Unit 1: Cloud Computing Fundamentals.

1.1 Introduction:

Cloud Computing term is coined because of the services which we want to get are
available away from you and are in the cloud that is not available directly with you
but they can made available virtually i.e. through internet. Internet is a must while
accessing these services.
So the services like to access data that is stored at remote place or data storage,
another services like to access application server, data server etc., or services in the
form different software’s we want to build an application. Now these services can
be made available to you as per your demand.
These services like hardware, network, storage, platforms, software’s, you need
not to invest money and these services can be availed and used by the user as per
his/her demand and the user required to pay only for the service used. So user has
freed from the tension of maintaining the hardware purchase and license software
to procure so this solution of cloud computing which provides the services as per
the demand has become popular now a days.
In order to access and enjoy cloud services, we have to register on Cloud service
provider portal and create an account. Once the account is created then we can
login into portal and we can order your services though the Cloud service
consumer area. These services are created and available to customer given by
Cloud service provider. These services can be a simple virtual machine (VM),
some network component, an Application service or any platform service etc.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency under the
scope of US Department of Commerce. NIST is responsible for defining standards
in Science and Technology.
NIST five essential characteristics of Cloud Computing
 On demand self-service
 Broad network access
 Resource pooling
  Rapid Elasticity
 Measured service
.

Diagram 1.1 Cloud Computing Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

Cloud computing is now popular and affordable option for businesses and peoples
because of low cost available services with speed and efficiency and also good
performance. These services are also very secure and helps in increase in the
productivity of businesses and people
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
 On-demand self-service.

A user can use facilities over the internet, such as server time and network
storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with
each service provider.

 Broad network access.

Services can be used over the internet and accessed through standard
mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms
(e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

 Resource pooling.

The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers

using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There
is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no
control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but
may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country,
state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing,
memory, and network bandwidth.

 Rapid elasticity.

Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases

automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
  Measured service.
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to
the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user
accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported,
providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized
service.

1.2 Definition of Cloud computing

Cloud Computing can be defined in a simple way as providing different types of
services over the Internet. This providing services over the internet is called as
cloud computing.
Cloud computing is getting on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active
management by the user.
Definitions of Cloud computing can be given in various ways. When asked define
cloud computing, definition is stated liable to a particular application with no
unanimous definition, making it altogether vague. Following are few definitions of
Cloud computing.

Cloud Computing can also be defined in the context of internet service provider
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to
store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal
computer. This is an internet definition of Cloud computing.

Gartner group ‘A forecaster of Information technology’ defines cloud

computing as a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled
capabilities are delivered as a service using Internet technologies.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which defines the

standard, defines cloud computing as, a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.

The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) defines cloud computing in two

working drafts. Cloud Profiles draft highlights different ecosystem of cloud such as
cloud vendors, service providers, and users. Intercloud draft provides definition on
topology, functions, and governance for cloud-to-cloud interoperability and
federation.
Thus Cloud computing from all the above definitions, concluded as A computing
paradigm with virtual network of remote servers allowing users to store, process
and access data, providing on-demand computational services with features like
elasticity, scalability, security and redundancy is Cloud computing.

1.2.1 Before Cloud Computing

In 1955, John McCarthy, who originally coined the term “artificial intelligence,”
created a theory of sharing computing time which was known as time sharing
theory among an entire group of users. Getting the most out of computing time was
an important consideration in the 1950s because it could cost upwards of several
million dollars. It was a ridiculously expensive asset, and maximizing it was a top
priority among those who were shelling out the cash for the technology
 Diagram 1.2 Evolution of Cloud Computing
Source: http://www.xorlogics.com/tag/cloud-computing/
As per the diagram 1.2, three stages of cloud computing are shown. How
performance is increased during the cloud is mentioned.

.Small companies couldn’t even afford to use computers, making moving to the
type of automation enjoyed by larger companies impossible. McCarthy’s theory of
“time-sharing” would be essential in helping get the most out of the computing
time available, as well as making computing time available to smaller companies
that couldn’t afford to buy their own mainframes.

As shown in the diagram 1.3 the concept of traditional server deals with OS,
hardware, storage, applications, and servers. If the server is met with problems
then a new server is added. The scalability of clusters has limits and server
maintenance is a big job. The growth of the cloud started from the virtual servers
which host the server.
 Diagram 1.3 before Cloud Computing
Source: https://www.gangboard.com/blog/what-is-cloud-computing

As technology evolved, the idea of cloud computing moved ahead incrementally,

with little major advancement until the last year of the 1960s. In the mid-1960s, an
American computer scientist named J.C.R. Licklider came up with an idea for an
interconnected system of computers. In 1969, Licklider’s revolutionary idea
helped Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts develop something known as ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).

ARPANET is widely known as the “predecessor of the Internet” and was the first
network that allowed digital sources to be shared among computers that were not
in the same physical location. Licklider also envisioned a world where everyone
would be connected; to have the ability to access specific programs and data,
regardless of where the access point might be located. If this sounds familiar, that’s
because it should; it’s what is known today as “cloud computing.”

Licklider, then, deserves recognition as perhaps one of the most important people
in the creation of the modern Internet and cloud computing. It wouldn’t be
hyperbolic to call him the father of cloud computing technology.

In 1963, DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), presented

MIT with $2 million for Project MAC. The funding included a requirement MIT
develop technology allowing for a “computer to be used by two or more people,
simultaneously.” In this case, one of those gigantic, archaic computers using reels
of magnetic tape for memory and was the precursor to what has now become
collectively known as Cloud Computing. It acted as a primitive Cloud with two or
three people accessing it. The word “Virtualization” was used to describe this
situation, though the word’s meaning later expanded.

In 1969, J. C. R. Licklider helped develop the ARPANET (Advanced Research

Projects Agency Network), a “very” primitive version of the Internet. JCR, or
“Lick” was both a psychologist and a computer scientist, and promoted a vision
called the “Intergalactic Computer Network,” in which everyone on the planet
would be interconnected by way of computers, and able to access information from
anywhere. (What could such an unrealistic, impossible-to-pay-for, fantasy of the
future look like?) The Intergalactic Computer Network, otherwise known as the
Internet, is necessary for access to the Cloud.
The meaning of Virtualization began shifting in the 1970s, and now describes the
creation of a virtual machine, that acts like a real computer, with a fully functional
operating system. The concept of Virtualization has evolved with the Internet, as
businesses began offering “virtual” private networks as a rentable service. The use
of virtual computers became popular in the 1990s, leading to the development of
the modern Cloud Computing infrastructure.

The Late 1990s

In its early stages, the Cloud was used to express the empty space between the end
user and the provider. In 1997, Professor Ramnath Chellapa of Emory University
defined Cloud Computing as the new “computing paradigm, where the boundaries
of computing will be determined by economic rationale, rather than technical
limits alone.” This somewhat ponderous description rings true in describing the
Cloud’s evolution.

The Cloud gained popularity as companies gained a better understanding of its

services and usefulness. In 1999, Salesforce became a popular example of using
Cloud Computing successfully. They used it to pioneer the idea of using the
Internet to deliver software programs to the end users. The program (or
application) could be accessed and downloaded by anyone with Internet access.
Businesses could purchase the software in an on-demand, cost-effective manner,
without leaving the office.

The Early 2000s

In 2002, Amazon introduced its web-based retail services. It was the first major
business to think of using only 10% of their capacity (which was commonplace at
the time) as a problem to be solved. The Cloud Computing Infrastructure Model
gave them the flexibility to use their computer’s capacity much more efficiently.
Soon after, other large organizations followed their example.

In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services, which offers online services to
other websites, or clients. One of Amazon Web Services’ sites, called Amazon
Mechanical Turk, provides a variety of Cloud-based services including storage,
computation and “human intelligence.” Another of Amazon Web Services’ sites is
the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), allowing individuals to rent virtual computers
and use their own programs and applications.
As in the diagram 1.4 shows how cloud provider Google has offering services to its
clients very efficiently, effectively and with low cost. In the same year, Google
launched the Google Docs services. Google Docs was originally based on two
separate products, Google Spreadsheets and Writely. Google purchased Writely,
which offers renters the ability to save documents, edit documents, and transfer
them into blogging systems. (These documents are compatible with Microsoft
Word.) Google Spreadsheets (acquired from 2Web Technologies, in 2005) is an
Internet-based program allowing users to develop, update, and edit spreadsheets,
and to share the data online. An Ajax-based program is used, which is compatible
with Microsoft Excel. The spreadsheets can be saved in an HTML format.

Diagram 1.4 after Cloud Computing

Source: https://www.gangboard.com/blog/what-is-cloud-computing
In 2007, IBM, Google, and several universities joined forces to develop a server
farm for research projects needing both fast processors and huge data sets. The
University of Washington was the first to sign up and use resources provided by
IBM and Google. Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, Stanford University, the
University of Maryland, and the University of California at Berkeley, quickly
followed suit. The universities immediately realized computer experiments can be
done faster and for less money, if IBM and Google were supporting their research.
Since much of the research was focused on problems IBM and Google had
interests in, they also benefitted from the arrangement. 2007 was also the year
when Netflix launched it’s streaming video service, using the Cloud, and provided
support for the practice of “binge-watching.”

Eucalyptus offered the first AWS API compatible platform, which was used for
distributing private Clouds, in 2008. In the same year, NASA’s OpenNebula
provided the first open-source software for deploying Private and Hybrid Clouds.
Many of its most innovative features focused on the needs of major businesses.

In 2011, IBM introduced the IBM SmartCloud framework, in support of Smarter

Planet (a cultural thinking project). Then, Apple launched the ICloud, which
focuses on storing more personal information (photos, music, videos, etc.). Also,
during this year, Microsoft began advertising the Cloud on television, making the
general public aware of its ability to store photos, or video, with easy access.

Oracle introduced the Oracle Cloud in 2012, offering the three basics for business,
IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and SAAS
(Software-as-a-Service).

Customers’ Expectations
A customer using a Public Cloud service can have three basic expectations. First,
customers rent the services, instead of purchasing hardware and software to
accomplish the same goal. Second, the vendor is responsible for all the
administration, maintenance, capacity planning, backups, and troubleshooting. And
finally, for many business projects, it is simply faster and easier to use the Cloud. It
comes with huge amounts of storage, the ability to handle multiple projects, and
more availability to a variety of users, simultaneously.
There are essentially two kinds of Public Clouds. One serves individuals for
personal use, and one serves businesses. Cloud computing storage for personal use
allows easy access and file sharing. Data stored on the Cloud, such as photographs
and music, can be shared with friends using a smart phone or a friends laptop,
while protecting personal data from loss and damage. The services offered by the
business Cloud are quite different, and fall into three basic categories of service:

IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) deals with raw computing capacity. IaaS is the

most basic service, and provides a server, or servers, in the cloud, along with
storage. IaaS customers are often tech companies that typically have a great deal of
IT expertise. The goal is to have access to computing power, without the
responsibilities of installation or maintenance.

PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) supports writing software for computer systems that

need it. This Cloud-based service lets businesses write software for integrating
existing applications, or develop custom applications. PaaS environments are
equipped with software development technologies, such as .NET, Python, Ruby on
Rails, and Java. When the code is finished, the service provider will host it, making
it available to other internet users. Currently, PaaS is the smallest part of the Cloud
Computing market, and has been used by businesses wanting to outsource part of
their infrastructure.

SAAS (Software-as-a-Service) provides software. This part of the Cloud is the

largest and most developed. It is a program, or a suite of applications, available
within the Cloud, rather than a computer’s hard drive.

Security
By 2014, Cloud Computing had developed its basic features, and security had
become the primary focus. Cloud security has become a fast-growing service,
because of its importance to customers. Cloud security has advanced significantly
in the last two years, and now provides protection comparable to traditional IT
security systems. This includes the protection of critical information from
accidental deletion, theft, and data leakage. Having said that, security is, and may
always be, the primary concern of most Cloud users.

So the main security risks of cloud computing are:

o Compliance violations.
o Identity theft.
 o Malware infections and data breaches.
o Diminished customer trust and potential revenue loss.

1.2.2 History of Cloud Computing

Diagram 1. 5: History of Cloud Computing

Source: https://greatcloudmigration.wordpress.com/2014/03/03/the-history-of-cloud-computing/
As per the diagram 1.5 evolution of cloud computing is shown. It has started from
1961 and then due to technological improvement matured cloud computing form
we are experiencing today is also shown.
Understanding the history is important to understanding the major influencing
factors and forces that shape the current landscape.
Following is a summary of the events:
 1961 – Professor John McCarthy propose computing be organized as a
“public utility”.
  1964 – IBM CP-40 Operating Systems uses Virtualization
 1972 – IBM VM/370 is a virtual machine operating system
 1991 – The World Wide Web popularizes the internet
 1997 – First use of the term “Cloud Computing”
 1999 – Salesforce.com and VMWare launch
 2002 – Amazon Web Services (AWS) launches and SOA emerges
 2003 – Seminal Google File System (GFS) paper published
 2005 – Google Maps is a watershed event for browser-based apps
(introduces AJAX).
 2006 – Hadoop launched, shortly followed by Amazon S3 and Amazon EC2
 2008 – Google App Engine launches
 2009 – Microsoft Azure launches
 2010 – GSA’s apps.gov launches (and federal Cloud-first policy).

In the early days users were using a client-server architecture to deliver computing

resources such as servers, storage, databases, and software over the cloud (Internet)
with pay-as-you-go pricing. This client server architecture was extended as a cloud
computing

Now a days Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by
providing various advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity,
efficiency, performance, data back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.
 Diagram 1. 6: History of Cloud Computing
Source: https://greatcloudmigration.wordpress.com/2014/03/03/the-history-of-cloud-computing/
In the early days following terms or architectures were popular among users or
costumers
1. Grid Computing: is also termed as "distributed computing." It combines
multiple computing resources like PC's, workstations, servers, and storage
elements together and provides a mechanism to access them.

The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by
providing transparent access to resources, and work can be completed more
quickly.
 Diagram 1.7 Grid Computing
Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-architecture

2. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to

deliver computing resources such as servers, storage, databases, and
software over the cloud (Internet) with pay-as-you-go pricing.
Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by providing
various advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency,
performance, data back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.

1.2.3 Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid

Computing
Following are the point to differ Cloud and Grid computing

Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server Grid computing follows a distributed

computing architecture. computing architecture.

Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than Grid Computing is less flexible than
grid computing. cloud computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized Grid operates as a decentralized

management system. management system.

In cloud computing, cloud servers are In Grid computing, grids are owned and
owned by infrastructure providers. managed by the organization.

Cloud computing uses services like Grid computing uses systems like
 Iaas, PaaS, and SaaS. distributed computing, distributed
information, and distributed pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web It is accessible through grid middleware.

protocols.

Table 1.1 Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing

1.2.4 Cloud computing architecture 

Architecture refers to the components and subcomponents require to provide the

services of cloud computing. These components typically consist of a front end
platform and back end platforms, and network.
Front end platforms consists of thin client, fat client, and mobile whereas back end
platforms consists of servers and storages. Network consists of Internet or Intranet.
By using these components cloud computing delivers services to its costumer.
 Diagram 1.8 Cloud Computing Architecture
Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-architecture

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

Details of components of cloud computing architecture are
1. Client Infrastructure
Client Infrastructure consists of a Front end component. It provides GUI
(Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.
2. Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
3. Service
As per requirement of a user or a client, cloud Services manages to provide the
service user want access.
Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:
 Software as a Service (SaaS) – This SaaS services are application that runs
directly through the web browser means user do not require to download
and install these applications. Application like Gmail is an example of this
type.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – This PaaS services are quite similar to SaaS,
but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software for building,
designing a software. Windows Azure provides PaaS services
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) –This type of services are responsible for
managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.
Amazon Web Services provides EC2 component to provide IaaS type of
Services
4. Runtime Cloud
Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
5. Storage
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a
huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage,
network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are
needed to support the cloud computing model.
7. Management
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime
cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.
8. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a
security mechanism in the back end.
9. Internet
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and
communicate with each other.
The types of services i.e. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are discussed in the detail in the next
section.

1.3 Types of Cloud Computing

The idea of cloud computing is to provide service over the Internet which could be
infrastructure services, platform service or software service. As cloud computing
has grown in popularity, several different deployment strategies and service
models have emerged to meet the specific needs of different users.
There are basically four types of models in cloud computing on the basis of
services and resources provided by the service provider companies. These models
are as follows.
1. Private Cloud Model
2. Public Cloud Model
3. Hybrid Cloud Model
4. Community Cloud Model
Details of these models are discussed below.
 Diagram 1.9 Types of Cloud Computing model
Source: https://www.esds.co.in/blog/

1.3.1 Public Cloud:

In this type of cloud model resources are owned, operated and governed by the
organization. In public cloud model all the services and supporting
infrastructure are managed off-site over the Internet and shared across multiple
users (or tenants)

Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. In a public cloud, you share

the same hardware, storage and network devices with other organizations or
cloud “tenants,” and you access services and manage your account using a web
browser.

Cloud solution providers like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle are very
well known public cloud service providers. Public cloud services provide
infrastructure and services to the public, and you, or your organization, secure a
piece of that infrastructure and network. Resources are shared by hundreds or
thousands of people. Google’s free services like Gmail, Google docs and
Google drive have been enjoyed day-today basis. Gmail is very common
example of public cloud service. This Gmail service has billions of users daily.
While your email account is protected by a password, the hardware on which it
is stored is shared by every user.

1.3.2 Advantages of Public Cloud

1. Scalability

Public cloud services comes with the auto scaling feature. Which means that all
the virtual machines present inside the Public cloud system has the capability to
get created, scaled, shutdown in an infinite speed. Therefore ultimately the
workload will be balanced according to the needs so that you can avoid
downtime and crashes.

2. Cost

Since third party provides the Public cloud services, there is no need for an IT
employee to look after and maintain the system. The cost of bandwidth,
hardware and application are the sole responsibility of the provider. Hence the
initial investment here is almost zero. Moreover Public cloud services follows
the model of pay-as-you-go which means that the payment is made monthly or
annually according to the way the resources are being used.

3. Maintenance

All the users of the Public cloud infrastructure are free from the work of
maintaining the cloud. The maintenance is solely taken care by the providers.
Therefore the users can focus on other sections of development and testing.
4. Reliability

Public cloud services offer greater reliability. This means there are very less
chances of failure interrupting your service. The data center present on the
network of servers can undergo frequent failure. Even if it does so, it will not be
an issue since the work load will be distributed among the remaining data
centers.

5. Data Recovery

A Disaster recovery plan is generally difficult and complex to deploy. That is

the reason why most of the IT companies don't consider this implementation.
However Public cloud has very little risk of loosing data here. This is because
most of the multiple infrastructures available in the Public cloud services.

1.3.3 Disadvantages of Public Cloud

1. Security

The security and privacy of data present inside a Public cloud service remains a
concern for many businesses. The Public cloud services offered by many
providers are secure to some extent. But the problem lies within the company
and how they are going to use them. Therefore companies must make use of
cyber security practices. And also trust in the third party provider is also
questioned since they can be from different country having their own set of
security and privacy regulations.

2. Flexibility

Even though Public cloud services are very flexible in terms of scalability, there
are issues for security and configurations. Some Public cloud providers does not
grant freedom to install operating system or switch storage solutions. That is the
reason why Public cloud services are not recommended for organizations with
compliance regulations.
 3. No Control

Using the Public cloud services means that you are sharing the same
infrastructure with the other customers. The maintenance and the management
has been entirely taken care by the service provider. The users have no control
over it.

4. Customization

The atmosphere of the Public cloud service can limit any customization
process. Hence customization of resources or services is almost made
impossible in a Public cloud service. This can be disadvantageous especially to
the companies with complex network architecture and application process.

5. Customer Support

Public cloud models lacks on the side of customer support. In fact it is a

separate contract for the client. Customer support is an important point to
remember since some providers does not deliver a quality service. Therefore
users need to discover solutions on their own.

1.3.4 Private Cloud

In this type of cloud model computing resources are deployed for one particular
organization.  This method is more used for intra-business interactions.  Where the
computing resources can be governed, owned and operated by the same
organization.

Private cloud service providers provides services through the Internet or a private
network to selected users, rather than to the general public. These users may be
group of employees of an organization. Instead of having multiple tenants, like a
public cloud does, a private cloud typically has only one tenant. All the data is
protected behind a firewall. This is a popular choice for many businesses who want
the agility of the cloud with greater customization and security.
Private clouds can reside on-site or off-site. The distinguishing feature is the
single, private tenant who maintains greater control over the IT services. Private
clouds are popular choices for organizations who have high priorities on security
and compliance.

An example of a private cloud deployment is where you maintain your own servers
and infrastructure that hosts your applications and data. This can be called as
datacenter. When we are running VMware or Hyper-V for a visualized setup with
limited physical boxes hosting many virtual servers. Since we control the
connection, security, hardware, apps, and everything this is considered a private
cloud. We also pay for everything upfront including cost of servers, licensing, and
maintenance.

1.3.5 Advantages of Private Cloud

1. Performance

Due to the fact that there is no need to share between other users, there is always a
significant rate of transfer. Therefore Private cloud provides greater level of
performance. And also Private cloud is located behind a firewall, which means that
there are less chances of internet security risks.

2. Security

Using Cloud computing means that you are outsourcing your data. Due to this the
security of the data completely relies upon the service provider. Private cloud
ensures extra level of security making it ideal for large organizations with sensitive
and confidential information. The data is present inside a protected environment
that is solely allocated for your business.

3. Availability

All of the Cloud computing models allows users to access their service anytime
and anywhere. In terms of Private cloud this is even higher. Private cloud is known
for their unique infrastructure which helps the user to control delivery and ensure
their maximum availability.

4. Resources
Most of the Private cloud service providers make use of their virtualization
technology. Instead of real resources, virtual servers and securities are being used.
Therefore overall cost of IT spending is significantly reduced which redirects you
to invest more in business.

5. Control
Control is known to be one of the positive features of the Private cloud. Due to the
presence of hardware on-site, the company will be able to control their data to a
much high extent. This means that complete oversight of the data can be done
through the process of monitoring.

6. Flexibility
Flexibility is one the main reasons why many of the companies are shifting toward
cloud. Whether that can be Public, Private or Hybrid cloud, the users are always
benefited. But in the case of Private cloud, the flexibility is far more better. Using a
Private platform means that there is no actually a compatibility issues for the
applications. In fact Private cloud has the capability to get molded according to the
way user wants.
1.3.6 Disadvantages of Private Cloud

1. Cost
In terms of Price, a Private cloud model is more expensive. This is particularly
because of the hardware expenses such as servers, network infrastructures, data
centers and software licenses. Besides that you need to hire a separate on-site staff
to look after and maintain the cloud. That is the main reason why Private cloud is
most often preferred by large companies.

2. Maintenance
Setup and maintenance cost is generally higher in Private cloud services. A Private
cloud not only needs an investment in hardware, it requires continuous
maintenance which can be time consuming. Therefore a separate IT administration
must be present for this purpose. The only way to lower this maintenance cost is
through the use of virtual environment.

3. Deployment
Deployment of a Private cloud is considered to be very difficult since it requires
many resources and takes much time. Especially it is harder to deploy on a global
scale. Apart from that deployment needs to be maintained by qualified IT
personals.

4. Scalability
Unlike the Public cloud, the Private cloud is not much scalable. Whenever there is
a demand for a particular service, the IT department will be falling short.

5. Options
There are too many options available when a company tries to build a Private
cloud. Some companies may be overwhelmed by the fact that there are arrays of
different types and options for a particular software. They just need one or two out
of them.

6. Remote Access
Increased security in Private cloud means that that remote access is limited. This is
especially true in the case of mobile users. Mobile users in the Private cloud will
not be able to connect to the needed business functions whenever they want.

1.3.7 Hybrid Computing

In this Type of cloud computing cloud environment combines both private and
public cloud elements to varying degrees. This combination is called as hybrid
cloud computing. Despite operating independently, the clouds in a hybrid
environment communicate over an encrypted connection and allow for the
portability of data and applications. This is an increasingly popular cloud solution
because it allows organizations greater flexibility to meet their IT needs.
Interactions between business to business or business to consumers are involved in
this type of cloud and therefore can be used for either type of interactions - B2B
(Business to Business) or B2C (Business to Consumer). This deployment method
is called hybrid cloud as the computing resources are bound together by different
clouds.
One of the leading video game manufacturers in the world, SEGA, is using hybrid
cloud to provide scalable and agile development and test environments for
developers that they employ around the world. In doing so, they reached new
levels of development performance

1.3.8 Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

1. Cost
Cost is an important point to consider when migrating to a cloud solution. Hybrid
cloud is one such way of scaling operations in a cost effective way. Payment has to
be done only for the resources that are being used. Private cloud services are
relatively expensive on default. On the contrary, the Public solutions are the
cheapest. Using Hybrid cloud means that you could easily acquire the benefits of
Public cloud solutions while using Private cloud for data. Therefore organizations
can be benefited from both in infrastructure and application support in terms of
expense.

2. Reliability

Hybrid cloud services offer greater reliability since it reduces potential downtimes.
This means that in case of any failure or disaster, the businesses can continue their
operations with minimum interruptions.

3. Deployment

Hybrid cloud is designed according to the need of organizations (Optimization

process). It is a part of both Public and Private Cloud services. Therefore in
order for making data transfers faster, the IT employees can minimize latency.

4. Scalability

Hybrid cloud is known for their adaption to organization's needs. Many of the
operations that seems to be non-critical can be moved to the Public cloud while
lowering the demand for the Private one. Hence clients can be benefited from the
scalability provided by the Public cloud service. Moreover businesses can scale its
resources up and down according to the way they need. Due to this they can take
advantage of unlimited resources.

5. Flexibility

Using Hybrid cloud means that the organizations can acquire the benefit of both
Public and Private cloud services. Hence each distinct need comes up with variety
of options. For an example you can use Hybrid cloud to store sensitive and
confidential data on a Private cloud data center while others on a Public cloud.
6. Agility

The customization ability of a Hybrid cloud ensures that the company is agile
enough to fulfill the client's needs. Apart from doing the work of connecting old
systems to new ones, the Hybrid cloud has the capability to create an underlying
structure that compromise business demands.

1.3.9 Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

1. Security

Security is a common concern for users who wants to load confidential information
into a Hybrid cloud. Due to the nature of Hybrid cloud, many security
vulnerabilities are present inside them. Therefore ensuring adequate security is a
difficult process. In fact the responsibility of securing the data completely lies upon
the users. Proper precautionary measurements has to be taken to ensure that the
data is well protected.

2. Visibility

Maintaining visibility over a hybrid cloud service is a complicated process to carry

out. Because of this reasons there can be cost issues since there are more idle
instances. In addition to that there can be incompliance with certain important
regulations.

3. Investment

While a Hybrid cloud is inexpensive in terms of operations, it needs significant

investment for building the enterprise cloud. Hybrid cloud does not solely depend
on Public cloud, it needs the service of Private cloud as well. Private cloud on
default requires cloud architects and qualified IT employees to manage them. This
may not seem easy for companies with limited IT resources.

4. Compatibility
Cloud compatibility has found to be another issue for a Hybrid cloud environment.
Especially with the infrastructures. An on premise infrastructure can perform more
than the Public infrastructure. This can affect the performance level of the Hybrid
cloud severely.

5. Networking

Network bottlenecks can occur when there is a data transmission between the
Public and Private Cloud models. Always in the Public cloud, the data
transmission is done through the Public internet. Public internet is known for being
too slow where it can affect the performance level significantly. Especially for
apps and functions that require fast operations.

6. Control

Lack of control is always been an issue for the users using the hybrid cloud. In
order for making operations smoother, there must be interactions between the
Public and Private Cloud models. In other words you need to make changes over a
Private infrastructure so that it can be adapted to the Public cloud. The problem is
the users have no control over this.

https://www.hitechwhizz.com : Advantages and disadvantages

1.3.10 Community Cloud

In this type of cloud model service providers provides a cloud computing

solution to a limited number of individuals or organizations that is governed,
managed and secured commonly by all the participating organizations or a third
party managed service provider.
Community clouds are a hybrid form of private clouds built and operated
specifically for a targeted group. These communities have similar cloud
requirements and their ultimate goal is to work together to achieve their
business objectives.
One example of using a community cloud would be to test-drive some high-end
security products or even test out some features of a public cloud environment.
This is great for organizations that are driven by compliance and regulatory
measures. Government, healthcare, and some regulated private industries are
leveraging the added security features within a community cloud environment.
Instead of just provisioning space in a public cloud, organizations can test and
work on a cloud platform which is secure, “dedicated,” and even compliant
with certain regulations. The really interesting part is that with a community
cloud, the presence can be either onsite or offsite.
One more example of community cloud is that, several organizations may
require a specific application that resides on one set of cloud servers. Instead of
giving each organization their own server in the cloud for this app, the hosting
company allows multiple customers connect into their environment and
logically segment their sessions. The customer, however, is still using the same
pieces of hardware as other folks are. However, everyone is hitting these
servers with the same purpose -- to access that one application -- which is what
makes it a community cloud.

1.3.11 Benefits of Community Cloud

1. Flexible and Scalable

With this type of deployment, compatibility among users is guaranteed and
properties can be modified on an individual use case. This also lets companies
better interact with remote employees.

As this cloud is a community of users, it is scalable with services, hardware

resources, and manpower. This type of cloud looks at the account demand
growth and pivots according to the user’s needs.

2. Secure
Community deployments operate in a similar way to their private counterparts.
Users are able to configure security levels for their own data. Compromising
data hurts all of the tenants in the cloud.

3. Convenience and Control

Resources, infrastructure, cloud resources, and more are all shared among the
organizations. All of the tenants share and own the community cloud
infrastructure, so decisions are made collaboratively. Data is kept closer to them
but has less complexity than a Private cloud.

4. Challenges
Data Is Accessible Between Organizations
Because data is housed in the same location, any data stored there might be
accessible by others. This can lead to overall security concerns about the rules
and regulations to compliance within a community cloud. For example, the
systems of one group may have to adhere to the regulations of all the other
organizations as well.

5. Not a “One-Size-Fits-All”
As a relatively new and unique cloud deployment, community clouds are not a
great fit for many organizations and should be looked at on a case-by-case
basis. It’s unnecessary for small business, medium businesses, and most large
businesses.

6. Shared Storage and Bandwidth

Finite data storage and bandwidth is being shared among community members.
It can be challenging to prioritize.

This recent cloud computing model is a great option for businesses seeking
cost-effective cloud services to collaborate on joint projects. This cloud
 deployment is unique in that it caters to the specific needs of a group of users.
Cloud computing continues to expand as technology evolves, and there will
soon be even more deployment options available to businesses and consumers.

1.4 Service Models of Cloud Computing

There are three models of service models in cloud computing

1. IaaS – Infrastructure as a service.
2. PaaS – Platform as a service.
3. SaaS – Software as a service.
All these service models can be explained in the following ways

In the diagram 1. It shows that users have to decide how many layers users will
manage on their own. This will have impact on business strategies that help them
focus on core features and pushing the product out in the market rather than
spending hours to ensure up-time and troubleshooting environmental errors. This
enables businesses to avoid significant capital expenditure on infrastructure and
software development services.
 Diagram 1. :
Source : http://www.thoughtexecution.com

1.4.1 IaaS :
Infrastructure as a Service provides the computing infrastructure, physical or (quite
often) virtual machines and other resources like virtual-machine disk image library,
block and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local
area networks etc.
in the above diagram, second Colum shown that cloud service providers manages
networking, storage, servers and virtualization then this type of services are called
as Infrastructure as a service.
This type of service is typically billed on a utility computing basis and amount of
resources consumed and therefore the cost will typically reflect the level of
activity. As an example, the Amazon Web Service called EC2 falls into this
category.
Examples: Amazon EC2, Windows Azure, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine.

1.4.2 PaaS :
Platform as a Service provides the computing platforms which typically includes
operating system, programming language execution environment, database, web
server etc.

In the above diagram 1. , third column user get the services of networking, storage,
servers, virtualization, O/S, middleware and runtime from cloud service provider.

This service delivers a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often
consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates
deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and
managing the underlying hardware and software layers. It concerns "non-domain-
specific" applications of storage, messaging, and index. As an example, the
Amazon Web Service called SimpleDB, SQS, and ElasticMR falls into this
category.
Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google
App Engine, Apache Stratos.

1.4.3 SaaS :

While in SaaS (Software as a Service) model you are provided with access to
application software often referred to as "on-demand software". You don't have to
worry about the installation, setup and running of the application. Service provider
will do that for you. You just have to pay and use it through some client.

In the above diagram 1. Fourth column all the services are provided by service
provider. User or customer requires to use only software given by them.

This service delivers software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to
install and run the application on the customer's computers and simplifying
maintenance and support. It relates to "domain-specific" applications of payment
service, content delivery, and product search. As an example, ERP, CRM,
Collaboration, Messaging, and Billing applications fall into this category.

Examples: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365.

Summary.
As Internet speed has increased, it is easy to do each and every task that we do
normally making use of our desktop or laptop. Cloud platform offers any type of
service to its customer without investing huge amount in hardware. User can enjoy
services of cloud computing platforms as it offers services which are available on-
demand. Characteristics of cloud computing like on-demand-services, broad
network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. There are
four types of cloud deployment models: public, private, hybrid and community
cloud. Each deployment model can be used as the need of the organization. There
are three service models: IaaS (Infrastructure as a service), PaaS (Platform as a
service), and SaaS (Software as a service) are available to users. Organizations are
migrating to cloud platform because of its advantages
References.

1. Books
 Cloud Computing: Principles and Pardigms by Rajkumar Buyya, James
Broberg and Andrzej M.Gos cinski, Wiley, 2011.

 Distributed & Cloud computing, Kai Hwang, Geoffery C.Fox, jack

Elsevierm,2012

 Cloud Computing implementation, management and security by John W.

Rittenhouse, James E Ransome,CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group,2010

 Cloud computing a practical approach by Anthony T. Velte, Toby J. Velte

Robert Elsenpeter, Tata Mc Graw Hill edition, 2010.

 Cloud Application Architecture by George Reese, Oreilly publishers

 Cloud computing and SOA convergence in your enterprise, by David

S.Linthicum, Addison- Wesley

 Cloud Services For Dummies, by Judith Hurwitz, Marcia Kaufman, and

Dr. Fern Halper, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. Websites
 https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
 https://www.explainthatstuff.com/cloud-computing-introduction.html
 https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-cloud-computing-everything-you-
need-to-know-about-the-cloud/
 https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/a-general-introduction-
to-cloud-computing
 https://www.salesforcetutorial.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing/
 https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/overview/what-is-cloud-computing/

Exercise.
Q.1. what are the advantages of using cloud computing?
Q.2. which platforms are used for large scale cloud computing?
Q.3. Explain different models for deployment in cloud computing?
Q.4. what is the difference in cloud computing and computing for mobiles?
Q.5. How user can gain from utility computing?
Q.6. List out different layers which define cloud architecture?
Q.7. what is cloud computing?
Q.8. what are the benefits of cloud computing?
Q.9. what are the different data types used in cloud computing?
Q.10. which are the different layers that define cloud architecture?
Q.11. what are the different layers in cloud computing? Explain working of them
Q.12. what is private cloud? What is public cloud? What is Hybrid cloud?
Q.13. what is the difference between scalability and elasticity?
Q.14.
Q.15.