Project Report on “Industrial Automation”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

Under Guidance of: Submitted By:

Mr. Praveen Chugh Md.Shamsher Ansari

(Associate Professor) 93059
ME-A (8th SEM)

Session 2009-2013

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Shri Ram College of Engineering & Management, Palwal

Affiliated to Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana).

Declaration of Originality and Compliance of Academics Ethics

I/We hereby declare that this project will contain literature survey and original work
by undersigned candidate/candidates, as part of their B.Tech studies.

All Information for the project will be obtained and presented in accordance with
academic rules and ethical conduct.

I/We also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I/We will be fully cited
and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work.

(Signature of on the job guide with date) (Signature of Students with date)

Mr. Praveen Chugh Md.Shamsher Ansari

(Training Guide) 93059

2
 Certificate

This training report is a genuine works by Mr. Md Shamsher Ansari, B.tech final
yr, from Shri Ram college of engg & mangt. The report was made under my
supervision, and I express my delight on it Successful completion. I also very
happy to have offered her guidance whenever it was required.

I wish her successful in all her future endeavors.

Mr. Surinder Kumar Md Shamsher Ansari

(HOD Mechanical) 930559
ME-A (8th SEM)

3
 Acknowledgment
I am thankful to the Institute “Rapid” for providing necessary facility to carry out my
training successfully. I’d also like to thank Er. Arun sing(M.E) and Er. Miss lofa (E.E),
for enduring support and guidance throughout the training I am very grateful to the
whole control and instrumentation Department for their support and guidance . Also, I
am highly obliged to the head of our training and placement cell Who provided me
such a great opportunity to do my summer training in a reputed institute like.

Rapid Systems & technologies pvt.ltd

ISO 9001-2008 Certified Company…

Mr. Praveen Chugh Md. Shamsher Ansari

(Internal Guide) 93059
ME-A (8th SEM)

4
PREFACE

It gives me an immense pleasure to submit this report as a part of practical training of 4 Months .Practical
training is the most important part of the engineering studies.

During the course of the training a trainee learns to correlate both the practical problem to the possible
theoretical knowledge or solution .This training record is prepared on the basis of my own experience gained
during my practical training. On the basis of information collected and guidance provide I had prepared a
comprehensive training report. This report contain the history,

Introduction, quality policy and description op PLC, SCADA, HMI, instrumentations

Md Shamsher Ansari

93059

ME-A (8th SEM)

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 6
Table of Content

S.No Particulars Page No.

1. Abbreviation 7

2. Automation
Introduction 8
Example of automation 8 to 9
Types of automation, industrial automation 10 to 13

3. Programmable logic controller PLC

Introduction, Relay 13
History of PLC, Advantages 14 to 15
Inside PLC, CPU, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, I/P Module 16 to 17
Output Module. Sensor, Actuator 18 to 19
Number system, decimal, binary 19 to 20
Converting binary to decimal, Bits, byte words.logic1, logic0 21 to 22
BCD, Hexadecimal, communication 23 to 24
PLC operation, Programming PLC, Ladder logic, Example 24 to 30

4. SCADA
Introduction 31
System concept 32
Tags, types of Tags, classification of tags 32 to 33
Alarm, System components, Salient features 34 to 35
Benefits SCADA/HMI, Recommend 35

5. HMI
Introduction, types, difference between 35 to 36

6. Instrumentation, Application of automation, plc SCADA 37 to 39

7. Conclusion 40
8. References 41

9. Bibliography 42
 General Abbreviation

PLC: Programmable logic controllers.

SCADA: Supervisory control and data acquisition.

I/P: Input

O/P: Output.

T-On: On timer.

T-Off: Off timer.

M: Memory Bits.

Q: Output in program.

MW: Memory words.

NO: Normally open.

NC: Normally closed.

DCS: Distributed Control System.

HMI: Human machine interference.

VFD: Variable Frequency Drive.

MD: Memory Double Word.

MB: Memory Byte

XIC: Examine If Closed

XIO: Examine If Open

 7

AUTOMATION

Introduction
Automation is the use of control system such as computers to control industrial machinery & process,
reducing for need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization,

Automation is a step beyond mechanization. whereas mechanization provided human operators with
machinery assist them with physical requirement of work, automation greatly reduces the need for
human sensory and mental requirements as well. Process and system can also be automated.

In other words

Automation is a delegation of human control function to technical equipment for increasing productivity,
to better quality, to reduce cost & increase in safety working condition, to reduce manpower.

Example of automation

 Automatic machine tools to process parts- CNC m/c

 Industrial robots

 Automatic material handling

 Feedback control system

 8

EXAMPLE OF AUTOMATION

Automatic Material Handling Conveyors.

Industrial Robots

feedback control systems

 9

TYPES OF AUTOMATION

 Fixed automaton

 Programmable automation

 Flexible automation

Fixed automation

Fixed automation refers to the use of custom-engineered (special purpose) equipment to automated a fixed
sequence of processing or assembly operations. This is also called hard automation.

The primary drawbacks are the large initial investment in requirement and the relative flexibility.

Programmable automation

In programmable automation, the equipment is designed to accommodated a specific class of product

changes and the processing or assembly operation can be changed by modifying the control program.

Flexible automation

In flexible automation, the equipment is designed to manufacture a variety of products or parts and
very little time is spend on changing from one product to another . A flexible manufacture various
combination of products according to any specified schedule.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

PLANT

Field Intelligent Monitoring &

instrument controller controller
 10

Field instrument

This type of instrument mainly used to get the feedback any type of process carried our so they
mainly plant used

Sensors, Transducer, Transmitter

Proximity Sensor.

Intelligent controller

This device are basically micro control based or micro controller device mainly intelligent controller are:

 Programmable logic controller (PLC)

 PID Controller
 Distributed controller system (DCS)
Computer Numerical controller (CNC

PLC
 11

PID

CNC MACHINE

Monitoring and controller

This type of device to control whole plant just in a setting in control room, so mainly control device are

 Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA)

 Human Machine interface (HMI)

 12

600 Series touch screen HMI.

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONROLLER

Introduction
A PLC is a solid device designed to perform the function previously accomplished by components such as
electromechanical relay, drums switch, mechanical timers /counter etc. for the control and operation of
manufacturing process equipment and machinery. Even thought the electromechanical relay (control relay,
pneumatic timer relay, etc ) have served well for many generations, often under adverse conditions, the

ever increasing sophistication and complexity of modern processing equipment requires faster acting, more
reliable functions that electromechanical relays or timing devices can’t offer.

What is relay?
A relay is an electromechanical switch, operated by passing current through a coil wire wound
around a steel core, which act as an electromagnet pulling the switch contact down or break a circuit

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 HISTORY OF PLC
 The first programmable logic controller were designed and developed by Modicon as a relay
replacer for GM and landis.

 This controller eliminated the need for rewiring and adding additional for each new configuration
of logics.

 The new system drastically increased the functionality of the control while reducing the cabinet
space that housed the logic.

 The first PLC, model 084, was invented by Dick Morley in 1969.

 The first commercial successful PLC, the 184, was introduced in 1973 and was designed Michael
Greenberg .

ADVANTAGES

PLC not only capable of performing the same tasks as hard-wired control, but are also capable of many more
flexible application. In addition, the PLC program and electronic communication lines replace much of the
interconnecting wires require hardwire control. Therefore, hard wiring, thought still required to connect field
device, is less intensive. This also makes correcting errors and modified the application easier.

Some of the additional advantages of PLCs are as follow

 Smaller physical size than hard-wire solutions

 Easier and faster and to make changes.

 PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions

 Diagnostics are centrally available

 Application can be immediately documented

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 Application can be duplicated faster and less expansively

 Speed in operation

 Security
 Online/ offline modifications

Photograph showing several input and output modules of a single 
A l l e n - Bradley PLC.

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INSIDE PLC
The Central processing Unit (CPU), contains and internal program that tells the PLCs how to perform the
following functions:

 Execute the control instructions contained in the user’s

Programs. This program is store in “nonvolatile” memory,
Meaning that the program will not be lost if power is removed.
 Communicate with other device, which can include I/O
Device, programming device, networks and even other PLCs
 Performs housekeeping activities such as communication, internal diagnostic, etc.

THE CPU

The microprocessor or processor module is the brain of PLC system. It consists of the microprocessors, memory
integrate circuits, and circuits necessary to store and retrieve information from memory. It also includes
communication ports to the other peripherals, other PLCs or programming terminals. Today’s processors vary
widely in their capabilities to control the real world devices. Some control as few as 6 inputs and

outputs (I/O) and other 40,000 or more. One processor can be control more than one process or manufacturing
line. Processors are often linked together in order to provide continuity throughout the process.

RAM

RAM or Random Access Memory is a volatile memory that would lose its information if power were removed.
This is why some processors units incorporate a battery back-up. This type of RAM normally used CMOS or
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS RAM is used for storage of the user’s program (ladder logic

diagrams) and storage memory .

16

ROM
ROM or Read only memory is a non volatile memory. This means you don’t need external power source to keep
information. In this type of memory, information can be read, but not changed. For these reason the
manufacture sometimes calls this firmware. It is placed their for the internal use and operation of processors
units.

EEPROM

EEPROM or Electrically Erasable programmable Read Only Memory is usually an add-on memory module that is
used to back of the main program in COSMOS RAM of the processors. Can be programmed to load the EEPROM’s
program to RAM is lost or corrected.

INPUT MODULE

There are many types of input module to choose form. These type of module used is dependent upon what real
world input to the PLCs is desired. Some example input are limit switches, electric eyes, and pushbuttons. DC
input, such as thumbwheels switches, can be used to enter integer values to the manipulated by the PLC, DC
input cards are used for this application. Since most industrial power systems are inherently noisy, electrical
isolation is provided between the input and the processor. Electromechanical interference (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RF) can be cause severe problems in most solid state control systems. The component
used most often to provide electrical isolation within I/O cards is called an optical isolator. The wiring of an
input is not complex. The object is to get a voltage at a particular point on the card. Typically there are 8 to 32
input points on any one input module. Each point will be assigned a unique address by the processor. Analog
input modules are special cards that use analog to digital conversion (A to D) to sense variables such as
temperature, speed, pressure and position. The external device normally is connect to a controller (transducer)
producing an electrical signal the analog input card can interpret. This signal is usually 4 to 20 Ma or 0 to 10 volts.

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OUTPUT MODULE

Output modules can be used for ac or dc devices such as solenoids, relay, contractor, pilot lamps, and LED
readouts. Output card usually have from 6 to 32 outputs on a signal module. The output device within the cards
provides the connection from the user power supply to the load. Usually silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), triac, or
dry contact relay are use for this purpose. Individual output are rated most often at 2 to 3 amperes. Output
cards, like input cards have electrical isolation between the load being connected and the PLC. Analog output
cards are a special type of output modules that use digital to analog conversion (D to A). The analog output
module can be take a value store in a 12 bit file and convert it to an analog signal. Normally this signal is 0-10
volts dc or 4 to 20 Ma. This analog signal is often used in equipment such as motor operated valves and
pneumatic position control device.

SENSORS

A sensor is a device that converts a physical condition into an

electrical signal for use by the PLC. Sensors are connected are input
of a PLC. A pushbutton is one example of sensors that is connected
to the PLC input. An electrical signal is sent from the pushbutton to
the PLC indicating the condition (open/closed) of the pushbutton
contacts.
Pushbutton (Sensors)
 PLC INPUT

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ACTUATOR

Actuators convert an electrical signal from the PLCs into a physical condition. Actuators are connected to the PLC
output. A motor starter is one example of actuator that is connected to the PLC output. Depending on the PLC
signal the motor starter will either start or stop motor.

PLC INPUT Motor

Actuator (Starter)

NUMBER SYSTEM
Since PLCs is computer it stores information in the form of on or off conditions (1 to 0), refers to as binary digits
(bits). Sometimes binary digits are used individually and sometimes they are used to represent numerical valves.

DECIMAL SYSTEM

Various number system are used by PLCs. All number systems have the same three characteristic:

 Digits
 Base
 Weight.

The decimal system, which is commonly used in everyday life, has the following characteristic:
 Ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Base 10

Weights 1, 10, 100, 1000……

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BINARY SYSTEM

The binary system is used by programmable controllers. The binary system has the following characteristic:

Two digits 0,1

Base 2

Weights power of base 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 1, 6……)

In the binary system 1s 0s are arranged into columns. Each column is weights. The first column has a binary
weight of 2.

This is equivalent to decimal 1. This is referred to as the least significant bit. The binary weight is double with
each succeeding column. The next column, for example, has a weight of 2^1which is equivalent to decimal 2. The
decimal value is double in each successive column. The number in the far left hand column is referred to as the
most significant bit. In this example, the most significant bit has a binary weight of 2^7. This is equivalent to
decimal to 128.
 20

CONVERTING BINARY TO DECIMAL

The following steps can be used to interpret a decimal number from a binary value.

1. Search from least to most significant bit for 1s .

2. Write done the decimal representation of each column containing a 1.

3. Add the columns values.

In the following example, the fourth and fifth columns from the right containing a 1.The decimal
values of the fourth column from the right is 8, and the decimal value of the fifth column from the
right is 16. The decimal equivalent of this binary number is 24. The sum of all the weighted
columns that contains a 1is the decimal number that the PLC has stored

BITS, BYTES, AND WORDS

Each binary piece of data is a bit. Eight bits make of one byte.

Two bytes, or 16 bits, make of one word.

 21

LOGIC 1, LOGIC 0
Programmable controllers can only understand a single that that is on or off (present or not present).the binary
system is a system in which there are only two numbers, 1 and 0.

Binary 1 indicates that a signal is present, or the switch is on.

Binary 0 indicates that a signal is present, or the switch is off.

BCD (Binary-coded decimal)

Binary-coded decimal (BCD) are the decimal number where the each digit is represented by a four-bit binary
number. BCD is commonly used with input and output devices. Thumbwheel stitch is one example of an input
device that uses BCD. The binary number are broken into group of four bits, each group representing decimal
equivalent. A four-digit thumbwheel switch, like the one show here, would control 16 (4*4) PLC inputs.
 22

HEXADECIMAL
Hexadecimal is another system used in PLCs. The hexadecimal has the following characteristic:

16 digits 0,1,2 ,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Base 16, weights power of base 16(16, 256, 4096…..)

The ten digits of the decimal system are used for the first ten digits of the hexadecimal system. The first six letter
of the alphabet are used for the remaining six digits.

A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15

The hexadecimal system used in PLCs because it allows the statues of large number of binary bits to the
represented in a small space such as on a computer screen or programming device display. Each hexadecimal
digit represented the exact of the four binary bits. To convert a decimal number to a hexadecimal number the
decimal number is divided by the base of 16.

To convert decimal 28, for example, to hexadecimal

Decimal 28 divided by 16 is 1 with a remainder 12. Twelve is equivalent to C in hexadecimal. The hexadecimal
equivalent of decimal 28 is 1c.
The decimal value of a hexadecimal is obtained by multiplying the individual hexadecimal digits by the base 16
weight and the adding the results. In the following example the hexadecimal number 2B is converted to its
decimal equivalent

Of 43.

23

COOMUNICATION
There are several methods to communicate between a PLC and programmer or even between two PLCs.
Communications between a PLC and a programmer (PC or Hand held) are provided by the makers and you only
have to plug in a cable from your PC to the programming port on the PLC. The communication can be RS232,
RS485 or TTY. Communication between two PLCs can be carried out by dedicated links supplied/ programmed by
the makers (RS232 etc) or via outputs from one PLC to the input on another PLC. The direct link method of
communication can be as a simple as, if an output on the PLC is on then the corresponding input on the second
PLC will be on and then this input is used within on the program on the second PLC

PLC OPERATION
There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs. Which continually take place in a repeating loop.

 Input scan
 Program scan
 Output scan
 Housekeeping
Input Scan

Detect the state of all input device that are connect to the PLCs .
Program Scan
Execute the user create program logic. 24

OUTPUT SCAN
Energize or de-energize all output devices that are connect to the PLCs.

HOUSEKEEPING

This step includes communication with program terminals, internal diagnostic etc.

CHECK INPUT STATES

First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if is on or off. In other words, is the sensors
connected to the first input on? Then second input? Then the third so on…it

record this data into its memory to be used during the next step.

EXECUTE PROGRAM
Next PLC executes your program one instruction at a time.

Maybe the program says that if the first input was on then it should on the first output. Since it is already
knows which input are on/off from the previous step it will be able to decide whether the first output
should be turn on based on state of first input. It will store the execution result for use during the next
step.
 UPDATE OUTPUT STATES

Finally the PLC updates the state of the outputs. It update the outputs base on which inputs were on
during the first step and the result of executing your program during the second step. Based on the
example of step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your program
said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.

After the third step the PLC goes back to step one and repeats the step continuously. One scan time is
defined as the time is takes to execute the 3 steps listed below.

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PROGRAMMING PLC
Various languages are used for programming of PLCs.

Ladder Diagram ( LD)

Ladder diagram is a graphic programming language derived from the circuit diagram of directly wired relay
control. The ladder diagram contains contact rails to the left the right of the diagram, these contact rails are
connected to switching elements (normally open/ normally closed contacts) via current path and the coil
elements.
FUNCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM (FBD)

In the function block diagram, the function and blocks are represented graphically interconnected into networks.
The function block diagram originates from the logic diagram for the design of electric circuits.

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SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHART (SFC)

The sequential function chart is language resource for the structuring of sequence- oriented control programs.
The element of the sequential function charts are steps, transition, alternative and parallel branching. Each step
represents a processing state of a control program, which is active or inactive. A step consists of action which
identical to the transition, are formulated in the IEC 1131-3 languages. Action themselves can again contain
sequence structure. The feature permits the hierarchical structure of the control program. The sequential
Function Chart therefore an excellent tool for the design and structuring of control programs.

LADDER LOGIC
Ladder Logic, Ladder programs is the most common programming language used to program a PLC.

Ladder Logic was one of the first programming approaches used in PLCs because it borrowed heavily from the
relay diagram that plant electricians already knew.

The symbols used in relay ladder Logic consists of a power rail to the left, a second power rail to the right. The
logic of each circuit (or rung) is solved to the left to right. The symbols of these diagram look like a ladder with
two side rails and circuits that resemble rungs on ladder.
The picture above represented single “rung” of ladder

 If input is on (or true)- power (logic) completes the circuits from the left rail- and output turns ON(or true)
 If output is off (or false)- then the circuit is not complete and logic does not follow to the right- and output
1 is OFF
There are many logic symbols available in ladder logic-includes

Timers , counter , Math, and Data moves such that any logical condition or control loop can be represented
in ladder Logic. With just hand full of basics symbols – a normally open contact, normally closed contact,
normally open coli, normally close coils, timer, counter most logical conditions can be represented.

CONTACT AND COILS

With just the normally open contact and normal open coil a surprising array of basic logical conditions can
be represented.

27

Normally open contact

This can be used to represent any input to the control logic- a switch or sensor, a contact from an output, or
an internal output.

When “solved” the reference input is examined for an ON (Logic1) condition. if it is ON, contact will
closed and allow power (logic) to flow from left to right. If the state is off (logic 0).then contact is open,
power (logic) will NOT from left to right.

Normally open coil

This can be used to represent any discrete output from the control logic

When “solve” if the logic to left of the coil is TRUE, the referenced OUT is ON (logic1)

SOLVING SINGLE RUNG

Suppose a switch is wired to input, and a light bulb is wired through output 1 in a such way that the light is OFF
when output1 is off and ON when output1is ON.

When input1 is OFF (logic 0) the contact remaining open and power can’t flow from left to right,
therefore,Output1 remain off (logic 0)

When input is ON (logic 1) then the contact close, power flows from left to right, and output1 becomes ON (the
right turns ON)

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THE AND RUNG

The AND is a basic fundamental logic condition that is easy to directly represent in Ladder Logic.

Suppose a switch is wired to Switch1, a second switch is wired toSwitch2, and a light bulb is wired through Light1
in such a way that the light is OFF when Light1 is OFF, and ON when Light1 is ON.
In order for Light1 to turn ON, Switch1 must be ON, AND Switch2 must be ON.

If Switch1 is OFF, power (logic) flow from the left rail, but stops at Switch1. Light1 will be OFF regardless of the
state of Switch2.

If Switch1 is ON, power makes it to Switch2. If Switch2 is OFF, power cannot flow any further to the right, and
Light1 is OFF.

If Switch1 is ON, AND Switch2 is ON - power flows to Light1 solving its state to ON.

THE OR RUNG
The OR is a logical that is easy to represent in ladder diagram

Suppose a switch is wired to switch 1, second switch is wired to switch 2, and the light bulb is wired through a light1 in such a way the
light is OFF when light is OFF, and ON when light is ON. In this instance, we want to the light to turn ON if either switch1 OR switch is ON.

If switch1 is ON - power flow to Light1 turning it ON.

If switch2 turn is ON – power flows through the switch2 contact, and up the rail to light1- turning it ON.

If switch1 AND Switch2 are ON- light1 is ON.

The only way Light1 is OFF is if Switch1 AND Switch2 are OFF.

29

MOTOR STARTER EXAMPLE:

First consider a hardwired approach

The following line diagram illustrate how a normally open and a normally closed pushbutton might be connected to control a three
-phase AC motor as shown above figure.

In this example , a motor starter coil (M) is wired in series with a normally open, momentary start pushbutton, a normally closed ,
momentary stop pushbutton , and normally closed overload relay (OL) contacts.

Momentarily pressing the start push button complete the path for current flow and energies the motor starter (M). This close the
associated M and Ma (auxiliary contact located in the motor starter ) contacts. When the start button is released, current

Continues to flow through the stop button and the Ma contacts, and the M coil remains energized. The motor will run until the normally
closed stop button is pressed, unless the overload relay (OL) contacts open . when the stop button is pressed, the path for current is

interrupt , opening the associated M and Ma contacts and the motor stop . 30

SCADA
Introduction
SCADA is not a specific technology, but a type of application

“SCADA” stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition –any application can gets data about a system in
order to control the system is a SCADA application’’ it is a purely software package that is positioned on top of
hardware to which it is interfaced , in general via Programmable logic controller (PLCs), or other commercial
hardware modules.

In other words

SCADA: the term refers to a large scale, distributed measurement (and control) system. SCADA are used to monitor
or to control chemical, physical or transport process.

SCADA it is refers to an industrial control system a computer system monitoring and controlling process. The
process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility describe below

Industrial process: it is includes those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining
and process may be in continuous, batch, repetitive or discrete or modules.

Infrastructure process: it may be public or private and water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection,
and treatment, oil and gas pipelines , electric power transmission and distribution, and large communication
systems.

Facility Process: it is occur both in public facilities and private ones, including building, airports, ship and space
station. The monitor and control HVAC, access and energy consumption

A SCADA system usually consists of following subsystem

 A Human – Machine interface (HMI) is the apparatus which present process data to human operator,
and through this, the human operator monitor and control the process.
 A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands.
 Remote terminal unit (RTU) connection to sensors in the process and converting sensors signals to digital
data and sending digital data to the supervisory system.
 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile,
flexible configurable than special purpose -RTUs.
 Communication infrastructure connection the supervisory system to the Remote Terminal Unit. 31

Systems Concepts
 The terms SCADA usually refer to a central system that monitors and controls a complete site. The bulk of the
site control is actually performed automatically by a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or by a programmable Logic
controller (PLC). Host control functions are almost always restricted to basic site over- ride or supervisory level
capability.

EX: A PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may
allow operators to change the set points for the flow, and enable alarm condition, such as loss of flow and high
temperature, to be displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU or PLC while the
SCADA system monitors the overall performs of the loop.

TAGS (POINTS)
It is logical name of a variable or object that be used in our animation of a plant.

Tags are two types

 System defined Tags

 User defined tags

32
System defined tags
 It is represent the system value in the SCADA it is represented by dollar sing $

User defined tags

This tag are defined by the user or programmer
Except (A,S) are not defined.

Trends:
it is used for graphical representation of process

Two types
 Real times trends
 Historical Times trends

Classification of tags

 Direct tags
 Indirect tags

Direct tags

These tags are directly used by the programmer to represent the value of plant or variable

Indirect tags

These tags are used by the another tags to show or represent the value of plant or variable

Direct tags

Memory tags : these tags having no connection with process the plant.

33

ALARM
An important part of most SCADA implementation is alarm handling. The system monitors whether certain alarm
conditions are satisfied, to determine when an alarm event has occurred. Once alarm event has been detected,
one or more action are taken (such as the activation or remote SCADA operators are informed) in many case, a
SCADA operate may have to knowledge the alarm event, these may be deactivate some alarm indicators whereas
other indicators remain active until the alarm conditions are cleared. Alarm conditi ons can be explicit - for
example, an alarm point is a digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM that is
calculated by a formula based on the values in other analogue and digital points- or implicit: the SCADA system
might automatically monitor whether the value in an analogue point lies outside high and low limit values
associated with that point. Examples of alarm indicators include a siren, a pop-up box on a screen, or a colored or
flashing area on a screen (that might act in a similar way to the "fuel tank empty" light in a car); in each
case, the role of the alarm indicator is to draw the operator's attention to the part of the system 'in
alarm' so that appropriate action can be taken. In designing SCADA systems, care is needed in coping with a
cascade of alarm events occurring in a short time, otherwise the under lying cause (which might not be the
earliest event detected) may get lost in the noise. Unfortunately, when used as a noun, the word 'alarm' is used

rather loosely in the industry; thus, depending on context it might mean an alarm point, an alarm indicator, or an alarm
event.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The three components of a SCADA system are:

1. Multiple Remote Terminal Units (Also knows as RTUs or outstation)

2. Central control Room with host computer (s)
3. Communication infrastructure

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

The RTU connects to physical equipment and read status dada such as the open/close status from a switch or
a valve, read measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump. The
RTU can read digital status data or analogue measurement dada, and send out digital commands or analogue.

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Salient feature of modern SCADA system

 1. User- friendly (X-windows/graphic) interface.
2. Automatic control.
3. Off-line processing.
4. Integrated environments.
5. Extensive Historical data manipulation.
6. Extremely high data throughput
7. On-line complex electrical network analysis.
8. Real time supply/ demand- side economic calculations.
9. Automatic voltages and power factor correction.
10.Distributed processing power.

Benefits HMI/SCADA

1. Powerful monitoring and control over your production

2. Ease of use for New and experienced users.
3. Robust connectivity to other software, system and devices
4. True client /server Architecture for ease Scale ability
5. Powerful thin client technology.
6. Sophisticate Alarm and trending.
SCADA Recommended

1. LAN /WAN support

2. Import from multiple PLC system
3. Support for low bandwidth operation.
4. Secure & flexible.
5. Low CPU & memory requirements.
6. Drives work on Rs232, 422, 485, TCP/IP.
7. Unlimited number of tags (tags support 80 char).
8. Graphic (transparent color support, advanced animation without coding, import graphic window bitmap –
Auto Cad, fax image.
9. Supervision
10. Controlling
11. Dada collection
12. Interface of PLCs
13. Alarm.

Human Machine Interface (HMI)

Introduction
HMI is the smallest form of SCADA which is used for monitoring and controlling and it is combination of hardware
and software.

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Human machine Interface:
The HMI/SCADA industry was essentially out of a need for user friendly front-end to a control system containing
programmable logic controller (PLC). While a PLC does provide automated, preprogrammed control over a process,
they are usually distributed across a plant, making a difficult to gather data from them manually. additionally, the
PLC information are usually in crude user-unfriendly format. The HMI/SCADA gather information from the PLCs via
some form of communication method, and combines and formats the information. Since the early1990s the role of
SCADA system in large civil engineering solutions has changed, requiring them to perform more operations
automatically. A sophisticated HMI may also be linked to a database to provide instant trending diagnostic data,
scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detail schematics for a particular sensors or machine,
expert –system troubleshooting guides.

Since about 1998 , virtually all major PLC manufacture have offered integrated HMI/SCADA system, many of them

using open and non proprietary communication protocols .

Types of HMI

1. Keypad
2. Touch screen
3. Keypad + touch screen

Difference between SCADA and HMI

SCADA HMI

It is software it is combination of s /w and h/w

It is work at low temperature it is work at high temperature & low

Screen ratio of SCADA is large Screen ratio of HMI is Low i.e 6 inch

Local and Remote control LAN area Control

Data base connectivity is possible Data base connectivity is not possible

Range of SCADA Range of HMI is 100m

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Instrumentation

Instrumentation is a branch of engineering electric (science) which is used for measurement of process
parameters and electric parameters it include, flow meter, thermocouple, level instrument etc.

Transducer:

It is device which converted one form of engineering into another form of energy.

Sensors:
It is transducer which converted one form of energy into measurable form of energy.

Types of sensors

1. Flow meter
2. Pressure sensors
3. Ambient meter

Transmitter

It is a device which is used for the transmission of signal over long distance so generally used for
transmitter.

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  Electric power generation, transmission and Distribution.
 Manufacturing industries.
 Mass transit & whether management system
 Traffic signals.
 Cement and petrochemicals industries.
 Automobiles industries

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Application for PLC in substation automation & SCADA

 There are many applications for PLC for substation automation, distribution automation & SCADA system. As
utility engineers become more familiar with capability of PLCs and PLC manufactures develop a new substation
specific products. The number and type of potential applications continues to increase.

 RTU (Remote terminal Unit) emulation & replacement

 Alarm reduction & intelligent messaging

 Utilize existing SCADA protocols

 Ethernet, TCP/IP

 Multiprotocol, DNP 3.0, Modbus plus

 Analog & Discrete I/O

 Protection & control

 Protective relay interface/ intrection

 Automatic switching

 Automatic transfer schemes

 Circuit breaker control &interlocking

 Feeder automation & fault recovery

 Automatic service restoration

 Emergency load Shedding

 Station HMI- Graphic user interface (GUI)

 Remote control

 Demand control

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 CONCULAION

This report has discussed the role that programmable logic controller have in efficient design and
control of mechanical process. Also discussed was the understanding,

 AUTOMATION, SCADA, HMI, Instrumentation and the programming involved with it.
Finally, the report has discussed as complete Automation, like a , relay, Components, history.

Programmable Logic Controller, history, advantages. Inside PLC etc…

 PLC components, understanding Ladder logic, example

 SCADA: this section contains basic introduction of SCADA, features, Recommended, Tags, Trends

 Difference between SCADA & HMI.

 HMI: This section contains basic HMI, types of HMI, introduction.

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 REFERANCE

Pollet, Jonathan, SCADA Security Strategy, Plant data Technology, August 8, 2002

www.scadanews.com

www.princeton-indiana.com/wasetewater/Pages

www.ref.web.cern.ch/ref/CERN

www.sss-mag.com/scada.html

www.scada.com

www.scrib.com

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Study material by Rapid automation system pvt. Ltd.

Study material by Futronix automation pvt. ltd.

Programmable logic by John. R . Hockwarth

controllers

Programmable logic by L.N.Bryan

controllers E.A.Bryan

Programmable logic by W.Batton

Controllers

Automatic manufacturing by Hugh Jack

System with PLC

Communication technology guidelines for SCADA system, power delivery by Marihart, D.J

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