=0.7071 ρv’W1

Apparatus used
o Nozzle:-a cylindrical or round spout at the end of pipe hose or tube control a
jet of gas (liquid).
- It can used to direct or modify the flow fluid
o Deflector:- a device intended to turn aside the flow of something
-it is deflect sometimes else steam of fluid or particle.
o Support for weight:-the supporter sticks.
o Tank:-it used water collects and it for later use and timely access
-it used water treatment
o Weight:-a piece of metal know to weight a definite amount and used on scale
to determine how heavy an object or quantity of substance
o Adjusting screw:-are a part of instrument or machine moved to required
position
-it also often serves to hold the part firmly in that position.
o Lever mechanism:-that can used to exert large force over a small distance at
one end of the lever by exerting a small force over greater distance at the other
end.

Procedure
Perform the experiment by taking the following steps:
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 1. Remove the top plate (by releasing the knurled nuts) and the transparent cylinder from
the equipment, and check and record the exit diameter of the nozzle.
2. Replace the cylinder, and screw the 90-degree deflector onto the end of the shaft.
3. Connect the inlet tube to the quick-release connector on the bench.
4. Replace the top plate on the transparent cylinder, but do not tighten the three knurled
nuts.
5. Using the spirit level attached to the top plate, level the cylinder by adjusting the feet.
Replace the three knurled nuts, and then tighten in sequence until the built-in circular
spirit level indicates that the top plate is horizontal. Do not over tighten the knurled nuts,
as this will damage the top plate. The nuts should only be tightened enough to level the
plate.
6. Ensure that the vertical shaft is free to move and is supported by the spring beneath the
weight pan.
7. With no weights on the weight pan, adjust the height of the level gauge until it aligns
with the datum line on the weight pan. Check that the position is correct by gently
oscillating the pan.
8. Place the weight 0.75N pan, and turn on the pump.
9. Open the bench valve slowly, and allow water to impinge upon the target until the datum
line on the weight pan is level with the gauge. Leave the flow constant. Observe and note
the flow behavior during the test.
10.Measure the flow rate, using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by closing the ball
valve and measuring the time that it takes to accumulate a known volume of fluid in the
tank, as measured from the sight glass. You should collect water for at least one
minute to minimize timing errors.
11.Repeat this procedure by adding an additional weight incrementally,
12.Repeat the entire test for each of the other two flow deflectors.

Observation and calculation

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The observation that collected from the experiment given as follow:
Surface Measured Time Flow Volume Jet Velocity Theoretical
Type force (s) rate(m3/s) (ml) (m/s) Force(N)

1N 31 0.000323 0.01
Flat 0.8N 35 0.000286 0.01
surface
0.5N 41 0.000244 0.01
1N 28 0.000357 0.01
Inclined 0.8N 25 0.000345 0.01
surface
0.5N 30 0.000333 0.01
semi- 1N 40 0.00025 0.01
circular 0.8N 47 0.000213 0.01
surface
0.5N 50 0.0002 0.01
Conical 1N 35 0.0002 0.01
surface 0.8N 42 0.000238 0.01
0.5N 45 0.000222 0.01
First we have to identify flow rate for each deflector
volume v
V’= time = t

 Calculate the flow rate (v’) for flat surface

 Calculate the flow rate (v’) for inclined surface
 Calculate the flow rate (v’) for semi-circular surface
 Calculate the flow rate (v’) for Conical surface
 Next determine the velocity each surface
Velocity of flat surface
flow rate
Volume = Area , Area of nozzle=78.5mm2

Velocity of inclined surface

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 Velocity of semi-circular surface
Calculate theoretical force
 For flat surface

Fth = v ' ρ( v 1 − v 2) , where v2=0

 For inclined surface

v ' ρv 1
Fth= 2

 For semicircular circle

Fth =2 v ' ρ(v 1)

 For Conical surface

Fth =0.7071 v ' ρ( v 1)

Result
Surface Measured Time Flow Volume Jet Velocity Theoretical
Type force (s) rate(m3/s) (ml) (m/s) Force(N)

1N 31 0.000323 0.01 4.115 1.33

Flat 0.8N 35 0.000286 0.01 3.643 1.042
surface
0.5N 41 0.000244 0.01 3.11 0.758

1N 28 0.000357 0.01 4.56 0.814

Inclined 0.8N 25 0.000345 0.01 4.4 0.759
surface
0.5N 30 0.000333 0.01 4.242 0.71
semi- 1N 40 0.00025 0.01 3.185 1.592
circular 0.8N 47 0.000213 0.01 2.713 1.155
surface
0.5N 50 0.0002 0.01 2.55 1.02
Conical 1N 35 0.000286 0.01 3.643 0.737
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surface 0.8N 42 0.000238 0.01 3.032 0.5103
0.5N 45 0.000222 0.01 2.83 0.444
Load Vs Flow rate
0
0
flow rate(m3/s)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
force(N)

inclined flat semi circle Load Vs Flow velocity

9
8
7
flow velocity(m/s)

6
5 flat
4 inclined
3 semi circle
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
load(N)

Load Vs Theoretical force

3
theoretical force(N)

2.5
2 inclined
1.5 flat
1 semi circle
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
load(N)

Conclusion

As we see from the above observation table and graph inclined deflector has
highest volume flow rate and flow velocity compared with the two deflectors.
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Although the flat deflector has low flow velocity and volume flow rate than the
inclined one, it has relatively high value than the semi-circle one. Because there
shape decide how many amount of fluid is allowed to flow in lifting the load. As of
theoretical force the semi-circular deflector is better than the two deflectors. It has
around double value from the flat one. This means for semi-circular deflector it
needs high amount of reaction force to lift the load than that of the two deflectors
and we also conclude that when the volume flow rate increase the flow velocity will
be increase but the theoretical force will decrease.

Reference

 Fundamental fluid mechanics text book

 www.Google .com
 Teaching-lab-equipment/i4557_zeichnung.htm
 Module of measurement of jet forces
 www.uoint.com

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