PRACTICE TEST 21/2

A. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
I.Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
1. There was no one downstairs; so he turned off the lights again and decided that she ..................
imagined things.
A. must have B. should have C. can’t have D. needn’t have I
2. Little Deon: “This herb smells horrible!” "
"Mommy:________ , it will do you a power of good.
A. Be that as it máy B. Come what may .
c. How much horrible is it D. Whatever it smells I
3.I’ve told him not to go out with those people, but he wouldn’t listen.
Just let him face the music now.
A. Many a time B. Many the time C. Quite a time D. For a time
4. ______ as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell.
A. That we refer to B. What we refer to
C. To which we refer D. What do we refer to
5...............the water clear but also prevent the river from overflowing.
A. Not only the hippo’s eating habits keep B.Keep not only the hippo’s eating habits.
C.. The hippo’s eating habits not only keep D.Not only keep the hippo’s eating habits
6. Computer are said to be....................for the development of mankind.
A. here today B. here and there
c. here to stay D. neither here nor there
7.Did the minister approve the building plans?- Not really, he turned them down................. that the costs
were too high.
A. in case B. provided C. on the grounds D. supposing
8.It was such a loud noise_________everyone in the house
A. as to wake B. that to wake C. soas to wake D. that waking
9.Everything looks very positive for the company, .....................the current investors I do not default on their
agreements.
A. assuming that B.whether C. whereas D. as if
10.Probably no man had more effect ..............on the daily lives of most people in the United States .
A. as Henry Ford, a pioneer in automobile production.
B. rather than Henry Ford, a pioneer in automobile production
C. than did Henry Ford, a pioneer in automobile production.
D. more than Henry Ford, a pioneer in automobile production.
11. ........................the invention of thè steam engine,-most forms of transport were horse-drawn. .
A. With reference B.. Akin C. Prior to D. in addition to
12.Suppose she __________that outrageous story circulating around the office she’d be.furious!”
-A. has heard B. were heard C. would hear D. had heard
13.I’d rather you..................a noise last night; I couldn’t get to sleep.
A. wouldn’t make B. didn’t make C. haven’t made D. hadn’t made
14. A new generation of performers, ..................... those who by now had become household name, honed
their skills before following the same path onto television.
A. no less talented than B. together with talented with
C. along with talented with D. having been more talented than
15. We all wished to be treated__________
A. as equal B. as equally C. as equals D. as equal as
16................... the US superiority af that time, it was probable that any threatened US response would have
deterred the Soviet Union.
A. If B. Given C. Although D. Since
17. Business has been thriving in the past year. Long _____it continue to do so.
A. could B.does C. may D. might
18.There is a large effort _________ to rebuild arts education in the New York city public schools. .
A. under way B. a long way C. out of the way D. in the way
19.My father refused to eat meat that had been fried. He had..................in his bonnet about it causing cancer.
A. a bug B. a bee C. a bull D. an ant
20.Peter was born and brought up in Hastings and knows it like the...
A. nose on his face B. tip of his tongue
C. back of his hand D. hair on his Head

II. WORD FORM

ANGER
We’ve all felt anger at some time, whether as faint annoyance or blind rage. Anger is a normal, sometime
useful human emotion, but uncontrolled (1. burst).....................of temper can be destructive. People who
give free rein to their anger, regardless of the (2. offend) .........................this may cause, haven’t learned to
express themselves (3. construct ).................,
says Martin Smolik, who runs weekend residential courses in anger management. ‘It is important to
maintain your (4. compose)........................ and put your case in an assertive, not aggressive manner without
hurting others. Being assertive doesn’t mean being pushy or demanding; it means being (5.
respect)..................of yourself and other people.’
He adds that people who are easily angered' are (6. tolerate) ...........................of frustration, inconvenience
or irritation and, not surprisingly:find relating to other people very difficult. But what causes people to
behave like this? It seems there is evidence to support the idea that some children may be born (7.
irritate).....................and prone to anger and this tendency is sometimes apparent from a very early age.
However, research also suggests that a person’s family (8. ground )............................., may have an
influence. Very often, people who are (9. temper.) .................and often find it difficult to express their
emotions come from (10. organize ).........................and disruptive families.

III. There are 10 errors in the following passage. Identify and correct them.
The Statue of Liberty is the famous statue that stands in Liberty Island in New York Harbour. At a
height of 151 feet, it is extremely tall. The statue was a gift to the United States from the people of France,
and over the years it had become a symbol of freedom. Many people think an American designed it, but it
was in fact created by a French artist, Frédéric Bartholdi.
The designer tried many designs and models, included children and animals, before he chose a female
figure, wearing a gown, and cloak, holding a torch high above his head. The statue’s body looks like a Greek
goddess. In the early drawings, the statue’s face was going to look like the president’s wife, and Bartholdi
decided, to copy the face of Charlotte Beysser, Bartholdi’s mother.
Bartholdi decided to make the skin of copper sheets. This was a good choice because the workmen
were able to lift and work with the sheets with no difficulty. He considered other cheaper metals bụt thought
they might be so hard to work with because of its weight.
On October 28th 1886, the President of the United States opened the Statue of Liberty in a ceremony in
front of a huge, exciting crowd. The President gave a long speech, and Bartholdi was asked to give one too
but he refused because he was a shy man. A fireworks display was delayed until November 1st because of
poor weather, but the parade went ahead as plan.

C. READING

I. Read the passage carefully and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) that best fits each space.
In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in research into happiness. The researchers have
(1) ...................a number of factors which contribute to a definition of happiness.
First of all, there is, in some people, a moderate genetic predisposition to be happy, in other words,
happiness (2) ..............in families. And happiness seems to correlate quite strongly with the main
dimensions of personalities: extroverts are generally happier, neurotics are less so.
Second, people often (3) .............good social relations as a reason for their happiness. In particular, friends
are a great (4) ...............of joy, partly because of the agreeable things they do together,
partlybecause of the way friends use positive non-verbal signals such as caressing and touching, to affirm
their friendship. Marriage and similar (5) ..........relationships can also form the basis of lasting happiness.
Third, job satisfaction undoubtedly (6) ...........overall satisfaction, and vice versa – perhaps this is why some
people are happy in boring jobs: it works in both ways. Job satisfaction is caused not only by the essential
nature of the work, but also by social interactions with co-workers. Unemployment, on the contrary,
can be a serious cause of unhappiness.
Fourth, leisure is important because it is more under individual (7) ............than most other causes of
happiness. Activities (8).............sport and music, and participation in voluntary work and social clubs
of various kinds, can give great joy. This is partly because of the (9).............themselves, but also because of
the social support of other group members – it is very strong (10) ...........the case of religious groups.
1: A. fallen back down B. gone in for C. come up with D. got down to
2: A. runs B. arrives C. goes D. descends
3: A. explain B. prefer C. talk D. report
4: A. source B. origin C. base D. meaning
5: A. near B. tight C. close D. heavy
6: A. consists of B. applies to C. counts on D. contributes to
7: A. check B. power C. choice D. control
8: A. so B. such C. like D. thus
9: A. facilities B. activities C. exercises D. amenities
10: A. by B. for C. in D. with

II. Read the passage and chose the best answer.

MORE GOOD THAN EVIL?
It is a commonly held belief that today’s teens are in trouble. They spend hours communicating via
social network sites instead of socializing in person and send countless text messages that are in a virtually
unrecognizable language. In a study analyzing today’s youth- in the digital world, renowned scientist, Susan
Greenfield, laments: “We are raising a generation of children who are shallow, thrill-seeking and in danger
of detaching themselves from reality.” In spite of such pessimistic beliefs, recent research seems to indicate
that social network sites may not be as detrimental as some may think.
A crucial point is that we need to maintain a broader perspective. New technologies have always
provoked generational panic, which usually has more to do with adult fears than any real harm they may do.
In the 1930s, parents worried that radio was taking over the lives of their children. In the 60s, the great
danger was the television and then in the 80s, the-Sony Walkman was claimed to be turning teens into
mindless zombies.
In fact, social scientists who study young people have found that technology and the digital world can
essentially benefit today's youth. It seems that if teens use a lot of social media, it has no negative effect on
their engaging in face-to- face contact. Actually, the evidence suggests that the most avid texters áre also
the kids most likely to spend time with friends in person. One form of socializing doesn't replace the other.
It augments it. Then, as the young get older and are given more freedom, they often ease up on. Social
networking. Early on, the web is their own personal space, but by their late teens, it is replaced as they
acquire greater independence.
But isn’t all this short-form writing, eroding language skills? Studies of first- year college papers from
1917s show that this is not the case. The rates of grammar and vocabulary errors by these freshmen in their
compositions were the same as in the ones written by their modern counterparts. There is one essential
difference, however. Student essays have blossomed in size and complexity. They are now six times longer
and offer arguments supported by a wealth of evidence. Why? Because computers have vastly increased the
ability of students to gather research, consider different points of view and write more analytically.
If truth be told, the online world also offers kids remarkable opportunities to become literate and creative
because young people can now publish ideas not just to their circle of friends, but to the whole world. And it
turns out that when they write for strangers, it makes them work harder, push themselves further, and create
powerful new communicative forms.
1. What is meant by the phrase virtually unrecognizable in the first paragraph?
A. Teenagers use foreign languages when they speak or write,
B. Teenagers are very creative when they communicate with one another:
C. Teenagers enjoy taking on a different identity when they communicate.
D. The language used in text messages has been greatly altered.
2. Why is Susan Greenfield quoted in the first paragraph?
A. She has teenage children who use computers.
B. She strongly contradicts what society: believes.
 C. Her research supports that teens are negatively affected by today’s technology..
D. She believes more information is needed to draw conclusions.
3. According to Susan Greenfield, what may be a consequence of teens using technology?
A. They may become overly cynical about their.lives.
B. They may not be connected to what is happening around them.
C. They may not find pleasure in exciting activities.
D. They may not grow up into mature adults.
4. Why does the author use examples from past decades?
A. to prove that technology has always been harmful
B. to argue that new inventions always seem suspicious ‘
C. to show that teenagers will never obey their parents
D. to present a trend that is getting more, dangerous
5. The author implies that a teen who uses a cell phone frequently is ___
A. less athletic B. a poor student
C. highly introverted D. more sociable
6. The word augments in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to___
A. substitutes for B. adds to C. explains D. decreases
7. What happens when teenagers get older?
A. They don’t need personal space anymore.
B. Their studies become more important to them than their social lives.
C. The digital world becomes increasingly important to them.
D.They do not participate in social networks as much.
8. What does the word counterparts in the fourth paragraph refer to? '
A. compositions B. first-year college students
C. grammar and vocabulary errors D. language skills
9. How does a modem college freshman’s paper compare to one from 1917?
A.It has almost no linguistic errors. B.It has the same amount of content.
C.It has a less complicated writing style. D.It is based on more information.
10. What is the author’s view of social networks?
A.Their access must be strictly controlled by parents.
B.They play a positive role in young people’s lives.
C. They are detrimental to young people’s relationships.
D.They have evolved faster than most people realize.

III. Questions 28-36. The text has nine paragraphs, A-I.

How Babies Learn Language
During the first year of a child’s life, parents and carers are concerned with its physical development; during
the second year, they watch the baby’s language development very carefully. It is interesting just how easily
children learn a language. Children who are just three or four years old, who cannot yet tie their shoelaces,
are able to speak in full sentences without any specific language training.
The current view of child language development is that it is an instinct – something as natural as eating or
sleeping. According to experts in this area, this language instinct is innate – something each of us is born
with. But this prevailing view has not always enjoyed widespread acceptance.

In the middle of last century, experts of the time, including a renowned professor at Harvard University in
the United States, regarded child language development as the process of learning through mere repetition.
Language “habits” developed as young children were rewarded for repeating language correctly and ignored
or punished when they used incorrect forms of language. Over time, a child, according to this theory, would
learn a language much like a dog might learn to behave properly through training.

Yet even though the modern view holds that language is instinctive, experts like Assistant Professor Lise
Eliot are convinced that the interaction a child has with its parents and caregivers is crucial to its
developments. The language of the parents and caregivers act as models for the developing child. In fact, a
baby’s day-to-day experience is so important that the child will learn to speak in a manner very similar to
the model speakers it hears.
Given that the models' parents provide are so important, it is interesting to consider the role of “baby talk” in
the child’s language development. Baby talk is the language produced by an adult speaker who is trying to
exaggerate certain aspects of the language to capture the attention of a young baby.

Dr Roberta Golinkoff believes that babies benefit from baby talk. Experiments show that immediately after
birth babies respond more to infant-directed talk than they do to adult-directed talk. When using baby talk,
people exaggerate their facial expressions, which helps the baby to begin to understand what is being
communicated. She also notes that the exaggerated nature and repetition of baby talk helps infants to learn
the difference between sounds. Since babies have a great deal of information to process, baby talk helps.
Although there is concern that baby talk may persist too long, Dr Golinkoff says that it stops being used as
the child gets older, that is, when the child is better able to communicate with the parents.

Professor Jusczyk has made a particular study of babies” ability to recognise sounds and says they recognise
the sound of their own names as early as four and a half months. Babies know the meaning of Mummy and
Daddy by about six months, which is earlier than was previously believed. By about nine months, babies
begin recognizing frequent patterns in language. A baby will listen longer to the sounds that occur
frequently, so it is good to frequently call the infant by its name.

An experiment at Johns Hopkins University in the USA, in which researchers went to the homes of 16 nine-
month-olds, confirms this view. The researchers arranged their visits for ten days out of a two week period.
During each visit, the researcher played an audio tape that included the same three stories. The stories
included odd words such as “python” or “hornbill”, words that were unlikely to be encountered in the
babies’ everyday experience. After a couple of weeks during which nothing was done, the babies were
brought to the research lab, where they listened to two recorded lists of words. The first list included words
heard in the story. The second included similar words, but not the exact ones that were used in the stories.

Jusczyk found the babies listened longer to the words that had appeared in the stories, which indicated that
the babies had extracted individual words from the story. When a control group of 16 nine-month-olds, who
had not heard the stories, listened to the two groups of words, they showed no preference for either list.

This does not mean that the babies actually understand the meanings of the words, just the sound patterns. It
supports the idea that people are born to speak, and have the capacity to learn language from the day they
are born. This ability is enhanced if they are involved in a conversation. And, significantly, Dr Eliot reminds
parents that babies and toddlers need to feel they are communicating. Clearly, sitting in front of the
television is not enough; the baby must be having an interaction with another speaker.
Questions 29-34
Complete the summary below.

Choose no more than THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS from the passage.

Write answers in boxes 29-34 on your answer sheet.

The study of 29 ................... in very young children has changed considerably in the last 50 years. It has
been established that children can speak independently at age 30 ..................., and that this ability is innate.
The child will, in fact, follow the speech patterns and linguistic behaviour of its carers and parents who act
as 31 ...................

Babies actually benefit from “baby talk”, in which adults 32 ................... both sounds and facial expressions.
Babies’ ability to 33 ................... sound patterns rather than words comes earlier than was previously
thought. It is very important that babies are included in 34 ................... .
Questions 35-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage “How babies
learn  language”?
In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet write

    YES    if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

    NO    if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
    NOT GIVEN    if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

35.  Children can learn their first language without being taught.
36.  From the time of their birth, humans seem to have an ability to learn languages.
37.  According to experts in the 1950s and ’60s, language learning is very similar to the training of animals.
38.  Repetition in language learning is important, according to Dr Eliot.
39.  Dr Golinkoff is concerned that “baby talk” is spoken too much by some parents.
40.  The first word a child learns to recognise is usually “Mummy” or “Daddy”.

Rewrite the sentences with the given words or beginning in such way that their meanings remain
unchanged.
1. Wash vegetables before eating them.
Vegetables...........................................................................................................
2.New road developments pose a major threat to these ancient woodlands.
These ancient ....................................................................................................
3.You will have to give up the whole idea.
I have no ..........................................................................................................
4.He had a strong impulse to open the letter.
He couldn’t resist.................................................................................................
5.It can be conclude from the research, heart diseases correlate with smoking.
The research shows a.................................................................................................