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Mechanics of Materials 6th edition beer solution Chapter 1

Mechanical engineering (Sakarya Üniversitesi)

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CHAPTER 1

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PROBLEM 1.1

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and

loaded as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress must not
exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC, determine the
smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.

SOLUTION
(a) Rod AB

P = 40 + 30 = 70 kN = 70 × 103 N
P P 4P
σ AB = = π
=
AAB d
4 1
2
π d12

4P (4)(70 × 103 )
d1 = = = 22.6 × 10−3 m d1 = 22.6 mm 
πσ AB π (175 × 106 )
(b) Rod BC

P = 30 kN = 30 × 103 N
P P 4P
σ BC = = π
=
ABC d
4 2
2
π d 22

4P (4)(30 × 103 )
d2 = = = 15.96 × 10−3 m d 2 = 15.96 mm 
πσ BC π (150 × 106 )

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PROBLEM 1.2

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded
as shown. Knowing that d1 = 50 mm and d 2 = 30 mm, find the average
normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.

SOLUTION
(a) Rod AB

P = 40 + 30 = 70 kN = 70 × 103 N
π π
A= d12 = (50) 2 = 1.9635 × 103 mm 2 = 1.9635 × 10−3 m 2
4 4
P 70 × 103
σ AB = = −3
= 35.7 × 106 Pa σ AB = 35.7 MPa 
A 1.9635 × 10

(b) Rod BC

P = 30 kN = 30 × 103 N
π π
A= d 22 = (30)2 = 706.86 mm 2 = 706.86 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
P 30 × 103
σ BC = = −6
= 42.4 × 106 Pa σ BC = 42.4 MPa 
A 706.86 × 10

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PROBLEM 1.3

Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together

at B and loaded as shown. Determine the magnitude of the
force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB is twice the
magnitude of the compressive stress in rod BC.

SOLUTION

π
AAB = (2) 2 = 3.1416 in 2
4
P P
σ AB = =
AAB 3.1416
= 0.31831 P
π
ABC = (3)2 = 7.0686 in 2
4
(2)(30) − P
σ BC =
AAB
60 − P
= = 8.4883 − 0.14147 P
7.0686
Equating σ AB to 2σ BC
0.31831 P = 2(8.4883 − 0.14147 P) P = 28.2 kips 

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PROBLEM 1.4

In Prob. 1.3, knowing that P = 40 kips, determine the

average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB,
(b) rod BC.

PROBLEM 1.3 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC

are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Determine
the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress
in rod AB is twice the magnitude of the compressive
stress in rod BC.

SOLUTION

(a) Rod AB

P = 40 kips (tension)

π d AB
2
π (2) 2
AAB = = = 3.1416 in 2
4 4
P 40
σ AB = = σ AB = 12.73 ksi 
AAB 3.1416
(b) Rod BC

F = 40 − (2)(30) = −20 kips, i.e., 20 kips compression.

π d BC
2
π (3) 2
ABC = = = 7.0686 in 2
4 4
F −20
σ BC = = σ BC = −2.83 ksi 
ABC 7.0686

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PROBLEM 1.5

Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm-

diameter high-strength steel bolts fitting snugly inside cylindrical
brass spacers. Knowing that the average normal stress must not
exceed 200 MPa in the bolts and 130 MPa in the spacers,
determine the outer diameter of the spacers that yields the most
economical and safe design.

SOLUTION

At each bolt location the upper plate is pulled down by the tensile force Pb of the bolt. At the same time, the
spacer pushes that plate upward with a compressive force Ps in order to maintain equilibrium.

Pb = Ps

Fb 4Pb π
For the bolt, σb = = or Pb = σ bdb2
Ab π db2 4

Ps 4Ps π
For the spacer, σs = = or Ps = σ s (d s2 − db2 )
As π (d s2 − db2 ) 4

Equating Pb and Ps ,

π π
σ bdb2 = σ s (d s2 − db2 )
4 4
 σb   200 
ds = 1 + d = 1 + 130  (16) d s = 25.2 mm 
 σs  b  

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PROBLEM 1.6

Two brass rods AB and BC, each of uniform diameter, will be brazed
together at B to form a nonuniform rod of total length 100 m, which will
be suspended from a support at A as shown. Knowing that the density of
brass is 8470 kg/m3, determine (a) the length of rod AB for which the
maximum normal stress in ABC is minimum, (b) the corresponding
value of the maximum normal stress.

SOLUTION

π
Areas: AAB = (15 mm)2 = 176.71 mm 2 = 176.71 × 10−6 m 2
4
π
ABC = (10 mm) 2 = 78.54 mm 2 = 78.54 × 10−6 m 2
4
From geometry, b = 100 − a

Weights: WAB = ρ g AAB AB = (8470)(9.81)(176.71 × 10−6 ) a = 14.683 a

WBC = ρ g ABC  BC = (8470)(9.81)(78.54 × 10−6 )(100 − a) = 652.59 − 6.526 a
Normal stresses:
At A, PA = WAB + WBC = 652.59 + 8.157a (1)
PA
σA = = 3.6930 × 106 + 46.160 × 103 a
AAB

At B, PB = WBC = 652.59 − 6.526a (2)

PB
σB = = 8.3090 × 106 − 83.090 × 103 a
ABC

(a) Length of rod AB. The maximum stress in ABC is minimum when σ A = σ B or

4.6160 × 106 − 129.25 × 103 a = 0

a = 35.71 m  AB = a = 35.7 m 

(b) Maximum normal stress.

σ A = 3.6930 × 106 + (46.160 × 103 )(35.71)

σ B = 8.3090 × 106 − (83.090 × 103 )(35.71)
σ A = σ B = 5.34 × 106 Pa σ = 5.34 MPa 

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PROBLEM 1.7

Each of the four vertical links has an 8 × 36-mm uniform rectangular

cross section and each of the four pins has a 16-mm diameter.
Determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in the
links connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.

SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as a free body.

ΣM C = 0 : (0.040) FBD − (0.025 + 0.040)(20 × 103 ) = 0

FBD = 32.5 × 103 N Link BD is in tension.
3
ΣM B = 0 : − (0.040) FCE − (0.025)(20 × 10 ) = 0
FCE = −12.5 × 103 N Link CE is in compression.

Net area of one link for tension = (0.008)(0.036 − 0.016) = 160 × 10−6 m 2.

For two parallel links, A net = 320 × 10−6 m 2

FBD 32.5 × 103

(a) σ BD = = = 101.56 × 106 σ BD = 101.6 MPa 
Anet 320 × 10−6

Area for one link in compression = (0.008)(0.036) = 288 × 10−6 m 2.

For two parallel links, A = 576 × 10−6 m 2

FCE −12.5 × 103

(b) σ CE = = = −21.70 × 10−6 σ CE = −21.7 MPa 
A 576 × 10−6

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PROBLEM 1.8

Knowing that the link DE is 18 in. thick and 1 in. wide, determine
the normal stress in the central portion of that link when
(a) θ = 0°, (b) θ = 90°.

SOLUTION

Use member CEF as a free body.

Σ M C = 0 : − 12 FDE − (8)(60 sin θ ) − (16)(60 cos θ ) = 0

FDE = −40 sin θ − 80 cos θ lb.

1
ADE = (1)   = 0.125 in.2
8
F
σ DE = DE
ADE

(a) θ = 0: FDE = −80 lb.

−80
σ DE = σ DE = −640 psi 
0.125

(b) θ = 90°: FDE = −40 lb.

−40
σ DE = σ DE = −320 psi 
0.125

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PROBLEM 1.9

Link AC has a uniform rectangular cross section 161 in.

thick and 14 in. wide. Determine the normal stress in the
central portion of the link.

SOLUTION

Free Body Diagram of Plate

Note that the two 240-lb forces form a couple of moment

(240 lb)(6 in.) = 1440 lb ⋅ in.

Σ M B = 0 : 1440 lb ⋅ in − ( FAC cos 30°)(10 in.) = 0

FAC = 166.277 lb.

 1  1 
Area of link: AAC =  in.  in.  = 0.015625 in.2
 16  4 
FAC 166.277
Stress: σ AC = = = 10640 psi σ AC = 10.64 ksi 
AAC 0.015625

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PROBLEM 1.10

Three forces, each of magnitude P = 4 kN, are applied to

the mechanism shown. Determine the cross-sectional area
of the uniform portion of rod BE for which the normal
stress in that portion is +100 MPa.

SOLUTION

Draw free body diagrams of AC and CD.

Free Body CD: ΣM D = 0: 0.150P − 0.250C = 0

C = 0.6P
Free Body AC: M A = 0: 0.150 FBE − 0.350P − 0.450P − 0.450C = 0
1.07
FBE = P = 7.1333 P = (7.133)(4 kN) = 28.533 kN
0.150
FBE
Required area of BE: σ BE =
ABE
FBE 28.533 × 103
ABE = = = 285.33 × 10−6 m 2
σ BE 100 × 106

ABE = 285 mm 2 

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PROBLEM 1.11

The frame shown consists of four wooden members, ABC,

DEF, BE, and CF. Knowing that each member has a 2 × 4-in.
rectangular cross section and that each pin has a 1/2-in.
diameter, determine the maximum value of the average
normal stress (a) in member BE, (b) in member CF.

SOLUTION


Add support reactions to figure as shown.
Using entire frame as free body,

ΣM A = 0: 40 Dx − (45 + 30)(480) = 0
Dx = 900 lb.

 Use member DEF as free body.

Reaction at D must be parallel to FBE and FCF .

4
Dy = Dx = 1200 lb.
3
4 
ΣM F = 0: − (30)  FBE  − (30 + 15) DY = 0
 5 
FBE = −2250 lb.
4 
ΣM E = 0: (30)  FCE  − (15) DY = 0
5 
FCE = 750 lb.

Stress in compression member BE

Area: A = 2 in × 4 in = 8 in 2

FBE −2250
(a) σ BE = = σ BE = −281 psi 
A 8
Minimum section area occurs at pin.

Amin = (2)(4.0 − 0.5) = 7.0 in 2

FCF 750
Stress in tension member CF (b) σ CF = = σ CF =107.1 psi 
Amin 7.0

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PROBLEM 1.12

For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, determine the
average normal stress in member BE, knowing that the cross-
sectional area of that member is 5.87 in2.

SOLUTION


Use entire truss as free body.
ΣM H = 0: (9)(80) + (18)(80) + (27)(80) − 36 Ay = 0
Ay = 120 kips

Use portion of truss to the left of a section cutting members

BD, BE, and CE.
12
+ ↑ Σ Fy = 0: 120 − 80 − FBE = 0 ∴ FBE = 50 kips
 15
 FBE 50 kips
σ BE = =
A 5.87 in 2

σ BE = 8.52 ksi 

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PROBLEM 1.13

An aircraft tow bar is positioned by means of a single

hydraulic cylinder connected by a 25-mm-diameter steel
rod to two identical arm-and-wheel units DEF. The mass
of the entire tow bar is 200 kg, and its center of gravity
is located at G. For the position shown, determine the
normal stress in the rod.

SOLUTION


FREE BODY – ENTIRE TOW BAR:

W = (200 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 1962.00 N

Σ M A = 0 : 850 R − 1150(1962.00 N) = 0

 R = 2654.5 N

FREE BODY – BOTH ARM & WHEEL UNITS:

100
tan α = α = 8.4270°
675
Σ M E = 0 : ( FCD cos α )(550) − R(500) = 0
500
FCD = (2654.5 N)
550 cos 8.4270°
= 2439.5 N (comp.)
FCD 2439.5 N
σ CD = − =−
 ACD π (0.0125 m) 2

= −4.9697 × 106 Pa σ CD = −4.97 MPa 

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PROBLEM 1.14

A couple M of magnitude 1500 N ⋅ m is applied to the crank of an

engine. For the position shown, determine (a) the force P required to
hold the engine system in equilibrium, (b) the average normal stress in
the connecting rod BC, which has a 450-mm2 uniform cross section.

SOLUTION

Use piston, rod, and crank together as free body. Add wall reaction H
and bearing reactions Ax and Ay.

Σ M A = 0 : (0.280 m) H − 1500 N ⋅ m = 0
H = 5.3571 × 103 N

Use piston alone as free body. Note that rod is a two-force member;
hence the direction of force FBC is known. Draw the force triangle
and solve for P and FBE by proportions.

l = 2002 + 602 = 208.81 mm

P 200
= ∴ P = 17.86 × 103 N
 H 60
(a) P = 17.86 kN 

FBC 208.81
= ∴ FBC = 18.643 × 103 N
H 60
Rod BC is a compression member. Its area is

450 mm 2 = 450 × 10−6 m 2

Stress,
− FBC −18.643 × 103
σ BC = = = −41.4 × 106 Pa
A 450 × 10−6

(b) σ BC = −41.4 MPa 

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PROBLEM 1.15

When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen shown failed in
shear along the surface indicated by the dashed line. Determine the
average shearing stress along that surface at the time of failure.

SOLUTION

Area being sheared: A = 90 mm × 15 mm = 1350 mm 2 = 1350 × 10−6 m 2

Force: P = 8 × 103 N

P 8 × 103
Shearing stress: τ = − = 5.93 × 106 Pa τ = 5.93 MPa 
A 1350 × 10−6

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PROBLEM 1.16

The wooden members A and B are to be joined by plywood splice

plates, that will be fully glued on the surfaces in contact. As part of
the design of the joint, and knowing that the clearance between the
ends of the members is to be 14 in., determine the smallest allowable
length L if the average shearing stress in the glue is not to exceed
120 psi.

SOLUTION
There are four separate areas that are glued. Each of these areas transmits one half the 5.8 kip force. Thus
1 1
F = P = (5.8) = 2.9 kips = 2900 lb.
2 2

Let l = length of one glued area and w = 4 in. be its width.

For each glued area, A = lw
F F
Average shearing stress: τ = =
A lw
The allowable shearing stress is τ = 120 psi

F 2900
Solving for l, l = = = 6.0417 in.
τ w (120)(4)
1
Total length L: L = l + (gap) + l = 6.0417 + + 6.0417 L = 12.33 in. 
4

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PROBLEM 1.17

A load P is applied to a steel rod supported as shown by an

aluminum plate into which a 0.6-in.-diameter hole has been
drilled. Knowing that the shearing stress must not exceed
18 ksi in the steel rod and 10 ksi in the aluminum plate,
determine the largest load P that can be applied to the rod.

SOLUTION

For steel: A1 = π dt = π (0.6)(0.4)

= 0.7540 in 2

P
τ1 = ∴ P = A1τ1 = (0.7540)(18)
A
= 13.57 kips

For aluminum: A2 = π dt = π (1.6)(0.25) = 1.2566 in 2

P
τ2 = ∴ P = A2τ 2 = (1.2566)(10) = 12.57 kips
A2
Limiting value of P is the smaller value, so P = 12.57 kips 

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PROBLEM 1.18

Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick and 160 mm

wide, are joined by the glued mortise joint shown.
Knowing that the joint will fail when the average
shearing stress in the glue reaches 820 kPa, determine
the smallest allowable length d of the cuts if the joint is
to withstand an axial load of magnitude P = 7.6 kN.

SOLUTION

Seven surfaces carry the total load P = 7.6 kN = 7.6 × 103.

Let t = 22 mm.
Each glue area is A = dt

P P 7.6 × 103
τ = A= = = 1.32404 × 10−3 m 2
7A 7τ (7)(820 × 103 )
= 1.32404 × 103 mm 2
A 1.32404 × 103
d = = = 60.2 d = 60.2 mm 
t 22

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PROBLEM 1.19

The load P applied to a steel rod is distributed to a timber support by an annular

washer. The diameter of the rod is 22 mm and the inner diameter of the washer
is 25 mm, which is slightly larger than the diameter of the hole. Determine the
smallest allowable outer diameter d of the washer, knowing that the axial normal
stress in the steel rod is 35 MPa and that the average bearing stress between the
washer and the timber must not exceed 5 MPa.

SOLUTION

π
Steel rod: A = (0.022) 2 = 380.13 × 10−6 m 2
4

σ = 35 × 106 Pa
P = σ A = (35 × 106 )(380.13 × 10−6 )
= 13.305 × 103 N

Washer: σ b = 5 × 106 Pa

Required bearing area:

P 13.305 × 103
Ab = = = 2.6609 × 10−3 m 2
σb 5 × 106

π
But, Ab = (d 2 − di2 )
4
4 Ab
d 2 = di2 +
π
(4)(2.6609 × 10−3 )
= (0.025)2 +
π
−3 2
= 4.013 × 10 m

d = 63.3 × 10−3 m d = 63.3 mm 

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PROBLEM 1.20

The axial force in the column supporting the timber beam shown is
P = 20 kips. Determine the smallest allowable length L of the bearing
plate if the bearing stress in the timber is not to exceed 400 psi.

SOLUTION

Bearing area: Ab = Lw

P P
σb = =
Ab Lw
P 20 × 103
L= = = 8.33 in. L = 8.33 in. 
σ b w (400)(6)

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PROBLEM 1.21

An axial load P is supported by a short W8 × 40 column of cross-

sectional area A = 11.7 in.2 and is distributed to a concrete foundation
by a square plate as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress in
the column must not exceed 30 ksi and that the bearing stress on the
concrete foundation must not exceed 3.0 ksi, determine the side a of
the plate that will provide the most economical and safe design.

SOLUTION

P
For the column σ = or
A
P = σ A = (30)(11.7) = 351 kips

For the a × a plate, σ = 3.0 ksi

P 351
A= = = 117 in 2
σ 3.0

Since the plate is square, A = a 2

a = A = 117 a = 10.82 in. 

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PROBLEM 1.22

A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that is

supported by a concrete footing resting on undisturbed soil.
Determine (a) the maximum bearing stress on the concrete
footing, (b) the size of the footing for which the average bearing
stress in the soil is 145 kPa.

SOLUTION

(a) Bearing stress on concrete footing.

P = 40 kN = 40 × 103 N
A = (100)(120) = 12 × 103 mm 2 = 12 × 10−3 m 2
P 40 × 103
σ = = = 3.333 × 106 Pa 3.33 MPa 
A 12 × 10−3

(b) Footing area. P = 40 × 103 N σ = 145 kPa = 45 × 103 Pa

P P 40 × 103
σ = A= = = 0.27586 m 2
A σ 145 × 103

Since the area is square, A = b 2

b= A = 0.27586 = 0.525 m b = 525 mm 

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PROBLEM 1.23

A 58 -in.-diameter steel rod AB is fitted to a round hole near end C of

the wooden member CD. For the loading shown, determine (a) the
maximum average normal stress in the wood, (b) the distance b for
which the average shearing stress is 100 psi on the surfaces indicated
by the dashed lines, (c) the average bearing stress on the wood.

SOLUTION
(a) Maximum normal stress in the wood
 5
Anet = (1)  4 −  = 3.375 in.2
 8
P 1500
σ = = = 444 psi σ = 444 psi 
Anet 3.375

(b) Distance b for τ = 100 psi

For sheared area see dotted lines.
P P
τ = =
A 2bt
P 1500
b= = = 7.50 in. b = 7.50 in. 
2tτ (2)(1)(100)
(c) Average bearing stress on the wood
P P 1500
σb = = = = 2400 psi σ b = 2400 psi 
Ab dt 5
  (1)
8

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PROBLEM 1.24

Knowing that θ = 40° and P = 9 kN, determine (a) the smallest

allowable diameter of the pin at B if the average shearing stress in
the pin is not to exceed 120 MPa, (b) the corresponding average
bearing stress in member AB at B, (c) the corresponding average
bearing stress in each of the support brackets at B.

SOLUTION

Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isoseles triangle with angles shown here.

Use joint A as a free body.

Law of sines applied to force triangle

P FAB FAC
= =
sin 20° sin110° sin 50°
P sin110°
FAB =
sin 20°
(9)sin110°
= = 24.73 kN
sin 20°

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PROBLEM 1.24 (Continued)

(a) Allowable pin diameter.

FAB F 2 FAB
τ = = πAB 2 = where FAB = 24.73 × 103 N
2 AP 24d πd 2

2 FAB (2)(24.73 × 103 )

d2 = = = 131.18 × 10−6 m 2
πτ π (120 × 10 )
6

d = 11.45 × 10−3 m 11.45 mm 

(b) Bearing stress in AB at A.
Ab = td = (0.016)(11.45 × 10−3 ) = 183.26 × 10−6 m 2
FAB 24.73 × 103
σb = = = 134.9 × 106 134.9 MPa 
Ab 183.26 × 10−6
(c) Bearing stress in support brackets at B.

A = td = (0.012)(11.45 × 10−3 ) = 137.4 × 10−6 m 2

1 FAB (0.5)(24.73 × 103 )
σb = 2
= = 90.0 × 106 90.0 MPa 
A 137.4 × 10−6

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PROBLEM 1.25

Determine the largest load P which may be applied at A when θ = 60°,

knowing that the average shearing stress in the 10-mm-diameter pin at
B must not exceed 120 MPa and that the average bearing stress in
member AB and in the bracket at B must not exceed 90 MPa.

SOLUTION
Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isoseles triangle with angles shown here.

Use joint A as a free body.

Law of sines applied to force triangle

P FAB FAC
= =
sin 30° sin 120° sin 30°
FAB sin 30°
P= = 0.57735 FAB
sin 120°
FAC sin 30°
P= = FAC
sin 30°

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PROBLEM 1.25 (Continued)

If shearing stress in pin at B is critical,
π π
A= d2 = (0.010) 2 = 78.54 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FAB = 2 Aτ = (2)(78.54 × 10−6 )(120 × 106 ) = 18.850 × 103 N
If bearing stress in member AB at bracket at A is critical,

Ab = td = (0.016)(0.010) = 160 × 10−6 m 2

FAB = Abσ b = (160 × 10−6 )(90 × 106 ) = 14.40 × 103 N
If bearing stress in the bracket at B is critical,

Ab = 2td = (2)(0.012)(0.010) = 240 × 10−6 m 2

FAB = Abσ b = (240 × 10−6 )(90 × 106 ) = 21.6 × 103 N

Allowable FAB is the smallest, i.e., 14.40 × 103N

Then from Statics Pallow = (0.57735)(14.40 × 103 )

= 8.31 × 103 N 8.31 kN 

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PROBLEM 1.26

Link AB, of width b = 50 mm and thickness t = 6 mm, is used to support

the end of a horizontal beam. Knowing that the average normal stress in
the link is − 140 MPa, and that the average shearing stress in each of the
two pins is 80 MPa, determine (a) the diameter d of the pins, (b) the
average bearing stress in the link.

SOLUTION
Rod AB is in compression.
A = bt where b = 50 mm and t = 6 mm

A = (0.050)(0.006) = 300 × 10−6 m 2

P = −σ A = −(−140 × 106 )(300 × 10−6 )
= 42 × 103 N

For the pin,

π P
Ap = d2 and τ =
4 Ap

P 42 × 103
Ap = = = 525 × 10−6 m 2
τ 80 × 106
(a) Diameter d

4 Ap (4)(525 × 10 −6 )
d = = = 2.585 × 10−3 m d = 25.9 mm 
π π

P 42 × 103
(b) Bearing stress σb = = = 271 × 106 Pa σ b = 271 MPa 
dt (25.85 × 10−3 )(0.006)

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PROBLEM 1.27

For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.7, determine (a) the average
shearing stress in the pin at B, (b) the average bearing stress at B in
member BD, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member ABC, knowing
that this member has a 10 × 50-mm uniform rectangular cross section.

PROBLEM 1.7 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 × 36-mm uniform
rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a 16-mm diameter.
Determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in the links
connecting (a) points B and D, (b) points C and E.

SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as a free body.

ΣM C = 0 : (0.040) FBD − (0.025 + 0.040)(20 × 103 ) = 0

FBD = 32.5 × 103 N

FBD
(a) Shear pin at B τ = for double shear,
2A
π π
where A= d2 = (0.016) 2 = 201.06 × 10−6 m 2
4 4

32.5 × 103
τ = = 80.8 × 106 τ = 80.8 MPa 
(2)(201.06 × 10−6 )

(b) Bearing: link BD A = dt = (0.016)(0.008) = 128 × 10−6 m 2

1 FBD (0.5)(32.5 × 103 )
σb = 2
= −6
= 126.95 × 106 σ b = 127.0 MPa 
A 128 × 10

(c) Bearing in ABC at B A = dt = (0.016)(0.010) = 160 × 10−6 m 2

FBD 32.5 × 103

σb = = −6
= 203 × 106 σ b = 203 MPa 
A 160 × 10

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PROBLEM 1.28

The hydraulic cylinder CF, which partially controls the position of rod
DE, has been locked in the position shown. Member BD is 58 in. thick
and is connected to the vertical rod by a 83 -in.-diameter bolt.
Determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolt, (b) the bearing
stress at C in member BD.

SOLUTION
Use member BCD as a free body, and note that AB is a two force member.

l AB = 82 + 1.82 = 8.2 in.

 8   1.8 
ΣM C = 0: (4 cos 20°)  FAB  − (4sin 20°)  FAB 
 8.2   8.2 
−(7 cos 20°)(400sin 75°) − (7sin 20°)(400 cos 75°) = 0
3.36678FAB − 2789.35 = 0 ∴ FAB = 828.49 lb

1.8
ΣFx = 0: − FAB + Cx + 400cos 75° = 0
8.2
(1.8)(828.49)
Cx = − 400cos 75° = 78.34 lb
8.2
8
ΣFy = 0: − FAB + C y − 400sin 75° = 0
8.2
(8)(828.49)
Cy = + 400sin 75° = 1194.65 lb
8.2
C = Cx2 + C y2 = 1197.2 lb

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PROBLEM 1.28 (Continued)

2
π 2 π 3
(a) Shearing stress in the bolt: P = 1197.2 lb A= d =   = 0.11045 in 2
4 4 8

P 1197.2
τ = = = 10.84 × 103 psi = 10.84 ksi 
A 0.11045
 3  5 
(b) Bearing stress at C in member BCD: P = 1197.2 lb Ab = dt =    = 0.234375 in 2
 8  8 
P 1197.2
σb = = = 5.11 × 103 psi = 5.11 ksi 
Ab 0.234375

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PROBLEM 1.29

The 1.4-kip load P is supported by two wooden members of uniform cross section
that are joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Determine the normal and
shearing stresses in the glued splice.

SOLUTION

P = 1400 lb θ = 90° − 60° = 30°

A0 = (5.0)(3.0) = 15 in 2
P cos 2 θ (1400)(cos 30°)2
σ = = σ = 70.0 psi 
A0 15

P sin 2θ (1400)sin 60°

τ = = τ = 40.4 psi 
2 A0 (2)(15)

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PROBLEM 1.30

Two wooden members of uniform cross section are joined by the simple scarf
splice shown. Knowing that the maximum allowable tensile stress in the glued
splice is 75 psi, determine (a) the largest load P that can be safely supported, (b)
the corresponding shearing stress in the splice.

SOLUTION

A0 = (5.0)(3.0) = 15 in 2
θ = 90° − 60° = 30°
P cos 2 θ
σ =
A0

σ A0 (75)(15)
(a) P= = = 1500 lb P = 1.500 kips 
cos θ
2
cos 2 30°
P sin 2θ (1500)sin 60°
(b) τ = = τ = 43.3 psi 
2 A0 (2)(15)

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PROBLEM 1.31

Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are

joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that
P = 11 kN, determine the normal and shearing stresses in the glued
splice.

SOLUTION
θ = 90° − 45° = 45°
P = 11 kN = 11 × 103 N
A0 = (150)(75) = 11.25 × 103 mm 2 = 11.25 × 10−3 m 2
P cos 2 θ (11 × 103 ) cos 2 45°
σ = = −3
= 489 × 103 Pa σ = 489 kPa 
A0 11.25 × 10

P sin 2θ (11 × 103 )(sin 90°)

τ = = = 489 × 103 Pa τ = 489 kPa 
2 A0 (2)(11.25 × 10−3 )

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PROBLEM 1.32

Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are

joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that the
maximum allowable shearing stress in the glued splice is 620 kPa,
determine (a) the largest load P that can be safely applied, (b) the
corresponding tensile stress in the splice.

SOLUTION

θ = 90° − 45° = 45°

A0 = (150)(75) = 11.25 × 103 mm 2 = 11.25 × 10−3 m2
τ = 620 kPa = 620 × 103 Pa
P sin 2θ
τ =
2 A0

2 A0τ (2)(11.25 × 10−3 )(620 × 103 )

(a) P= =
sin2θ sin 90°
= 13.95 × 103 N P = 13.95 kN 

P cos 2 θ (13.95 × 103 )(cos 45°)2

(b) σ = =
A0 11.25 × 10−3

= 620 × 103 Pa σ = 620 kPa 

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PROBLEM 1.33

A steel pipe of 12-in. outer diameter is fabricated from 14 -in.-thick plate by

welding along a helix that forms an angle of 25° with a plane perpendicular
to the axis of the pipe. Knowing that the maximum allowable normal and
shearing stresses in the directions respectively normal and tangential to the
weld are σ = 12 ksi and τ = 7.2 ksi, determine the magnitude P of the
largest axial force that can be applied to the pipe.

SOLUTION

1
do = 12 in. ro = d o = 6 in.
2
ri = ro − t = 6 − 0.25 = 5.75 in.
A0 = π (ro2 − ri2 ) = π (62 − 5.752 ) = 9.228 in 2
θ = 25°
P
Based on σ = 12 ksi: σ = cos 2 θ
A0

A0σ (9.228)(12 × 103 )

P= = = 134.8 × 103 lb
cos 2 θ cos 2 25°
P
Based on τ = 7.2 ksi: τ = sin 2θ
2 A0

2 A0τ (2)(9.288)(7.2 × 103 )

P= = = 174.5 × 103 lb
sin 2θ sin 50°
The smaller calculated value of P is the allowable value.

P = 134.8 × 103 lb P = 134.8 kips 

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PROBLEM 1.34

A steel pipe of 12-in. outer diameter is fabricated from 14 -in.-thick plate by

welding along a helix that forms an angle of 25° with a plane perpendicular
to the axis of the pipe. Knowing that a 66 kip axial force P is applied to the
pipe, determine the normal and shearing stresses in directions respectively
normal and tangential to the weld.

SOLUTION

1
do = 12 in. ro = d o = 6 in.
2
ri = ro − t = 6 − 0.25 = 5.75 in.
A0 = π (ro2 − ri2 ) = π (62 − 5.752 ) = 9.228 in 2
θ = 25°
P cos 2 θ (66 × 103 ) cos 2 25°
Normal stress: σ = = = 5875 psi σ = 5.87 ksi 
A0 9.228

P sin 2θ (66 × 103 )sin 50°

Shearing stress: τ = = = 2739 psi τ = 2.74 ksi 
2 A0 (2)(9.228)

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PROBLEM 1.35

A 1060-kN load P is applied to the granite block shown. Determine the

resulting maximum value of (a) the normal stress, (b) the shearing stress.
Specify the orientation of the plane on which each of these maximum
values occurs.

SOLUTION

A0 = (140 mm)(140 mm) = 19.6 × 103 mm 2 = 19.6 × 10−3 m 2

P = 1060 × 103 N
P 1060 × 103
σ = cos 2 θ = −3
cos 2 θ = 54.082 × 106 cos 2 θ
A0 19.6 × 10

(a) Maximum tensile stress = 0 at θ = 90°.

Maximum compressive stress = 54.1 × 106 at θ = 0°. |σ |max = 54.1 MPa 
(b) Maximum shearing stress:
P 1060 × 103
τ max = = = 27.0 × 106 Pa at θ = 45°. τ max = 27.0 MPa 
2 A0 (2)(19.6 × 10−3 )

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PROBLEM 1.36

A centric load P is applied to the granite block shown. Knowing that the
resulting maximum value of the shearing stress in the block is 18 MPa,
determine (a) the magnitude of P, (b) the orientation of the surface on
which the maximum shearing stress occurs, (c) the normal stress exerted on
that surface, (d) the maximum value of the normal stress in the block.

SOLUTION

A0 = (140 mm)(140 mm) = 19.6 × 103 mm 2 = 19.6 × 10−3 m 2

τ max = 18 MPa = 18 × 106 Pa
θ = 45° for plane of τ max
|P|
(a) Magnitude of P. τ max = so P = 2 A0 τ max
2 A0

P = (2)(19.6 × 10−3 )(18 × 106 ) = 705.6 × 103 N P = 706 kN 

(b) Orientation. sin 2θ is maximum when 2θ = 90° θ = 45° 
(c) Normal stress at θ = 45°.
P cos 2 θ (705.8 × 103 ) cos 2 45°
σ = = = 18.00 × 106 Pa σ = 18.00 MPa 
A0 19.6 × 10−3

P
(d) Maximum normal stress: σ max =
A0

705.8 × 103
σ max = = 36.0 × 106 Pa
19.6 × 10−3
σ max = 36.0 MPa (compression) 

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PROBLEM 1.37

Link BC is 6 mm thick, has a width w = 25 mm, and is made of a steel with

a 480-MPa ultimate strength in tension. What was the safety factor used if
the structure shown was designed to support a 16-kN load P?

SOLUTION
Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BC is a two-force member.

ΣM A = 0:
(480) FBC − (600) P = 0
600 (600)(16 × 103 )
FBC = P= = 20 × 103 N
480 480
Ultimate load for member BC: FU = σ U A

FU = (480 × 106 )(0.006)(0.025) = 72 × 103 N

FU 72 × 103
Factor of safety: F.S. = = F.S. = 3.60 
FBC 20 × 103

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PROBLEM 1.38

Link BC is 6 mm thick and is made of a steel with a 450-MPa ultimate

strength in tension. What should be its width w if the structure shown is
being designed to support a 20-kN load P with a factor of safety of 3?

SOLUTION
Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BC is a two-force member.

ΣM A = 0:
(480) FBC − 600 P = 0
600 P (600)(20 × 103 )
FBC = = = 25 × 103 N
480 480
For a factor of safety F.S. = 3, the ultimate load of member BC is

FU = (F.S.)( FBC ) = (3)(25 × 103 ) = 75 × 103 N

FU 75 × 103
But FU = σ U A ∴A = = = 166.67 × 10−6 m 2
σU 450 × 106

A 166.67 × 10−6
For a rectangular section A = wt or w = =
t 0.006

w = 27.8 × 10−3 m or 27.8 mm 

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PROBLEM 1.39

A 34 -in.-diameter rod made of the same material as rods AC and AD in

the truss shown was tested to failure and an ultimate load of 29 kips was
recorded. Using a factor of safety of 3.0, determine the required diameter
(a) of rod AC, (b) of rod AD.

SOLUTION
Forces in AC and AD.
Joint C: 1
ΣFy = 0: FAC − 10 kips = 0
5
FAC = 22.36 kips T

Joint D: 1
ΣFy = 0: FAD − 10 kips = 0
17
FAD = 41.23 kips T

PU 29 kips
Ultimate stress. From test on 3
-in. rod: σU = = 1 3 2 = 65.64 ksi
4
A 4
π (4)

σU 65.64 ksi
Allowable stress: σ all = = = 21.88 ksi
F .S . 3.0
FAC 4FAC 4(22.36)
(a) Diameter of rod AC. σ all = d2 = = = 1.301 d = 1.141 in. 
1 πd2
4
πσ all π (21.88)

4 FAD 4(41.23)
(b) Diameter of rod AD. d2 = = = 2.399 d = 1.549 in. 
πσ all π (21.88)

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PROBLEM 1.40

In the truss shown, members AC and AD consist of rods made of the

same metal alloy. Knowing that AC is of 1-in. diameter and that the
ultimate load for that rod is 75 kips, determine (a) the factor of safety
for AC, (b) the required diameter of AD if it is desired that both rods
have the same factor of safety.

SOLUTION
Forces in AC and AD.
Joint C: 1
ΣFy = 0: FAC − 10 kips = 0
5
FAC = 22.36 kips T

Joint D: 1
ΣFy = 0: FAD − 10 kips = 0
17
FAD = 41.23 kips T

PU 75 kips
(a) Factor of safety for AC. F.S. = F.S. = F.S. = 3.35 
FAC 22.36 kips

(b) For the same factor of safety in AC and AD, σ AD = σ AC .

FAD F
= AC
AAD AAC
FAD 41.23 π 2
AAD = AAC = (1) = 1.4482 in 2
FAC 22.36 4

4 AAD (4)(1.4482)
Required diameter: d AD = = d AD = 1.358 in. 
π π

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PROBLEM 1.41

Link AB is to be made of a steel for which the ultimate normal stress is

450 MPa. Determine the cross-sectional area for AB for which the
factor of safety will be 3.50. Assume that the link will be adequately
reinforced around the pins at A and B.

SOLUTION

P = (1.2)(8) = 9.6 kN

ΣM D = 0 : −(0.8)( FAB sin 35°)

+ (0.2)(9.6) + (0.4)(20) = 0

FAB = 21.619 kN = 21.619 × 103 N

FAB σ
σ AB = = ult
AAB F. S .
( F. S.) FAB (3.50)(21.619 × 103 )
AAB = =
σ ult 450 × 106
= 168.1 × 10−6 m 2 AAB = 168.1 mm 2 

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PROBLEM 1.42

A steel loop ABCD of length 1.2 m and of 10-mm diameter is placed as

shown around a 24-mm-diameter aluminum rod AC. Cables BE and DF,
each of 12-mm diameter, are used to apply the load Q. Knowing that the
ultimate strength of the steel used for the loop and the cables is 480 MPa
and that the ultimate strength of the aluminum used for the rod is
260 MPa, determine the largest load Q that can be applied if an overall
factor of safety of 3 is desired.

SOLUTION

Using joint B as a free body and considering symmetry,

3 6
2⋅ FAB − Q = 0 Q = FAB
5 5
Using joint A as a free body and considering symmetry,
4
2⋅ FAB − FAC = 0
5
8 5 3
⋅ Q − FAC = 0 ∴ Q = FAC
5 6 4
Based on strength of cable BF:
π π
QU = σ U A = σ U d 2 = (480 × 106 ) (0.012) 2 = 54.29 × 103 N
4 4
Based on strength of steel loop:
6 6 6 π
QU = FAB, U = σ U A = σ U d 2
5 5 5 4
6 π
= (480 × 106 ) (0.010) 2 = 45.24 × 103 N
5 4
Based on strength of rod AC:
3 3 3 π 3 π
QU = FAC , U = σ U A = σ U d 2 = (260 × 106 ) (0.024) 2 = 88.22 × 103 N
4 4 4 4 4 4

Actual ultimate load QU is the smallest, ∴ QU = 45.24 × 103 N

QU 45.24 × 103
Allowable load: Q= = = 15.08 × 103 N Q = 15.08 kN 
F. S . 3

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PROBLEM 1.43
Two wooden members shown, which support a 3.6 kip load, are joined
by plywood splices fully glued on the surfaces in contact. The ultimate
shearing stress in the glue is 360 psi and the clearance between the
members is 14 in. Determine the required length L of each splice if a
factor of safety of 2.75 is to be achieved.

SOLUTION

There are 4 separate areas of glue. Let l be the length of each area and w = 5 in. its width. Then the area
is A = lw.
Each glue area transmits one half of the total load.
1
F =   (3.6 kips) = 1.8 kips
2
Required ultimate load for each glue area:
FU = ( F . S .) F = (2.75)(1.8) = 4.95 kips
Required length of each glue area:

FU = τ U A = τ U lw
FU 4.95 × 103
l = = = 2.75 in.
τU w (360)(5)

1
Total length of splice: L=l+ in. + l
4
L = 2.75 + 0.25 + 2.75 L = 5.75 in. 

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PROBLEM 1.44

Two plates, each 18 in. thick, are used to splice a plastic strip as shown.
Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress of the bonding between the
surface is 130 psi, determine the factor of safety with respect to shear
when P = 325 lb.

SOLUTION

Bond area: (See figure)

1
A= (2.25)(0.75) + (2.25)(0.625) = 2.25 in 2
2
PU = 2 AτU = (2)(2.25)(130) = 585 lb.

PU 585
F. S . = = = 1.800 
P 325

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PROBLEM 1.45

A load P is supported as shown by a steel pin that has been inserted in a

short wooden member hanging from the ceiling. The ultimate strength of
the wood used is 60 MPa in tension and 7.5 MPa in shear, while the
ultimate strength of the steel is 145 MPa in shear. Knowing that
b = 40 mm, c = 55 mm, and d = 12 mm, determine the load P if an
overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired.

SOLUTION
Based on double shear in pin:
π
PU = 2 AτU = 2 d 2τ U
4
π
= (2)(0.012)2 (145 × 106 ) = 32.80 × 103 N
4
Based on tension in wood:
PU = Aσ U = w (b − d )σ U
= (0.040)(0.040 − 0.012)(60 × 106 )
= 67.2 × 103 N
Based on double shear in the wood:

PU = 2 AτU = 2wcτU = (2)(0.040)(0.055)(7.5 × 106 )

= 33.0 × 103 N

Use smallest PU = 32.8 × 103 N

PU 32.8 × 103
Allowable: P= = = 10.25 × 103 N 10.25 kN 
F .S. 3.2

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PROBLEM 1.46

For the support of Prob. 1.45, knowing that the diameter of the pin is
d = 16 mm and that the magnitude of the load is P = 20 kN, determine
(a) the factor of safety for the pin, (b) the required values of b and c if the
factor of safety for the wooden members is the same as that found in part a
for the pin.

PROBLEM 1.45 A load P is supported as shown by a steel pin that has

been inserted in a short wooden member hanging from the ceiling. The
ultimate strength of the wood used is 60 MPa in tension and 7.5 MPa in
shear, while the ultimate strength of the steel is 145 MPa in shear.
Knowing that b = 40 mm, c = 55 mm, and d = 12 mm, determine the
load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.2 is desired.

SOLUTION

P = 20 kN = 20 × 103 N

π π
(a) Pin: A= d2 = (0.016) 2 = 2.01.06 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
P P
Double shear: τ = τU = U
2A 2A

PU = 2 AτU = (2)(201.16 × 10−6 )(145 × 106 ) = 58.336 × 103 N

PU 58.336 × 103
F .S . = = F .S . = 2.92 
P 20 × 103

(b) Tension in wood: PU = 58.336 × 103 N for same F.S.

PU PU
σU = = where w = 40 mm = 0.040 m
A w(b − d )

PU 58.336 × 103
b=d + = 0.016 + = 40.3 × 10−3 m b = 40.3 mm 
wσ U 6
(0.040)(60 × 10 )

Shear in wood: PU = 58.336 × 103 N for same F.S.

PU P
Double shear; each area is A = wc τU = = U
2 A 2wc

PU 58.336 × 103
c= = = 97.2 × 10−3 m c = 97.2 mm 
2wτU (2)(0.040)(7.5 × 106 )

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PROBLEM 1.47

Three steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to a wooden beam.
Knowing that the plate will support a 110-kN load, that the ultimate shearing
stress for the steel used is 360 MPa, and that a factor of safety of 3.35 is desired,
determine the required diameter of the bolts.

SOLUTION

110
For each bolt, P= = 36.667 kN
3

Required: PU = ( F. S.) P = (3.35)(36.667) = 122.83 kN

PU P 4P
τU = = π U 2 = U2
A 4
d πd

4PU (4)(122.83 × 103 )

d = = = 20.8 × 10−3 m d = 20.8 mm 
πτU π (360 × 106 )

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PROBLEM 1.48

Three 18-mm-diameter steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to
a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a 110-kN load and that the
ultimate shearing stress for the steel used is 360 MPa, determine the factor of
safety for this design.

SOLUTION

π π
For each bolt, A= d2 = (18) 2 = 254.47 mm 2 = 254.47 × 10−6 m 2
4 4

PU = Aτ U = (254.47 × 10−6 )(360 × 106 )

= 91.609 × 103 N

For the three bolts, PU = (3)(91.609 × 103 ) = 274.83 × 103 N

Factor of safety:
PU 274.83 × 103
F. S . = = F. S . = 2.50 
P 110 × 103

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PROBLEM 1.49

A steel plate 165 in. thick is embedded in a horizontal concrete slab and is
used to anchor a high-strength vertical cable as shown. The diameter of
the hole in the plate is 34 in., the ultimate strength of the steel used is 36 ksi,
and the ultimate bonding stress between plate and concrete is 300 psi.
Knowing that a factor of safety of 3.60 is desired when P = 2.5 kips,
determine (a) the required width a of the plate, (b) the minimum depth b
to which a plate of that width should be embedded in the concrete slab.
(Neglect the normal stresses between the concrete and the lower end of
the plate.)

SOLUTION
Based on tension in plate:

A = (a − d )t
PU = σ U A
PU σ (a − d )t
F .S . = = U
P P

Solving for a,
( F .S .) P 3 (3.60)(2.5)
a =d + = +
σU t 4 (36) 165 ( )
(a) a = 1.550 in. 
Based on shear between plate and concrete slab,
A = perimeter × depth = 2(a + t )b τU = 0.300 ksi
PU
PU = τ U A = 2τ U (a + t )b F .S. =
P
( F .S.) P (3.6)(2.5)
Solving for b, b= =
2(a + t )τU (
(2) 1.550 + 165 (0.300) )
(b) b = 8.05 in. 

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PROBLEM 1.50

Determine the factor of safety for the cable anchor in Prob. 1.49 when
P = 3 kips, knowing that a = 2 in. and b = 7.5 in.

PROBLEM 1.49 A steel plate 165 in, thick is embedded in a horizontal

concrete slab and is used to anchor a high-strength vertical cable as
shown. The diameter of the hole in the plate is 34 in., the ultimate
strength of the steel used is 36 ksi, and the ultimate bonding stress
between plate and concrete is 300 psi. Knowing that a factor of safety of
3.60 is desired when P = 2.5 kips, determine (a) the required width a
of the plate, (b) the minimum depth b to which a plate of that width
should be embedded in the concrete slab. (Neglect the normal stresses
between the concrete and the lower end of the plate.)

SOLUTION
Based on tension in plate:

A = (a − d )t
 3  5 
=  2 −   = 0.3906 in 2
 4  16 

PU = σ U A
= (36)(0.3906) = 14.06 kips

PU 14.06
F .S . = = = 4.69
P 3

Based on shear between plate and concrete slab:

 5
A = perimeter × depth = 2(a + t )b = 2  2 +  (7.5)
 16 

A = 34.69 in 2 τU = 0.300 ksi

PU = τ U A = (0.300)(34.69) = 10.41 kips

PU 10.41
F .S . = = = 3.47
P 3
Actual factor of safety is the smaller value. F .S . = 3.47 

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PROBLEM 1.51

In the steel structure shown, a 6-mm-diameter pin

is used at C and 10-mm-diameter pins are used at B
and D. The ultimate shearing stress is 150 MPa at
all connections, and the ultimate normal stress is
400 MPa in link BD. Knowing that a factor of
safety of 3.0 is desired, determine the largest load P
that can be applied at A. Note that link BD is not
reinforced around the pin holes.

SOLUTION
Use free body ABC.

ΣM C = 0 : 0.280 P − 0.120 FBD = 0

3
P= FBD (1)
7
ΣM B = 0 : 0.160 P − 0.120 C = 0
3
P= C (2)
4
Tension on net section of link BD.
σU  400 × 106  −3 −3
FBD = σ Anet = Anet =  3
 (6 × 10 )(18 − 10)(10 ) = 6.40 × 10 N
F. S .  3 
Shear in pins at B and D.
τU π  150 × 106   π  −3 2
FBD = τ Apin = d 2 =  3
   (10 × 10 ) = 3.9270 × 10 N
F. S. 4  3  
4

Smaller value of FBD is 3.9270 × 103 N.

3
From (1) P =   (3.9270 × 103 ) = 1.683 × 103 N
7
τU π  150 × 106   π  −3 2
Shear in pin at C. C = 2τ Apin = 2 d 2 = (2)  3
   (6 × 10 ) = 2.8274 × 10 N
F. S. 4  3  
4
3
From (2) P =   (2.8274 × 103 ) = 2.12 × 103 N
4
Smaller value of P is allowable value. P = 1.683 × 103 N P = 1.683 kN 

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PROBLEM 1.52

Solve Prob. 1.51, assuming that the structure has

been redesigned to use 12-mm-diameter pins at B
and D and no other change has been made.

PROBLEM 1.51 In the steel structure shown, a

6-mm-diameter pin is used at C and 10-mm-
diameter pins are used at B and D. The ultimate
shearing stress is 150 MPa at all connections, and
the ultimate normal stress is 400 MPa in link BD.
Knowing that a factor of safety of 3.0 is desired,
determine the largest load P that can be applied
at A. Note that link BD is not reinforced around the
pin holes.

SOLUTION

Use free body ABC.

ΣM C = 0 : 0.280 P − 0.120 FBD = 0
3
P= FBD (1)
7
ΣM B = 0 : 0.160 P − 0.120 C = 0
3
P= C (2)
4
Tension on net section of link BD.
σU  400 × 106  −3 −3
FBD = σ Anet = Anet =  3
 (6 × 10 )(18 − 12)(10 ) = 4.80 × 10 N
F. S.  3 
Shear in pins at B and D.
τU π  150 × 106   π  −3 2
FBD = τ Apin = d 2 =  3
   (12 × 10 ) = 5.6549 × 10 N
F. S. 4  3   4 
Smaller value of FBD is 4.80 × 103 N.
3
From (1), P =   (4.80 × 103 ) = 2.06 × 103 N
7
τU π  150 × 106   π  −3 2
Shear in pin at C. C = 2τ Apin = 2 d 2 = (2)  3
   (6 × 10 ) = 2.8274 × 10 N
F. S. 4  3   4 
3
From (2), P =   (2.8274 × 103 ) = 2.12 × 103 N
4
Smaller value of P is the allowable value. P = 2.06 × 103 N P = 2.06 kN 

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PROBLEM 1.53

Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two horizontal members AD
and EG has a uniform rectangular cross section 14 in. thick and 1 in. wide,
and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of 60 ksi. The pins
at C and F each have a 12 -in. diameter and are made of a steel with an
ultimate strength in shear of 25 ksi. Determine the overall factor of safety for
the links CF and the pins connecting them to the horizontal members.

SOLUTION
Use member EFG as free body.

ΣM E = 0 : 16 FCF − (26)(2) = 0
FCF = 3.25 kips

Failure by tension in links CF. (2 parallel links)

Net section area for 1 link: A = (b − d ) t = (1 − 12 )( 14 ) = 0.125 in 2

FU = 2 Aσ U = (2)(0.125)(60) = 15 kips

Failure by double shear in pins.

2
π 2 π 1 2
A= d =   = 0.196350 in
4 42
FU = 2 AτU = (2)(0.196350)(25) = 9.8175 kips

Actual ultimate load is the smaller value. FU = 9.8175 kips

FU 9.8175
Factor of safety: F. S . = = F. S . = 3.02 
FCF 3.25

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PROBLEM 1.54

Solve Prob. 1.53, assuming that the pins at C and F have been replaced by pins
with a 34 -in diameter.

PROBLEM 1.53 Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two
horizontal members AD and EG has a uniform rectangular cross section 14 in.
thick and 1 in. wide, and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension
of 60 ksi. The pins at C and F each have a 12 -in. diameter and are made of a
steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 25 ksi. Determine the overall factor
of safety for the links CF and the pins connecting them to the horizontal
members.

SOLUTION

Use member EFG as free body.

ΣM E = 0 : 16 FCF − (26)(2) = 0
FCF = 3.25 kips
Failure by tension in links CF. (2 parallel links)

Net section area for 1 link: A = (b − d ) t = (1 − 34 )( 14 ) = 0.0625 in 2

FU = 2 Aσ U = (2)(0.0625)(60) = 7.5 kips

Failure by double shear in pins.
2
π π 3
A= d2 =   = 0.44179 in
2
4 44
FU = 2 AτU = (2)(0.44179)(25) = 22.09 kips

Actual ultimate load is the smaller value. FU = 7.5 kips

FU 7.5
Factor of safety: F. S . = = F. S . = 2.31 
FCF 3.25

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PROBLEM 1.55

In the structure shown, an 8-mm-diameter pin is

used at A, and 12-mm-diameter pins are used at B
and D. Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress is
100 MPa at all connections and that the ultimate
normal stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links
joining B and D, determine the allowable load P if
an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is desired.

SOLUTION
Statics: Use ABC as free body.
10
ΣM B = 0 : 0.20 FA − 0.18 P = 0 P= FA
9
10
ΣM A = 0 : 0.20 FBD − 0.38 P = 0 P= FBD
19
π π
Based on double shear in pin A: A = d2 = (0.008) 2 = 50.266 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(50.266 × 10−6 )
FA = = = 3.351 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FA = 3.72 × 103 N
9
π π
Based on double shear in pins at B and D: A = d2 = (0.012) 2 = 113.10 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(113.10 × 10−6 )
FBD = = = 7.54 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FBD = 3.97 × 103 N
19
Based on compression in links BD: For one link, A = (0.020)(0.008) = 160 × 10−6 m 2

2σ U A (2)(250 × 106 )(160 × 10−6 )

FBD = = = 26.7 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FBD = 14.04 × 103 N
19
Allowable value of P is smallest, ∴ P = 3.72 × 103 N P = 3.72 kN 

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PROBLEM 1.56

In an alternative design for the structure of Prob. 1.55, a

pin of 10-mm-diameter is to be used at A. Assuming that
all other specifications remain unchanged, determine the
allowable load P if an overall factor of safety of 3.0 is
desired.

PROBLEM 1.55 In the structure shown, an 8-mm-

diameter pin is used at A, and 12-mm-diameter pins are
used at B and D. Knowing that the ultimate shearing
stress is 100 MPa at all connections and that the ultimate
normal stress is 250 MPa in each of the two links joining
B and D, determine the allowable load P if an overall
factor of safety of 3.0 is desired.

SOLUTION

Statics: Use ABC as free body.

10
ΣM B = 0: 0.20 FA − 0.18 P = 0 P= FA
9
10
ΣM A = 0: 0.20 FBD − 0.38 P = 0 P= FBD
19
π π
Based on double shear in pin A: A = d2 = (0.010) 2 = 78.54 × 10−6 m 2
4 4

2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(78.54 × 10−6 )

FA = = = 5.236 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FA = 5.82 × 103 N
9
π π
Based on double shear in pins at B and D: A = d2 = (0.012) 2 = 113.10 × 10−6 m 2
4 4

2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(113.10 × 10−6 )

FBD = = = 7.54 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FBD = 3.97 × 103 N
19

Based on compression in links BD: For one link, A = (0.020)(0.008) = 160 × 10−6 m 2

2σ U A (2)(250 × 106 )(160 × 10−6 )

FBD = = = 26.7 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
P= FBD = 14.04 × 103 N
19

Allowable value of P is smallest, ∴ P = 3.97 × 103 N P = 3.97 kN 

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PROBLEM 1.57

The Load and Resistance Factor Design method is to be

used to select the two cables that will raise and lower a
platform supporting two window washers. The platform
weighs 160 lb and each of the window washers is
assumed to weigh 195 lb with equipment. Since these
workers are free to move on the platform, 75% of their
total weight and the weight of their equipment will be
used as the design live load of each cable. (a) Assuming
a resistance factor φ = 0.85 and load factors γ D = 1.2
and γ L = 1.5, determine the required minimum ultimate
load of one cable. (b) What is the conventional factor of
safety for the selected cables?

SOLUTION

γ D PD + γ L PL = φ PU
γ D PD + γ L PL
(a) PU =
φ
1  3 
(1.2)  × 160  + (1.5)  × 2 × 195 
=  2   4  PU = 629 lb 
0.85
Conventional factor of safety.
1
P = PD + PL = × 160 + 0.75 × 2 × 195 = 372.5 lb
2
PU 629
(b) F. S . = = F. S . = 1.689 
P 372.5

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PROBLEM 1.58

A 40-kg platform is attached to the end B of a 50-kg wooden

beam AB, which is supported as shown by a pin at A and by a
slender steel rod BC with a 12-kN ultimate load. (a) Using the
Load and Resistance Factor Design method with a resistance
factor φ = 0.90 and load factors γ D = 1.25 and γ L = 1.6,
determine the largest load that can be safely placed on the
platform. (b) What is the corresponding conventional factor
of safety for rod BC?

SOLUTION

3
ΣM A = 0 : (2.4) P − 2.4W1 − 1.2W2
5
5 5
∴ P = W1 + W2
3 6

For dead loading, W1 = (40)(9.81) = 392.4 N, W2 = (50)(9.81) = 490.5 N

5 5
PD =   (392.4) +   (490.5) = 1.0628 × 103 N
3 6
5
For live loading, W1 = mg W2 = 0 PL = mg
3
3 PL
From which m=
5 g

Design criterion. γ D PD + γ L PL = φ PU

φ PU − γ D PD (0.90)(12 × 103 ) − (1.25)(1.0628 × 10−3 )

PL = =
γL 1.6
= 5.920 × 103 N

3 5.92 × 103
(a) Allowable load. m= m = 362 kg 
5 9.81
Conventional factor of safety.

P = PD + PL = 1.0628 × 103 + 5.920 × 103 = 6.983 × 103 N

PU 12 × 103
(b) F. S . = = F. S . = 1.718 
P 6.983 × 103

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PROBLEM 1.59

A strain gage located at C on the surface of bone AB indicates that the average
normal stress in the bone is 3.80 MPa when the bone is subjected to two 1200-N
forces as shown. Assuming the cross section of the bone at C to be annular and
knowing that its outer diameter is 25 mm, determine the inner diameter of the
bone’s cross section at C.

SOLUTION

P P
σ = ∴ A=
A σ
π
Geometry: A= (d12 − d 22 )
4
4A 4P
d 22 = d12 − = d12 −
π πσ
(4)(1200)
d 22 = (25 × 10−3 ) 2 −
π (3.80 × 106 )
= 222.9 × 10−6 m 2
d 2 = 14.93 × 10−3 m d 2 = 14.93 mm 

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PROBLEM 1.60

Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the assembly

shown. Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each
connection, determine the maximum value of the average normal
stress (a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.

SOLUTION

Use joint B as free body.

Law of Sines
FAB FBC 10
= =
sin 45° sin 60° sin 95°
FAB = 7.3205 kips

FBC = 8.9658 kips

Link AB is a tension member.

Minimum section at pin. Anet = (1.8 − 0.8)(0.5) = 0.5 in 2

FAB 7.3205
(a) Stress in AB : σ AB = = σ AB = 14.64 ksi 
Anet 0.5

Link BC is a compression member.

Cross sectional area is A = (1.8)(0.5) = 0.9 in 2

− FBC −8.9658
(b) Stress in BC: σ BC = = σ BC = −9.96 ksi 
A 0.9

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PROBLEM 1.61

For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.60, determine (a) the average
shearing stress in the pin at C, (b) the average bearing stress at C in
member BC, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member BC.

PROBLEM 1.60 Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the
assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each
connection, determine the maximum value of the average normal stress
(a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.

SOLUTION

Use joint B as free body.

Law of Sines
FAB FBC 10
= = FBC = 8.9658 kips
sin 45° sin 60° sin 95°

FBC
(a) Shearing stress in pin at C. τ =
2 AP

π π
AP = d2 =
(0.8) 2 = 0.5026 in 2
4 4
8.9658
τ = = 8.92 τ = 8.92 ksi 
(2)(0.5026)

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PROBLEM 1.61 (Continued)

FBC
(b) Bearing stress at C in member BC. σ b =
A

A = td = (0.5)(0.8) = 0.4 in 2
8.9658
σb = = 22.4 σ b = 22.4 ksi 
0.4

FBC
(c) Bearing stress at B in member BC. σ b =
A

A = 2td = 2(0.5)(0.8) = 0.8 in 2

8.9658
σb = = 11.21 σ b = 11.21 ksi 
0.8

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PROBLEM 1.62

In the marine crane shown, link CD is known to have a

uniform cross section of 50 × 150 mm. For the loading
shown, determine the normal stress in the central portion
of that link.

SOLUTION

Weight of loading: W = (80 Mg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) = 784.8 kN

Free Body: Portion ABC

 M A = 0: FCD (15 m) − W (28 m) = 0

28 28
FCD = W = (784.8 kN)
15 15
FCD = +1465 kN

FCD +1465 × 103 N

σ CD = = = +195.3 × 106 Pa σ CD = +195.3 MPa 
A (0.050 m)(0.150 m)

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PROBLEM 1.63

Two wooden planks, each 12 in. thick and 9 in. wide, are
joined by the dry mortise joint shown. Knowing that the wood
used shears off along its grain when the average shearing
stress reaches 1.20 ksi, determine the magnitude P of the axial
load that will cause the joint to fail.

SOLUTION

Six areas must be sheared off when the joint fails. Each of these areas has dimensions 5
8
in. × 1
2
in., its area
being
5 1 5 2
A= × = in = 0.3125 in 2
8 2 16
At failure, the force carried by each area is

F = τ A = (1.20 ksi)(0.3125 in 2 ) = 0.375 kips

Since there are six failure areas,
P = 6F = (6)(0.375) P = 2.25 kips 

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PROBLEM 1.64

Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section of sides

a = 100 mm and b = 60 mm are joined by a simple glued joint as shown.
Knowing that the ultimate stresses for the joint are σ U = 1.26 MPa in
tension and τU = 1.50 MPa in shear, and that P = 6 kN, determine the
factor of safety for the joint when (a) α = 20°, (b) α = 35°,
(c) α = 45°. For each of these values of α, also determine whether the
joint will fail in tension or in shear if P is increased until rupture
occurs.

SOLUTION

Let θ = 90° − α as shown.

From the text book:
P P
σ = cos 2 θ τ = sin θ cos θ
A0 A0

P
or σ = sin 2 α (1)
A0

P
τ = sin α cos α (2)
A0

A0 = ab = (100 mm) (60 mm) = 6000 mm 2 = 6 × 10−3 m 2

σ U = 1.26 × 106 Pa τU = 1.50 × 106 Pa

Ultimate load based on tension across the joint:

σ U A0 (1.26 × 106 )(6 × 10−3 )

( PU )σ = =
sin 2 α sin 2 α
7560 7.56
= = kN
sin α
2
sin 2 α
Ultimate load based on shear across the joint:

τU A0 (1.50 × 106 )(6 × 10−3 )

( PU )τ = =
sin α cos α sin α cos α
9000 9.00
= = kN
sin α cos α sin α cos α

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PROBLEM 1.64 (Continued)

7.56
(a) α = 20° : ( PU )σ = = 64.63 kN
sin 2 20°
9.00
= ( PU )τ = = 28.00 kN
sin 20° cos 20°

The smaller value governs. The joint will fail in shear and PU = 28.00 kN.

PU 28.00
F .S . = = F .S . = 4.67 
P 6

7.56
(b) α = 35° : ( PU )σ = = 22.98 kN
sin 2 35°
9.00
( PU )τ = = 19.155 kN
sin 35° cos 35°

The joint will fail in shear and PU = 19.155 kN.

PU 19.155
F .S . = = F .S . = 3.19 
P 6

7.56
(c) α = 45°: ( PU )σ = = 15.12 kN
sin 2 45°
9.00
( PU )τ = = 18.00 kN
sin 45° cos 45°

The joint will fail in tension and PU = 15.12 kN.

PU 15.12
F .S . = = F .S . = 2.52 
P 6

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PROBLEM 1.65

Member ABC, which is supported by a pin and bracket at C and a cable

BD, was designed to support the 16-kN load P as shown. Knowing that
the ultimate load for cable BD is 100 kN, determine the factor of safety
with respect to cable failure.

SOLUTION
Use member ABC as a free body, and note that member BD is a two-force member.
ΣM c = 0 : ( P cos 40°)(1.2) + ( P sin 40°)(0.6)
− ( FBD cos 30°)(0.6)
− ( FBD sin 30°)(0.4) = 0
1.30493P − 0.71962FBD = 0

FBD = 1.81335 P = (1.81335)(16 × 103 ) = 29.014 × 103 N

FU = 100 × 103 N
FU 100 × 103
F. S . = = F. S . = 3.45 
FBD 29.014 × 103

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PROBLEM 1.66

The 2000-lb load can be moved along the beam BD to any position
between stops at E and F. Knowing that σ all = 6 ksi for the steel
used in rods AB and CD, determine where the stops should be
placed if the permitted motion of the load is to be as large as
possible.

SOLUTION

Permitted member forces:

2
 π  1 
AB : ( FAB ) max = σ all AAB = (6)   
 4  2 
= 1.17810 kips
2
 π  5 
CD : ( FCD ) max = σ all ACD = (6)   
 4  8 
= 1.84078 kips

Use member BEFD as a free body.

P = 2000 lb = 2.000 kips

ΣM D = 0 : − (60) FAB + (60 − x E) P = 0

60 FAB (60)(1.17810)
60 − xE = =
P 2.000
= 35.343 x E = 24.7 in. 

ΣM B = 0 : 60 FCD − x F P = 0 

60FCD (60)(1.84078)
xF = = x F = 55.2 in. 
P 2.000

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PROBLEM 1.67

Knowing that a force P of magnitude 750 N is applied to the pedal

shown, determine (a) the diameter of the pin at C for which the
average shearing stress in the pin is 40 MPa, (b) the corresponding
bearing stress in the pedal at C, (c) the corresponding bearing
stress in each support bracket at C.

SOLUTION

Draw free body diagram of BCD. Since BCD is a 3-force member, the reaction at C is directed toward
Point E, the intersection of the lines of action of the other two forces.

From geometry, CE = 3002 + 1252 = 325 mm

125
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : C − P = 0 C = 2.6 P = (2.6)(750) = 1950 N
325

1C 1C
2C (2)(1950)
(a) τ pin = 2
= 2
π d2
d = = = 5.57 × 10−3 m d = 5.57 mm 
Apin 4
πτ pin π (40 × 10 )
6

C C 1950
(b) σb = = = = 38.9 × 106 Pa σ b = 38.9 MPa 
Ab dt (5.57 × 10−3 )(9 × 10−3 )
1C
C 1950
(c) σb = 2
= = = 35.0 × 106 Pa σ b = 35.0 MPa 
Ab 2dt (2)(5.57 × 10−3 )(5 × 10−3 )

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PROBLEM 1.68

A force P is applied as shown to a steel reinforcing bar that has been

embedded in a block of concrete. Determine the smallest length L
for which the full allowable normal stress in the bar can be
developed. Express the result in terms of the diameter d of the bar,
the allowable normal stress σ all in the steel, and the average
allowable bond stress τ all between the concrete and the cylindrical
surface of the bar. (Neglect the normal stresses between the concrete
and the end of the bar.)

SOLUTION

For shear, A = π dL
P = τ all A = τ allπ dL

π
For tension, A= d2
4
π 
P = σ all A = σ all  d 2 
 4 
π
Equating, τ allπ dL = σ all d2
4
Solving for L, Lmin = σ alld/4τ all 

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PROBLEM 1.69

The two portions of member AB are glued together along a plane forming
an angle θ with the horizontal. Knowing that the ultimate stress for the
glued joint is 2.5 ksi in tension and 1.3 ksi in shear, determine the range of
values of θ for which the factor of safety of the members is at least 3.0.

SOLUTION

A0 = (2.0)(1.25) = 2.50 in.2

P = 2.4 kips
PU = ( F. S .) P = 7.2 kips

Based on tensile stress:

PU
σU = cos 2 θ
A0
σ U A0 (2.5)(2.50)
cos 2 θ = = = 0.86806
PU 7.2
cos θ = 0.93169 θ = 21.3° θ > 21.3°
PU P
Based on shearing stress: τU = sin θ cos θ = U sin 2θ
A0 2 A0

2 A0τU (2)(2.50)(1.3)
sin 2θ = = = 0.90278
PU 7.2

2θ = 64.52° θ = 32.3° θ < 32.3°

Hence, 21.3° < θ < 32.3° 

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PROBLEM 1.70

The two portions of member AB are glued together along a plane forming
an angle θ with the horizontal. Knowing that the ultimate stress for the glued
joint is 2.5 ksi in tension and 1.3 ksi in shear, determine (a) the value of θ for
which the factor of safety of the member is maximum, (b) the corresponding
value of the factor of safety. (Hint: Equate the expressions obtained for the
factors of safety with respect to normal stress and shear.)

SOLUTION

A0 = (2.0)(1.25) = 2.50 in 2

At the optimum angle, ( F. S.)σ = ( F. S .)τ

P σ U A0
Normal stress: σ = cos 2 θ ∴ PU ,σ =
A0 cos 2 θ

PU ,σ σ U A0
( F. S.)σ = =
P P cos 2 θ
P τU A0
Shearing stress: τ = sin θ cos θ ∴ PU ,τ =
A0 sin θ cos θ
PU ,τ τU A0
( F. S.)τ = =
P P sin θ cos θ

σ U A0 τ U A0
Equating: =
P cos θ2
P sin θ cos θ

sin θ τ 1.3
Solving: = tan θ = U = = 0.520 (a) θopt = 27.5° 
cos θ σU 2.5

σ U A0 (12.5)(2.50)
(b) PU = = = 7.94 kips
cos θ
2
cos 2 27.5°
PU 7.94
F. S . = = F. S . = 3.31 
P 2.4

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