Laboratory Tutorial#1

1.1. Objective: To become familiar with the modules and how they operate.

1.2. Equipment Required: Following equipment is required to perform above task.

Quantity Apparatus

1 OU150A Operation Amplifier Unit

1 AU150B Attenuator Unit

1 PA150C Pre-amplifier Unit

1 SA150D Servo Amplifier

1 PS150E Power Supply

1 MT150F Motor-Tacho Unit

1 IP150H Input potentiometer Unit

1 OP150K Output Potentiometer Unit

1 LU150L Load Unit

1.3. Approximate Time Required: One to two Hours

1.4. Prerequisites: Elementary knowledge of electronics.

1.5. Preliminary Procedure

Attach Operational Amplifier Unit, Attenuator Unit, Pre-amplifier unit, Servo Amplifier unit, Power
Supply unit, Motor unit and Input and Output potentiometer units to the baseplate by means of their
magnetic feet.

1.6 Discussion

A servomechanism or servo is an automatic device that uses error-sensing feedback to correct the
performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-
correction signals help control mechanical position or other parameters.

Modern servomechanisms use solid state power amplifiers, usually built from MOSFET or thyristor
devices. Small servos may use power transistors. The origin of the word is believed to come from the
French “Le Servomoteur” or the slavemotor, first used by J. J. L. Farcot in 1868 to describe hydraulic and
steam engines for use in ship steering. In the strictest sense, the term servomechanism is restricted to a

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feedback loop in which the controlled quantity or output is mechanical position or one of its derivatives
(velocity and acceleration).

Servomechanisms were first used in military fire-control and marine navigation equipment, speed
governing of engines, automatic steering of ships, automatic control of guns and electromechanical
analog computers. Today, servomechanisms are employed in almost every industrial field. Among the
applications are cutting tools for discrete parts manufacturing, rollers in sheet and web processes,
elevators, automobile machine tools and aircraft engines, robots, remote manipulators and
teleoperators, telescopes, antennas, space vehicles, satellite tracking antennas ,remote control
airplanes, anti -aircraft gun control systems, mechanical knee and arm prostheses, and tape, disk, and
film drives.

The Feedback MS150 Modular Servo system is particularly intended for experimental use by students
who are starting on studies of closed-loop systems. Each of the units of this equipment is fitted with
magnetic feet and can be attached to the base-board in any desired position. The main power supplies
for the Servo Amplifier unit and the Motor Tacho unit are fed through the cables terminating in octal
plugs fitted to both Motor-Tacho and Servo Amplifier unit. The lead from the motor should be plugged
into the Servo Amplifier and that from the Amplifier into the Power Supply. Both Power Supply unit and
Servo Amplifier unit are fitted with 4mm sockets from which ±15 d.c supplies can be drawn to operate
all other units of the system. For each experiment a patch diagram is included to show all the necessary
connections to be made with patch leads provided. It is assumed however, that the students will
automatically plug the main power supply octal plugs, so these are left off the diagrams to simplify
them. The components of the MS150 System are abbreviated in the text for convenience. These
components are:

OU150A Operation Amplifier Unit

AU150B Attenuator Unit

PA150C Pre-amplifier Unit

SA150D Servo Amplifier

PS150E Power Supply

MT150F Motor-Tacho Unit

IP150H Input potentiometer Unit

OP150K Output Potentiometer Unit

LU150L Load Unit

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So that you can become familiar with the kit before you start the assignments, examine each unit as it is
described.

1.6.1 Power supply Unit (PS150E)

This unit supplies a 24v d.c 2A unregulated supply to the motor through an 8-way connector to the Servo
Amplifier, as it is this unit that controls the motor.

Figure-1.1: Power Supply Unit (PS150E)

On the front panel there are two sets of 4mm sockets to provide ±15v stabilized d.c supplies to operate
the smaller amplifiers and provide reference voltage. The power supply unit in laboratory tutorials is
represented as in figure-1.1.

1.6.2 Motor-Tacho Unit (MT150F)

This Unit is made up of three parts

1. A d.c series-wound split-field motor which has an extended shaft, and onto which can be fixed
the magnetic brake or inertia disc.
2. A d.c tacho-generator with output on the top of the unit
3. For control experiments, there is a low-speed shaft driven by a 30:1 reduction gearbox.

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 Figure-1.2: Motor- Tacho Unit (MT150F)

Figure-1.2 gives the diagram used for this unit in laboratory handouts.

1.6.3 Servo Amplifier unit (SA150D)

This unit contains the transistors which drive the motor in either direction. On the front panel
connection are provided for patching the armature for different modes of control (e.g. Field controlled
or armature controlled). The Servo Amplifier is shown in following figure.

Figure-1.3: Servo Amplifier Unit (SA150D)

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 Figure-1.4: Attenuator Unit (AT150B)

1.6.4 Attenuator Unit (AT150B)

This unit contains two variable 10KΩ potentiometers as shown in figure-1.4. The proportion of the
resistance being selected is indicated by a dial graduated from 0 to 10. This unit can either provide a
reference voltage when connected to a d.c source or be used as a gain control when connected to the
output of an amplifier.

1.6.5 Input and Output Potentiometer Units (IP150H & OP150K)

These are rotary potentiometers, used in experiments on position control. The input potentiometer is
used to set up a reference voltage and the output potentiometer is connected to the low speed shaft of
the motor by using the push-on couplings. Figure-1.5 gives the circuit diagram for these units.

Figure-1.5: Input and Output Potentiometer Units (IP150H & OP150K)

1.6.6 Pre-Amplifier Unit (PA150C)

This provides the correct signals to drive the Servo Amplifiers in SA150D. The two inputs are effectively
summed, allowing two signals to be applied (e.g. reference voltage and the tacho-generator voltage).

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 Figure-1.6: Pre-Amplifier Unit (PA150C)

A positive signal applied to either input causes the upper output (3) to go positive, the other output (4)
staying near zero. A negative input causes the lower output (4) to go positive, the upper one staying
near zero. The bidirectional motor drive is obtained when these outputs are linked to the Servo
Amplifier inputs.

1.6.7 Operational Amplifier Unit (OU150A)

This provides inverting voltage gain and means of summing two or more signals, as well as facilities for
introducing compensation networks. Figure-1.7 gives the layout of this unit.

Figure-1.7: Operational Amplifier Unit (OU150A)

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1.6.7 Load Unit (LU150L)

An Aluminum disc can be mounted on the motor shaft and when rotated between the poles o the
magnet of the load unit, the eddy currents generated have the effect of a brake. The strength of the
magnetic brake can be controlled by the position of the magnet.

1.7 Lab Tasks

1.7.1 Task#1: To connect up the motor

You are now acquainted with sufficient units to be able to connect up the motor. The motor direction
depends upon which of the two field coils is energized, and the speed upon the amount of drive voltage
applied to the inputs of Servo Amplifier. In this practical we shall use one direction only, and vary the
drive voltage using one of the attenuators. Set up the circuit of figure-1.8, in which the armature links
are patched for armature control mode.

Figure-1.8: Connecting up the motor in armature control mode

1.7.2 Task#2: To drive the motor in field control mode

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Patch the F links together in order to drive the motor in field control mold.

1.8: Lab Assignments

1.8.1 Assignment#1: Drive the armature controlled d.c motor in either direction.

1.8.2 Assignment#2: Drive the filed controlled d.c motor in either direction.

Conclusion/ Comments:

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 Laboratory Tutorial#2
2.1. Objective: To illustrate the performance of a motor being controlled by a servo amplifier.
2.2. Equipment Required: Following equipment is required to perform above task.

Quantity Apparatus

1 AU150B Attenuator Unit

1 SA150D Servo Amplifier

1 PS150E Power Supply

1 MT150F Motor-Tacho Unit

1 LU150L Load Unit

1 Stop Clock

1 Multimeter

2.3. Approximate Time Required: One to two Hours

2.4. Prerequisites: Laboratory Tutorial#1.
2.5 Discussion
In later laboratory assignments we are going to show how an electric motor can be used in position and
speed control systems. This assignment will illustrate the characteristics of the motor used in this kit and
show how it can be controlled by the Servo Amplifier.

Figure-2.1: Armature control Arrangement

The motor has a split field winding, with current flow in each part of the coil being controlled by a
transistor. This mean the direction of rotation can be reversed, with input 1 on the Servo Amplifier
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making the motor rotate in one direction and the input 2 in other direction, as in figure-2.1. As the
motor accelerates the armature generates an increasing ‘back-emf’ Vb tending to oppose the applied
voltage Vin. The armature current is thus roughly proportional to (Vin-Vb). If the speed drops (due to
loading) Vb reduces, the current increases and thus so does the motor torque. This tends to oppose the
speed drop. This mode of control is called ‘armature-control’ and gives a speed proportional to Vin, as in
figure-2.2 (a).

(a) Speed vs input voltage (Vin) (b) Speed vs Torque

Figure-2.2: Motor Characteristics (Armature control Mode)

Due to brush friction, a certain minimum input signal is needed to start the motor rotation. Figure-2.2
(b) shows how the speed varies with torque.

Figure-2.3: Field Control Arrangement

The connections on the Servo Amplifier also allow the armature to be connected in the collector circuits
of the transistors, as in figure-2.3, and this configuration will be referred to as ‘field control’. In this case
back emf will have much less effect on the motor current. This means that the transistor current and
therefore the motor current largely determined by the input signal Vin.

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 Figure-2.4: Motor Characteristics (Field control Mode)

Figure-2.4 (a) shows how with the motor unloaded, any small increase in input (above the minimum
value) will cause a large increase in speed. This makes the motor difficult to control. Under load there is
a very sharp fall in speed, as shown in figure-2.4 (b).

Figure-2.5: Experimental set up (Armature Control Mode)

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2.6 Experimental Set Up

The first experiment will be to obtain the characteristic of the motor connected for armature control, as
in figure-2.5. By using one of the potentiometers on the Attenuator unit, it is possible to obtain a
variable input signal Vin. The kit provides a tacho-generator coupled to the motor. To obtain values of
speed, it will be necessary to calibrate this generator by finding the factor Kg, which is the volts
generated per thousand rev/min.

Connect the voltmeter across the tacho outputs and switch on the power. Turn the slider on the
potentiometer till there is a reading of 1V on the voltmeter. Count the turns of the geared 30:1 low
speed shaft in one minute. Tabulate your result as in table-2.1.

Figure-2.6: Tachogenerator volts vs speed

Repeat this reading with a 2V generator output. Then repeat for 3V, 4V, 5V, 7V and 10V and plot the
graph of your results, as in figure-2.6, of speed against Tachogenerator volts. The calibration factor
Vg
Kg  should be about 2.5V to 3V per 1000 rev/min.
N
Speed in
Tachogenerator No. of rotations of
S.No Vin rev/min
volts (Vg) low Speed Shaft (a)
N=30×a

Table-2.1: Armature control d.c Motor Speed characteristics

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To measure the torque/speed characteristics, fix the brake so that it passes over the disc smoothly while
the motor is running. Then set the brake at position 10 with the ammeter on the power supply unit not
exceeding 2 amp. Note the value of the input voltage. Take the Tachogenerator readings over the range
of the brake down to zero position and tabulate your results as in table-2.2.

Vin=
No. of rotations of Speed in
Brake Tachogenerator
S.No low Speed Shaft rev/min
Position volts (Vg)
(a) N=30×a

Vin=
No. of rotations of Speed in
Brake Tachogenerator
S.No low Speed Shaft rev/min
Position volts (Vg)
(a) N=30×a

Table-2.2: Armature control d.c Motor Torque Characteristic

Now reset the brake back to maximum position and reduce the input voltage so that the motor is slowly
rotating. Take readings over the brake range tabulating the further results. Plot the two sets of results,
as in figure-2.2 (b), of speed against torque for the two input voltage values.

Conclusion/Comments:

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 Laboratory Tutorial#3
3.1. Objective: To show how rotary potentiometers mounted on the output and input of a positional
control system can generate an error signal.

3.2. Equipment Required: Following equipment is required to perform above task.

Quantity Apparatus

1 OU150A Operation Amplifier Unit

1 PS150E Power Supply

1 IP150H Input potentiometer Unit

1 OP150K Output Potentiometer Unit

1 Multimeter

3.3. Approximate Time Required: One to two Hours

3.4. Prerequisites: Laboratory Tutorialt#1.

3.5. Discussion

In any closed loop system error is calculated by taking the difference of input and output of the system.
In this assignment we will use summing amplifier to produce error signal. In setting up the experiment,
care has to be taken initially to set the amplifier output to as near zero as possible. If as in figure-3.1 we
make V2 the opposite polarity to V1 on connecting these voltages to the amplifier the output voltage
would be:

Vo   A(V1  V2 )

Figure-3.1: Summing Amplifier

We now have a device that can compare two voltages and unless one voltage is exactly the opposite
potential of the other, the amplifier will have an output proportional to the difference.

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If the inputs V1 and V2 are supplied from circular potentiometers with their sliders coupled to a cursor
traversing a dial marked in degrees, we can add together the input voltages to form a simple ‘error
channel’ to represent the difference in angular position of the two cursors.

Figure-3.2: Error Channel Set Up

Set up the units as in figure-3.2 but do not yet connect the two amplifier input leads.

1.6 Experimental Set Up

Set the feedback selector switch to 100KΩ resistor. Connect the voltmeter to the output of the
Operational amplifier, adjust the zero set so that the output of the amplifier becomes as near to zero as
possible.

Before connecting the two sliders into the operational amplifier inputs make certain that

 The resistance between slider (3) and the input terminal (1) is same on both input and output
potentiometers for all angular positions. If not, then loosen the dial and make an adjustment.

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  As in figure-3.2, connect the rotary potentiometer with opposite polarities. This is very important
otherwise the signals when summed will not cancel.

Input Output
potentiometer potentiometer
S.No V 1- V 2 Vo
i V1 o V2

Table-3.1: Error Channel Analysis

Now set the angular position of input and output potentiometers to zero and tabulate the readings, as in
table-3.1. Rotate the two cursors to 30˚ and note the reading again. Repeat the same procedure for
some arbitrary angular positions and tabulate the readings.

An important constant in an error channel is the ‘error factor’ Ke which gives the volts/degrees of
misalignment. In a position control system the misalignment would be between input and output shafts,
represented in this experiment by the positions of the cursors.

Conclusion/ Comments:

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 Laboratory Tutorial#4
4.1. Objective: To show how an automatic position control system works.

4.2. Equipment Required: Following equipment is required to perform above task.

Quantity Apparatus

1 OU150A Operation Amplifier Unit

1 AU150B Attenuator Unit

1 PA150C Pre-amplifier Unit

1 SA150D Servo Amplifier

1 PS150E Power Supply

1 MT150F Motor-Tacho Unit

1 IP150H Input potentiometer Unit

1 OP150K Output Potentiometer Unit

1 Multimeter

4.3. Approximate Time Required: Two Hours

4.4. Prerequisites: Laboratory Tutorialt#1 and Laboratory Tutorial#3.

4.5. Discussion

In laboratory tutorial#3 we saw how rotary potentiometers could generate an error signal to show the
misalignment of the output cursor with that of the input cursor. Now if the output potentiometer is
mounted on the shaft of the geared motor, we would have the basis of an automatic position control
system. That is, we use the error signal to drive the motor in a direction such as to reduce the
misalignment to zero, as shown in figure-4.2. In previous laboratory tutorial we found that the error
signal could vary from positive to negative. On examining the field windings we found that one transistor
would energise one winding for drive in one direction and other would cause reverse rotation. Now the
pre-amplifier is able to provide this type of control because if there is a positive voltage on either of its
inputs, then one of its outputs becomes positive, whilst if one of its inputs becomes negative, then the
other output becomes positive.

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 Figure-4.1: Block Diagram of Position Control System

Figure-4.2: Position Control System

4.5. Experimental Set Up

We shall utilize the error signal (output Vo of the operational amplifier) to drive the output
potentiometer via the pre-amplifier and the d.c motor, as shown in figure-4.3. The potentiometer on the
Attenuator unit can now be used as a gain control and should initially be set to zero before switching on

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the power. The slider should be connected to the input of the pre-amplifier. With the gain set to zero
adjust the pre-amplifier zero so that motor does not rotate.

Figure-4.3: Closed loop position control system set up

Now set the input potentiometer to some arbitrary angle and increase the attenuator setting. The
output shaft should rotate to an angle nearly equal to that of the input shaft. If the output cursor stops
before arriving at the set position (i.e. system has steady state error) adjust the gain using attenuator
unit so that the difference between input position and the output position is minimized. This could
introduce overshoots in the system’s response or can even make the system unstable. Change the input
position to several arbitrary angles and tabulate the results in following table.
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 Input Output
Misalignment
S.No potentiometer potentiometer
( o  i )
i o

Table-4.1: Position control System

Conclusion/ Comments: